CHAN N U O I DQNG VAT VA CAC VAN DE KHAC
KHA NANG SAN XUAT S C A T H l / ^ N G VA S C A TIEU CHUAN CUA DAN BO CON GAI CAC B\JC GIONG HOLSTEIN
FRIESIAN TAI VIET NAM
Le Bd Qu&', Nguyen Vdn Dirc'^
vd Le Vdn Though N g a y n h a n b a i : 1 1 / 0 3 / 2 0 1 3 . N g a y c h a p n h g n d a n g : 2 9 / 0 3 / 2 0 1 3
TOM TAT
So li?u v e n a n g sua't s u a va clia't l u p n g siia chu ky d a u cua 360 bo con gai ciia chin b o d u e giong Holstein Friesian (HF) n u o i tai D u e Trpng, Lam D o n g va Mpc C h a u , Son La dirpc theo doi trong thoi gian t u t h a n g 9/2008 de'n 2012 d u p e xir ly theo A N O V A , sii d u n g m o hinh t u y e n tinh long q u a t G L M ciia p h a n m e m Minitab version 14 va s u sai khac giua cac gia trj t r u n g binh d u p e so sanh theo p h u o n g p h a p T u k e y . NSng sua't sCra cua t u n g con gai d u p e can va ghi chep 2 lan/ngay, 1 l a n / t h a n g , chu ky q u y c h u a n ve 305 n g a y theo M a t s u m o t o Shigeo, cha't l u p n g sira d u p e p h a n deh bSng m a y L C U M A ciing lan can siia. Ke't q u a n g h i e n c u u thu d u p e : San l u p n g siia (SLS) cao nha't la d a n con gai ciia b o d u e giong so 286, dat 5687kg/305 ngay, tie'p t h e o la d a n con gai ciia dye giohg 288, 283, v.v... va t h a p n h a t la d a n con gai ciia bo d u e 277, chi dgt 4463,6 kg siia/ckSOS ngay. Trong luc d o , SLS tieu c h u a n (4% m o ) cao nha't a d a n con gai ciia b o d u e s6' 286 dat 5262,1 kg/ck305 ngay, tiep de'n la b o d y e 283, 288... w va tha'p nha't la d a n con gai ciia b o 277, chi dat 4251,1 kg siia/ck305 n g a y . TLMS d a n con gai ciia b o d u e g i o n g 277 cao nha't, d a t 3,69%; tiep d e h la d a n con gai cua d u e g i o n g 275 va tha'p nha't la d a n con gai ciia b o d u e giong 286, chi dat 3,51%.
TLPS sira d a n con gai ciia b o d y e gio'ng 277 cao nhat, d a t 3,37%, tie'p d e h la d a n con gai ciia eae d y e giong so 275 va tha'p n h a t la d a n con gai ciia b o d y e giong 286, chi d a t 3,22%.
Tit khoa: Sdn luang siia, ty le mo siia, ty li protein sQa, gid tri giong veSLS, H¥
A B S T R A C T
Data of m i l k yield a n d milk quality in the first lactation p e r i o u s of 360 d a u g h t e r s raised in D u e trong. Lam D o n g p r o v i n c e a n d Moc C h a u , Son La province from 09 Holstein Friesian bulls from 9/2008 to 2012 w e r e a n a l y s e d by GML. Milk yield and milk quality of each d a u g h t e r w a s w e i g h e d and analysed twice a d a y a n d once m o n t h a n d it converted to s t a n d a r d milk w i t h 4% of fat by Shigeo M a t s u m o t o ' s formular. Milk quality w a s analyzed u s i n g m a c h i n e L C U M A . The highest milk yield w a s in t h e d a u g h t e r s of bull 286, reaching 5687kg/305 days, followed by the d a u g h t e r
' Trung tam giong gia sue lon TW - Vi^n Chan nuoi.
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KHKT Chan nuai So 6 - 2 0 1 3 69
CHAN NUOI D Q N G VAT VA CAC VAN DE KHAC
herd of bull 288, 283 and the lowest was in the daughters of bull 277, only 4463.6 kg/305 days. The highest 4% fat milk yield was the daughters of bull 286, reaching 5262,lkg/305 days, followed by a daughter herd of bull 283,288 and the lowest was the daughters of bull 277, only 4251,1 kg/305 days. The percentage of milk fat of the daughters of bull 277 was highest at 3.69%; followed by daughters of 275 and lowest was daughters of 286 bulls, only 3.51%. Milk protein ratio of daughters of bull 277 was highest, reaching 3.37%, followed by the daughters of bull 275 and lowest was daughters of bull 286, only 3.22%.
Keywords. Milk yield, fat percentage, protein percentage, EBV, HF
1. DAT VAN DE
Trong chSn nuoi bo sira, muo'n c6 hipu quci eh3n nuoi eao can sir d i ^ g cac gi^i phap ky thuat tien tie'n nha't. Mpt trong nhimg giai phap do la sir dyng nhihig bo dye gio'ng ed tiem nang san xua't cao ve san lupng sira (SLS) va chat Iupmg sira (CLS) de pho'i gio'ng tgo ra the he sau co nang sua't va cha't lirpng sira eao hon.
O niroe ta, truyen tinh nhan tao eho bo da dtrpe ung d i ^ g tir lau, gop phan khong nho trong vipc nang eao so lirpng, eha't lirpng dan bo, dgc biet la bo sira. Trong khoang 10 nam gan day, so' lirpng bo siia 6 nuoc ta CO nhirng tang giam that thuang (Cyc Chan nuoi, 2010). Nam 2011 va 2012, ty le tang dan ea hpc do n h a p noi da dua tong dan len 158.366 eon (Bao eao ve SX-TT sira 9/2012). Tuy tang dan voi ty le con khiem ton, nhung tong SLS lien tuc dirprc tang len voi ty Ip tang kha cao, chiing to nguoi chan nuoi bo sija da ap dpng nhieu bipn phap ky thuat tien He'n vao chan nuoi, trong do CO bipn p h a p sir dyng nhirng bo due giong cao san de phoi giong cho dan bo sira tao ra cac the he sau eo SLS va CLS to't hem.
Nham tgo thuan Ipi cho nguoi ehan nuoi bo siia nuoc ta de dang trong viec chpn lua tinh dong Ignh ciia nhimg bo due giohg theo y muon de cai thien nang cao SLS va CLS cho dan bo ciia mmh, dong
th6i de khai thac tript de n g u o n gen tot cua dan bo due giong HF nuoi tgi Trgm Moncada, de tai dupe tie'n hanh nhiim. gop phan phyc vy hipu qua nha't cong tac phat trien giong b6 sira Vipt N a m .
2. VAT LIEU VA PHl/OfNG PHAP NGHlfeN CL/U
2.1. Vgt lipu n g h i e n ciru
Dan bo dye giong HF nuoi tai Moncada (Ba Vi - Ha Npi) va dan bo HF con gai duprc nuoi tai; Mpc Chau, tinh Son La va Due Trpng, tinh Lam Dong.
- Dan bo con gai HF thuam dypc sinh ra hr nhimg bo me co lua de tir lua 2 den liia 4 hr chin bo dye giong HF mang so hieu 288, 281,286, 283, 285, 275, 276,277 va 284. Trong do, cae bo con gai dupe lya chgn ngau nhien, so'lupng 40 con gai/bo dye giohg.
- Thoi gian ngiiien euu: Tir thang 9/2008 deh thang 9/2012.
2.2. P h u a n g p h a p n g h i e n c u u Xac djnh san Iupmg sira thuang va san lupng sira h e u chuain/chu ky 305 ngay, TLMS, TLPS ciia liia siia dau dan con gai ciia timg bo dye gio'ng HF bang phuong p h a p can siia 2 lan/ngay, 1 laii/thang, chu ky quy ehuan ve 305 ngay theo Matsumoto Shigeo, Livestock Improvemen AssociaHch Japan (1992).
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Sdn lugng siia (305 ngdy) = (B/A) X 305 Trong do: A=nx30,42: n Id sd'thdng bd cho sua; 30,42 Id binh qudn so ngdy trong mgt thdng
B = "-xA Trong do: h ... In Id lugng sira lan cdn thdng 1 den thdng thu n; tai cd bd cdi deu v&t sua 10 thdng.
- Xac dinh san lupng siia tieu ehuan 4%
mo sira/Ck 305 ngay theo cong thiic quy doi tir sira thuong sang siia tieu ehuan; SLS 4% mo = 0,4 X So lupng siia + 15 x so lupng mo siia.
- Phan tich TLMS tong so' va TLPS tong so bang may LCUMA (LaetiCheck Ultrasonic Milk Analyzer) theo eac lan can sira.
2.3. Xtr li so lipu
2.3.1, Dot vdi cdc tinh trang cua SLS vd chat lugng sita
- So' lieu dirpc xir ly bSng chuang trinh phan mem Minitabl4. Sai khae gia tri trung binh dirpc so sanh theo phuong phap Tukey.
- Mo hinh thong ke phan tich cac yeu to anh huong:
Y.,k[ = p + GI + Nj + Lk + £ijw Trong do, Y,,u Id sdn lugng sHa/ck 305 ngdy hoac chi tieu chdi lugng sita; ^ Id trung binh ddn; Gi Id dnh hudng cua nhdm bo; N, Id dnh hirdng cita nam; Lk Id dnh hudng cua liia de vd E,jk Id dnh hudng ngau nhien.
2.3.2. Xdc djnh gid trj giong udc tinh Voc tinh gia tri giong (GTG) ve SLS Iiia 1 ciia dye giohg bSng phan mem PEST (2003).
3. KET QUA VA THAO LUAN 3.1. Skn lupfng sira sua thuong va sua tieu chuan ciia dan con gai ciia lung bo dye giong Holstein Friesian
SLS la mpt chi tieu kinh te quan trpng, the hien hipu qua ciia qua trinh chan nuoi bo sira va chat lupng con giong. De danh gia tiem nang ciia bo dye gio'ng, thi san lupng siia ehu ky dau eua dan bo con gai, ciia bo dye giohg la ehi tieu rat quan trpng trong viec phan anh tiem nang cho siia eua moi dye giohg. Ke't qua nghien eiru ve SLS thuong va SLS tieu ehuan/chu ky dau dan bo con gai ciia 9 bo dye giong HF dupe the hien a bang 1.
Bing 1. Sdn lupng sira thuong va tieu chuan/chu ky dau dan con gat cua timg bo dye giong HF 5H d^c giong
283 281 285 286 288 276 277 284 275 TB
40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 360
San lupng:
Sua Mean 5384,0- 5132,6"
5069,9' 5687,0"
5386,0"
5306,0- 4463,6' 4928,0'' 4712,6"' 5118,9
sua chu ky dau cua dan con gai thuong
SE 113,0 97,5 95,8 115,0 95,5 110,0 91,3 162,0 92,1 40,8
i (kg/305:
Sua deu chuan (4°/
Mean 5013,6"
4797,2"
4750,5'<
5262,1' 5010,5' 4934,0' 4251,1' 4618,0' 4451,4'' 4787,6
ngay) 0 mo sua)
SE 93,2 82,3 79,0 92,6 78,7 89,8 76,5 135 75,5 33,8 Ghi chii: Cac gid tri trong cUng mot cot, cung mot chi tien co chic cdi b goc tren khdc nhau thi sai khdc
gke(P<O,05)
KHKT Chan nuoi So 6 - 2 0 1 3
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CHAN NU6l D O N G V A T VA CAC VAN vt KHAC
Qua ke't quti trong b^ng 1 cho thay, s ^ lupng sira thuang/chu ky 305 ngay ciia liia siia dau dan con gai cua bo dye gio'ng HF so hipu 286 la cao nhat, dgt 5687kg/305 ngay, tie'p den la dan con gai eiia dye giong 288,283,276,281,285,284, 275, va tha'p nha't la dan eon gai eiia bo 277, ehi dgt 4463,6 kg svra/305 ngay.
Theo ket qua nghien eiiu tren dan bo HF thuan nuoi tap trung 6 Lam Dong ciia Nguyen Xuan Trgch va Phgm Phi Long (2008), dat 4171,89 kg/Ckl 305 ngay, nghien Cliu ciia Pham Van Gioi va etv (2010) 6 Mpc chau va Tuyen Quang dat 4440,81 kg/Ckl 305 ngay. Train Quang Hgnh va Dang Vu Binh (2007) thong bao nang sua't siia bo HF tgi Lam Dong tir: 3.300kg de'n 5.127,14kg/ehu ky. Do Kim Tuyen va ctv (2004) cho biet san lucmg sira tiung binh eua bo HF nuoi tai Mpc Chau (1998-2002) la 4.300- 4.600 kg. Cac tac gia Nguyen Quo'c dat va Nguyen Thanh Binh (2005) cho bie't san lupng siia cua bo HF thuan nhgp tir Uc nuoi tai thanh pho HCM lua 1: 3348 kg/ehu ky, lira 2: 3920 kg/ehu ky.
Phgm The' H u e va Tran Quang Han (2003) da eong bo' nang sua't sira bo HF nuoi tai DSe Lac la 3.165kg/ehu ky; Theo Dinh Van Cai (2003), bo HF thuan nhgp hr Uc nuoi tai XN Bo An Phuoe - Dong Nai eo san luprng sira trung binh liia 4 la 4296,2kg/ehu ky 305 ngay. Theo Le Mai (2002) bo HF nuoi 6 nong truang Diic Trpng (Lam Dong) co san lupng siia 2.699kg (Ilia 1), 3.300kg (lira 2), 3.299kg (liia 3) va 3.098kg (liia 4).
Khi so' sanh ke't qua nghien cim cua chung toi voi ke't qua nghien eiiu ciia cae
t^e gia nghien ciiu tai Dong Nai, Die Lac, Thanh pho HCM thi ke't qua nghien ciiu ciia chiing toi cao hon, nguyen nhan la cac b6 cai trong nghien ciiu ciia cac tae gia tien d upe nuoi tgi nhiing dja p h u o n g c6 nhi^t d p trung binh n3m cao, nen bo bj anh h u d n g b6i nhipt dp moi t r u a n g cao ra't ldn.
Mat kh^e eac ke't qu^ nghien eiiu tien b6 HF ciing tgi hai khu vyc Mpc Chau va Lam Dong nhirng n a m trudc thi tha'p hon ket qu^ nghien ciiu ciia ehiing toi. Nguyen nhan nhiing n a m gan day so lupng bo eai HF chSn nuoi d hai khu vyc noi tien da dupe, tuyen chpn tot h a n dong thdi so l u a n g bo HF n h a p khau ve nhieu han, nen cha't Iu<7ng con giong tot hon. Mpt dieu n&a la do gia ban siia tuoi nhiing nam gan day cao hon va on djnh h a n nen thiic an sir d u n g eho dan bo da d u pe ngudi chan nuoi quan tam dau t u to't hon, dgc biet lupng eo hp dau (Alfalfa) da duprc nhgp khau tir Hoa ky, Uc ve sii d y n g cho dan bo, nen ve cha't luong thiie an sir d y n g cho dan bo nhirng nam gam day eao hem trudc rat nhieu, chinh vi vgy nang sua't siia ciia bo cao hon.
Ke't qua nghien ciiu ciia Nguyen Huu Hoai Phu (2007) cho bie't nang sua't siia ciia bo HF nuoi tai Mpe Chau la 5.163kg/ck;
Nguyen Van Thuong va ctv (2008) thong bao SLS ciia bo HF nuoi tgi Mpe ChSu la 5.203±3,48kg; ket qua nghien ciiu eiia chung toi thu dupe tien dan bd tgi Mpc Chau va Diie Trgng tha'p han, rJiung khong dang ke la d o SLS ctia chu ky thii nha't, eon ke't qua ciia Nguyen Hthi Hoai Phii va Nguyen Van Thuong la trung binh tren nhieu liia nen cao h o n ke't qua cua ehiing toi.
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Ke't qua nghien ciiu ciia N g u y i n Dang Vang va etv (2006) cho biet san lupng sira trung b m h ciia d a n HF nhap tir Hoa Ky nuoi tai Mpc Chau la 5788 kg/con/CKl, Diic Trpng dat 5175 kg/con/CKl, nuoi d Ba Vi dat 4175 kg/con/CKl.
Khi so sanh ke't qua nghien cihi eiia chiing toi vdi ke't qua nghien cim ciia Nguyen Dang Vang va ctv, tha'y rling ke't qua cua chiing toi thap hem nghien eiiu eua Nguyen Dang Vang va ctv. Nguyen nhan la dan bo cai HF trong nghien ciiu eiia Nguyen Dang Vang va etv la d a n bo dupe chpn Ipc ky cang tir Hoa Ky n h a p ve Vipt Nam (Hoa ky la nude ed nghanh chan nuoi bo siia tien tie'n va rat pliat tiien co binh quan san luong siia toan dan bd HF/ chu ky tren 10.000 kg) vi vgy cha't lupng gio'ng cao hon dan bo trong nghien ciiu cua chiing toi tir day eho san lupng sira/Ckl cao hon.
Theo ke't qua nghien ciiu a i a ve san lupng sira eiia dan bd HF nudi d Kenya dgt 4557 kg/eon/liia (Ojango va Pollott, 2001), a B5c Kinh - Trung Qudc d a t 8500 kg/CK (Chen va etv, 2006); 6 Canada dat 12000 kg/con/liia (Canwest, 2006)
Ke't qua nghien ciiu ciia chung toi cao hon d Kenya, bdi vi Kenya la mpt nude d chau Piii co nhiet dp moi trudng cao hon nhieu so vdi nhiet dp moi trudng tgi Moc Chau va Diic Trpng, nen dan bo bi anh hudng bdi nhiet dp moi trudng cao tir d o cho san lupng siia tha'p h a n . Ke't qua nghien ciiu cua chiing toi tha'p h o n nghien Cliu tai Bac Kinh - T r u n g Quo'c, Canada, nguyen nhan la cae nude tien deu la nhiing nude cd nganh chan nuoi b o sira phat tiien.
cong tac tao, chpn gidng dupe thyc hien tir lau nen dan bo siia HF cd chat lupng tot hon dan bd HF Vipt Nam. H o n niia cac nude n6i tien la nhiing nude co thdi tiet khi hgu moi trudng mat me hon d Viet Nam phii hpp vdi bd sira HF, nen chiing eho san lupng siia cao hon.
Qua ket qua nghien eiiu trong bang 1 ma chiing toi thu dupe ve san lirpng siia tieu chuan cua dan con gai ciia timg bo dye gio'ng tha'y rang, san lupng siia tieu chuan ehu ky 305 ngay cua liia sira dau dan eon gai cua bo dye gio'ng mang so' hieu 286 la cao nha't, dat 5262,lkg/305 ngay, tie'p theo la dan con gai eiia dye gidng 283, 288, 276, 281, 285, 284, 275, va tha'p nha't la dan eon gai eiia bo 277, chi dgt 4251,1 kg/305 ngay.
Mpt dieu thii vi d tien la kha nang san xua't siia thudng d dan con gai bo dye 288 xe'p thii 2 va xe'p tien dan eon gai eua bo dye 283. N h u n g Idii quy doi thanh sira tieu chuan co 4% md siia thi kha nang san xua't siia tieu ehuan eiia dan eon gai bo dye 283 Igi eao hon bd dye so' 288.
Trung binh SLS tieu chuan (4787,6 kg/ck) dan con gai eiia chin bo due HF tiong nghien ciiu cua ehiing toi d i n g eao hon siia thudng tiong ke't qua nghien eiiu cua Pham Van Gidi va ctv (2010), Nguyen Xuan Trgch va Pham Phi Long (2008) va eae tac gia nghien ciru tgi Dong nai, Dac Lac, thanh pho HCM va mot so' tac gia khae, nhung tha'p hon so vdi cac tac tac gia nghien ciiu tien dan bo nhap tir Hoa ky.
Trong nghien ciiu eiia ehiing toi la san lupng siia d chu ky thir nha't. Theo Nguyen Van Thudng (1995) bd siia co the eho san luong siia eao nhat tir chu ky thii 4 de'n chu
KHKT Chan nuoi So 6 - 2 0 1 3
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CHAN NU6l D O N G VAT VA CAC VAN PJ KHAC
ky thii 6. 0 nhirng chu ky nay Stm lupng tang khoang 40 - 50% so vdi san lupng chu ky 1. Sau dd s^n lupng siia giam dan va se gi^m rat nhanh ne'u bd khong dupe cho 3n va chSm soc day dii.
Vi vay d nhiing ehu ky 2, 3, 4, v.v..., dan con gai eiia tirng bo dye giong cd tlie cho san lupng sira cao hon, ed the cao han 40-50% so vdi chu ky thii nha't, tiung binh dan con gai cua chin bd dye HF cd the dat 7.678,1 kg/Ck, dan con gai ciia bd dye 286 CO the dat 8.517 kg/Ck, neu n h u dieu kipn dap ling cho ehiing dupe dam bao to't.
Vi vgy van de quan ly, cham sdc nuoi dudng td't de dan bo duy tii va keo dai thdi gian san xua't siia can dupe he't siic ehii tipng ne'u ngudi chan nudi bo siia muo'n phat huy toi da tiem nang siia ciia dye gio'ng.
3.2. Chat lu);mg siia
De danh gia mot each toan dipn ve kha nang san xua't siia eua dan bd HF, ngoai ye'u to ve san lupng siia ehiing ta can xem xet ve chat luang siia. Thong thudng de danh gia cha't lupng siia, ngudi ta quan tam den nhieu ye'u to' khac nhau, ngoai eae ye'u to' ve cam quan n h u mau sac, mui vj, ty trpng, dp chua, v.v..., ngudi ta thudng dya vao cae thanh phan eo tiong siia nhu: Lipit, Protein, laetoza, khoang, vitamin,... tiong do hai thanh phan ehie'm ty Ip eao nha't la Lipit va Protein. Xet ve thanh phan giiia siia dau va sira thudng ed sy chenh Ipch nhau ra't ldn, thanh phan cac cha't trong siia dau ldn hon nhieu lan trong siia thudng dac biet la ty Ip md. Protein va khang the.
Trong khuon kho cua de tai ehiing tdi chi tieh hanh phan tich danh gia TLMS va TLPS trong siia sira thudng.
3.2.1. TLMS, ddn con gai cua titng bo difc giong Holstein Friesian
Md siia la chi tieu q u a n trpng danh gia"
chat lupng siia va d u p e tinh biing ty le phan ti3m. Theo quy lugt tiet sira, s ^ lupng siia eang eao thi TLMS cang giam.
Ket qu^ nghien ciiu ve TLMS dan bd con g^i ciia cae bd dye gidng HF dupe the hipn d bang 2.
B i n g 2. TLMS ciia dan con gai ciia b o dye giong HF (%)
tung
SHdvc giong
281 276 277 284 285 275 283 286 288 TB
n 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 360
TLMS (%) Mean 3,57*
3,55"
3,69' 3,61'' 3,59' 3,64"
3,55"
3,51>
3,54"
3,59 SE 0,017 0,020 0,015 0,025 0,017 0,017 0,018 0,019 0,017 0,007 Ghi chu: Cdc gid tri trong citng mot c6t, citng mSt chi
tieu CO chie cdi o goc tren khdc nhau thi sai khdc CO y nghta thong ke (P<0,05)
Qua ke't qua thu d u g c tai bang 2 cho tha'y, TLMS a chu ky sua dau a i a dan con gai cua bo d y e giong 277 la cao nha't, dat 3,69%; tie'p de'n la dan con gai cua due giong 275, 284, 285, 281, 283, 276, 288 va tha'p nhat la dan con gai a i a bo due giong 286, chi dat 3,51%.
Theo ke't qua nghien cim dia Tran Quang Hanh va Dang Vu Binh (2007), da cong bo TLMS dan bo HF a Lam Dong la 3,47%; Tac gia D6 Kim Tuyen va ctv (2004) cho bie't, TLMS ciia bo HF nuoi tai Moc
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KHKT Chan nuofStfe-2013CHAN NU6l DQNG VAT VA CAC VAN DE KHAC
Chau (1998-2002) la 3,28-3,39%; Nguyin V3n Kiem (2000) cho bie't ham luang md sua cua bd HF nuoi tai Mpc Chau la 3,32%.
Theo N g u y i n Hiiu Luang va ctv (2006), TLMS ciia bd HF nhgp tir Uc nudi tgi Mpe Chau (2002-2005) la 2,8%.
Theo Nguyin Dang Vang va ctv (2006) dan bo HF nhap tir My nuoi tai Mpc Chau (giai doan 2001-2006) eo TLMS (3,03±
0,76)%. Tgi Lam Dong, ty le md sira la (3,41±0,85)%; theo so lieu dieu tra eiia Tran Quang Hanh (2010) dan bo HF nudi tai Lam Ddng CO TLMS lira 1 la (3,32±0,03)%.
Ke't qua nghien ctiu ciia chiing toi thu dupe binh quan TLMS dan con gai ciia ta't ca chin bo dye HF la 3,59%. Khi so sanh ket qua nghien ciiu ciia ehiing tdi vdi ke't qua nghien eiiu cua cac tac gia da eong bo' d tien thi ke't qua nghien ciiu a i a chiing toi cao hon, nguyen nhan co the la ngoai ye'u to' di tuyen cua ban than timg bo eai thi cha't lupng thtic an ciing anh hudng dang ke tdi TLMS. Nhihig nam gan day do gia thu mua sira tai nude ta tang cao va on djnh hon so vdi trude nen viec quan tam dau tu cai tie'n con gio'ng ciing nhu nang cao chat lupng thiic an cho dan bo da duoc ngudi ehan nudi quan tam dau tu. Vi the' nen ke't qua nghien ciiu ciia chiing toi cd phan cao hon.
Theo nghien ciiu ciia Ngd Thanh Vinh va ctv (2005) cho biet, bd HF nudi tgi Ba Vi CO TLMS 3,59%; Tran Quang Hgnh (2010) cho biet siia eua bo HF nudi tgi Lam Ddng CO TLMS lira 4 dgt (3,57+0,03)%. Ket qua nghien ciiu cua chiing tdi tuong d u o n g vdi nghien ciiu ciia Ngd Thanh Vinh va Tran Quang Hgnh.
Theo N g u y e n Q u o c Dat va N g u y i n Thanh Binh (2005), bd HF thuan nuoi tai khu vuc Thanh Phd Ho Chi Minh cho TLMS 3,93%, Theo Nguyen Dang Khdi (2003), sira eua bo HF nudi tai Son Duong Tuyen Quang cd ham md siia (3,91±0,24)%. Phgm Van Gidi va ctv. (2006) la TLMS dan bo HF d Vipt Nam dao dpng tir 3,74% den 3,80%. TLMS trong ke't qua nghien cihi cua chung td'i tha'p han TLMS eua ba tac gia tien.
Theo Nguyen Van Kiem (2000) cho bie't ham lupng md sira eua bo HF nuoi d Hoa Ky la 3,65%, d Nhgt ban la 3,4%. Khi so sanh ke't qua nghien ciiu ciia chiing toi vdi mpt so' ke't qua cong bo cua cac nude khac thi tha'y ke't qua cua ehiing toi eao hon d Nhgt Ban, gan tuong ty d Hoa Ky.
N h u vay, TLMS eiia bo HF d eac khu vyc ehan nuoi khac nhau, cae n u d e khac nhau, trong nhirng khoang thdi gian nuoi khac nhau co sy bie'n dpng Idiac nhau.
Dieu nay co the la ngoai ye'u to' di truyen con la do dieu kien thdi tie't khi hau va che dp cham sdc nuoi d u d n g khac nhau gay ra.
3.2.2. TLPS cua ddn con gai tieng bo due gid'ng Holstein Friesian
Protein la mot thanh phan co ty le eao trong siia, ngoai md siia thi protein siia la mpt chi tieu quan tipng danh gia pham chat eiia sira va dupe tinh bang phan tiam.
TLPS eiia bd siia HF phu thupc vao nhieu ye'u to' n h u che' dp cham soc nudi dudng, siie khde, sinh san, khai thac sira, v.v... Ke't qua nghien eiiu ve TLPS d ehu ky sira dau dan bd con gai ciia bo dye gidhg HF nuoi tgi Moncada duoc the hien d bang 3.
KHKT Chan nudi So 6 - 2 0 1 3
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CHAN NU6l D O N G Vi\T VA CAC VXN D ^ KHAC
BAng 3. TLPS 6 chu ky sua dau dan con gai ciia l u n g bo dye gidng HF SHdvrc
giong 276 283 277 288 286 285 281 275 284 TB
n 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 360
Mean 3,26"
3,25-' 3,37- 3,25"
3,22- 3,30' 3,28' 3,34"
3,31' 3,29
TLPS (%) SE 0,018 0,016 0,012 0,014 0,017 0,014 0,013 0,015 0,023 0,006 Ghi chu. Cdc gid tri trong cung mdt cdt, citng mdt chi
tieu CO cha cdi a goc tren khdc nhau thi sai khdc co y nghia thong ke (P<0,05)
Theo ke't qua tiong bang 3 cho tha'y, TLPS d chu ky siia dau dan eon gai eiia bo dye gidng HF mang so hieu 277 la eao nha't, dat 3,37%, tiep de'n la dan eon gai cua cac dye gidhg so 275, 284, 285, 281, 276, 283, 288 va tha'p nha't la dan con gai a i a bd due gidng 286, ehi dat 3,22%. Trung bmh ti le protein siia d ehu ky siia dau eiia dan eon gai cua 9 bo dye gio'ng HF la 3,29%.
Theo ke't qua cdng bo ciia tac gia Nguyin Dang Khoi (2003), sira eua bd HF nuoi tai Son Ducmg - Tuyen Q u a n g cd ham luyng protein (3,10+0,08)%. Theo Nguyen Hiiu Luong va ctv (2006), ty Ip protein siia cua bd HF nhap tir Uc nudi tai Mpe Chau (2002-2005) dat 3,12%. Theo Nguyin Dang Vang va ctv (2006) cho bie't dan bo HF nhgp tir My nuoi tai Mpc Chau (giai doan 2001-2006) co ty Ip protem siia (3,04±0,21)%, tgi Lam Ddng ty Ip nay la (3,15±0,58)%; ke't qua nghien ciiu ciia ehiing toi thu dupe eao hon.
Theo t^c gia Dd Kim Tuyen va ctv (2004)cho bi^'t, TLMS ciia bd HF thuan nu6i tai Mpe Chau (1998-2002) la 3,28-3,39%. Tran Quang Hanh v^ D5ng Vu Binh (2007) cdng bd TLPS dhn bo HF d Lam Dong la 3,27%, Tran Quang Hanh (2010) eho bie't siia ciia bo HF nudi tgi Lam Ddng cd TLMS 3,29±0,03%, ket qu^ ciia chiing tdi la tuong duong.
Theo N g u y e n Q u d c Dat va Nguyen Thanh Binh (2005), bd H F thuSn nuoi tai khu vyc Th^nh Pho Ho Chi Minh cho TLPS 3,43%; Ngd Thanh Vinh va etv (2005) cho bie't, bo HF nudi tai Ba Vi cd ty Ie protein sira 3,38%; Theo so lipu dieu tia ciia Trsm Quang Hgnh (2010) eho bie't bd HF nudi tgi Lam Ddng ed TLPS liia 5 dgt (3,35ifl,05)%.
Ke't qua nghien a i u a i a chting tdi thu dupe tha'p hon.
Nhu vgy, TLPS ciia bd HF d cac khu vuc chan nudi khac nhau, cac nude khac nhau, tiong cac khoang thdi gian nudi khae nhau.
Ilia de khac nhau cd su bieh dpng khae nhau, dieu nay eo the ngoai ye'u td' di truyen la do dieu kipn thdi tie't klii hau va che* dp cham sdc nuoi dudng, quan ly da gay ra.
3.3. Phan logi bd dye giong Holstein Friesian theo tiem n a n g di truyen ve san lupng sua
3.3.1. Phdn loai theo sdn lU(ptg siia tieu chudn 4% ma siia ciia dan con gdi
San luprng siia tieu chuaui ma dan bo cai san xua't ra la mpt ehi tieu tdng hap, toan dipn de d a n h gia p h a n logi tiem nang ve kha nang san xua't siia a i a mdi bo due gidng sira. Theo ke't qua ve san lupng siia tieu ehuan 4% m o siia ciia dan bd eon gal a i a mdi bd d y e gid'ng HF, chiing tdi xe'p loai cho chin bd d y e gid'ng theo thii ty tif cao xudng tha'p theo kha nang san xuat siia tieu chuan ciia dan eon gai ciia timg due gidng HF ke't qu^ n h u frong bang 4.
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KHKT Chan nuoi Sfif 6 - 2 0 1 3. CHAN NUOI DQNG VAT VA CAC VAN DE KHAC
Bang 4. Phan logi b o dye gdng HF theo kha nang s i n xuat siia tieu chuan dan con gai Sd hi^u b6 dye Phan logi b6 dye HF theo SLS tieu chuzui
SLS tieu chuan 4% ma)/Ck Xep thur 286
283 288 276 281 285 284 27S 277
40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
5262.1 1 5013,6 2 5010,5 3 4934,0 4 4797.2 5 4750,5 6 4618.0 7 4451,4 8 4251.1 9
Theo ke't qua 6 bang 4 cho tha'y tiem nay eo due so 285 tuy tha'p hon tnmg binh nang ve kha nang san xua't siia ciia bo due dan, nhung khong dang ke^ va su sai khac giong HF so hieu 286 la cao nha't, xe'p so' do khong eo y nghia tho'ng ke (p >0,05).
mot Uc'p theo la bo dye so 283, 288, 276, ^ ^ , 101 IOC -^o,* o^c • - "• > i> u ' 3.3.2. Phdn loai theo via tri giong ve tiem 281, 285, 284, 275 va xep euoi cung la bo . \ , * . & A
. ___ ^~ ,-^ , ^ . , , nang siia cua tieng bd (tuc HF due 277. Cung qua ket qua trong bang 4 * 5 •
tha'y rang trong chin bo due trong nghien De eo eo so khoa hoc trong viec phan euu a i a chiing toi thi eo toi 5 bo due so loai, xe'p ea'p chinh xac timg bo due giong hieu 286,283,288,276 va 281 CO binh quan HF ve tiem nang di truyen tinh hang SLS, san lugng su-a tieu chuan a i a dan eon gai vi^c nghien ciiu xae dinh GTG ve Hem tren trung binh toan dan, con lai bon due nang di h^yeh SLS cua dan bo due giong so hieu 285,284,275 va 277 co trung binh la chia khoa quye't dmh. Ke't qua nghien san lupng siia tieu chulin dan con gai tha'p cuu xac dmh GTG ve hem nang siia eiia 9 hon tnmg binh toan dan. Trong bon bo due bo due giong HF dugc trinh bay tai bang 5.
Bang 5. GTG udc tinh ve tiem nang sua ciia bo dye HF SH d\rc giong
286 288 283 276 281 285 284 275 277
n 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
SLS/ckl ciia dan con gai - 5.687,0 5.386,0 5.384,0 5.306,0 5.132,6 5.069,9 4.928,0 4.712,6 4.463,6
GTG +1064,58
+811,38 +809,91 +744,00 +598,55 +545,90 +426,51 +245,74 +36,62
GTG uoc tinh rel 0,84 0,84 0,84 0,84 0,84 0,84 0,84 0,84 0,84
Xep thir 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
KHKT Chan nuoi So 6 - 2 0 1 3 77
CHAN NU6l D O N G VAT V A CAC VAN BJ KHAC
Qua ket q u i thu d u p ^ ciia GTG udc tinh ve tiem n3ng cho sira ciia cie b6 dye gid'ng HF tiinh bay tiong b i n g 5 eho tha'y: ta't c i 9 bo dpc HF deu ed GTG duong, tiong do bd dye mang so hipu 286 c6 GTG eao nha't, dat +1064,58 kg siia/ehu ky; tie'p den l i eie bd dye 288, 283, 276, 281, 285, 284, 275 va thap nha't la bd dye sd 277, chi dgt +36,62 kg siia/chu ky. Sd dT, GTG ve tiem n3ng sira (TNS) cua 9 bd dye gio'ng nay deu d u a n g va eao vi 9 bd dye nay cd cha't luprng ra't to't tiong tdng so eae bd di^c gid'ng HF va tinh da dupe sir dyng tai Vipt Nam.
N h u vgy, sir d u n g tinh eiia nhiing dye gio'ng nay chac chan se nang cao SLS ddi eon dac bipt la bd d y e 286, 288, 283, 276, 281 gdp phan n a n g eao SLS tuoi hang hoa san xua't tai Viet N a m va nang eao hieu qua chan nuoi bd siia vi GTG ve SLS Ilia 1 ciia eie d y e gio'ng nay ldn, bie'n dpng trong p h a m vi tir +36,62 kg de'n +1.064,58 kg/ehu ky. Mirc bie'n dpng nay la Idn, cho p h e p cac nha tao ehpn gio'ng CO cd hpi chpn loc, n h a n thuain tgo ra d a n bo siia co chat l u p n g tdt. Ke't q u i nay tuong t y vdi ke't qua nghien eiiu cita Powell va ctv (1990, 1991) khi sir d u n g dye HF Hoa Ky va HF Ecuador phd'i gidng cho dan bd cai d Ecuador, ne'u chpn 10% bd dye gidng HF cd GTG cao nha't thi GTG cua bo d u e HF Hoa Ky dgt +760 kg siia/chu ky va bo d y e HF eua Ecuador dgt +576kg sira/chu ky. Pham Van Gidi (2008) nghien ciiu GTG ve SLS ciia dan bd HF d Mpc chau va Tuyen Q u a n g cho bie't miic bien dpng tii -882,89 kg den +817,73kg siia/chu ky. Ddng thdi, miic bien dpng nay cung gan tucmg t y vdi d a n bd HF nuoi d Iran, bie'n dpng tir -265 kg den +1287 kg/chu ky (Mashhadi va ctv, 2008).
Tir ke't q u i thu dupe d nghi&i eiiu nay eho tha'y de nang cao SLS cho the'hp con cai thi c6 the ehpn tinh cua nhiing ea the dye gio'ng trong n h d m cd GTG cao vao viec xay d y n g ke' hoach phd'i gidhg thich hprp de cai tao nhirng bd cai cd tiem n3ng di truyen ve SLS tha'p, dong thdi cd the sir d u n g nhiing di^c gid'ng cd GTG cao vao vipc tgo chpn dan bd cai HF hgt nhan trong ca sd chan nudi bd siia.
Tir ke't q u i tien cho tha'y co the sir dpng c i 2 phucmg p h a p nay de phan loai xe'p ea'p timg bd d y e giong HF vi 8 tiong tdng so 9 bd d y e deu d u y c xe'p ea'p phii hpfp vdi nhau, ngoai trir vj tii ciia 2 ea the 283 va 288. Neu phan tiieo GTG tiii bo dye 288 (+811,38 kg siia/chu ky) tdt hem, xe'p d vj tii ihir 2 so vdi dye gidng 283 (809,91 kg siia/ehu ky) xep d thii 3 vdi SLS t n m g binh ciia con gai d ehu ky siia d a u tuong iing 5.386 va 5.384 kg siia/chu ky. Trong liie do, ne'u phan logi xep cap theo SLS tieu ehuMi 4% md siia thi dye gid'ng so 283 lai tot hon due gidng 288 vi SLS tieu chuan 4% md siia trung binh ciia d a n con gai d chu ky siia dau tucmg irng la 5.013,6 va 5.010,5 kg siia/chu ky. N h u vgy, p h a n loai xep cap bo dye gidng HF tiieo SLS thi d u a tiieo GTG la tdt nha't, n h u n g ne'u ehua tinh d u pe GTG ve TNS thi co the p h a n logi xe'p ea'p bo due gid'ng HF theo SLS tieu chuan 4% md siia vi cd dp chinh xac kha cao.
SLS tieu chuan 4% m d d chu ky sua dau d a n bd con g i i ciia 9 bd d u e giong HF nudi tai trgm Moncada eao riha't la o bo d y e gidng 286, dat 5262,lkg/305 ngay, tiep theo la dan con g i i ciia d y e giong 283, 288,
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KHKT Chan nuoi So 6-2013CHAN NUOI DQNG V^T VA CAC VAN DE K H A C
276, 281, 285, 284, 275 va tha'p nhat la dan con gai ciia bo 277, chi dat 4251,1kg siia/305 ngay. Trong luc dd, SLS liia dau dan eon g i i dd eao nha't la d bo d y e gio'ng 286, dat 5687kg/305 ngay, tie'p tiieo la dan eon gai eua d u e gidng 288, 283, 276, 281, 285, 284, 275 va tiia'p nha't la d a n con gai cua bo 277, chi dgt 4463.6 kg sua/305 ngay.
TLMS ehu ky siia d a u d a n eon g i i eiia bo due gidng 277 la cao nha't dgt 3,69%;
tiep deh la d a n con gai eiia d u e gio'ng 275, 284, 285, 281, 283, 276, 288 va tiia'p nhat la dan eon gai cua bd d y e gio'ng 286, ehi dgt 3,51%.
TLPS ehu ky siia dau dan con gai eiia bo dye gidng HF 277 la eao nhat, dgt 3,37%, tiep den la dan eon gai eiia cie d y e gio'ng sd 275, 284, 285, 281, 276, 283, 288 va thap nha't la dan eon g i i eua bd dye giohg 286, chi dgt 3,22%.
Gii tri giong ude tinh eua bd dye so iiieu 286 eao nhat, dgt +1.064,58 kg sira/chu ky; tiep den la cie bd dye 288, 283, 276, 281, 285, 284, 275 va tha'p nhat la bo dye 277, chi dat +36,62 kg siia/chu ky.
Sir dyng GTG ve TNS de phan loai xe'p cap bo dye gio'ng HF la to't nha't, n h i m g ne'u ehua xac djnh d u p e GTG ve TNS thi eo the phan logi xep cap bd d y e gio'ng HF theo SLS tieu ehuah 4% m d siia vi eo dp ehinh xac ding k h i eao.
Nhu vgy, can khai t h i c tiiet de nguon gene ciia eae bd dye HF co GTG cao (286, 288, 283, 276 va 281) d e tang SLS eho dan bo siia vi 5 bo dye nay co GTG ve tiem nang siia cao tien trung binh dan va nen sif dung cac bo d y e HF 277, 275, 284 va 285 de cai thien nang cao TLMS va TLPS cho thehe sau hoac lai tgo bo lai HF.
TAI LI?U THAM KHAO
1. Dinh Van Cai (2003), "KhS nang sinh s^n va s^n xuS't sua ciia bo HF thuan nuoi tai khu vi^c TP Ho Chi Minh", Thong tin khoa hpc ky thugt chan nuoi so'4/2003.tr 23-11.
i . Canwest DHI (2006), Ontario progress report. 10, 56-82.
3. Bao cao v l SX-TT sua 9/2012:
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4 Chen H. Y., Zhang Q., Yin C C , Wang C K., Gong W.J., a n d Mei G. (2006), Detection of Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Milk Production Traits on Bovine Chromosome 6 in a Chinesse Holstein Population by the Daughter Desing, Journal of Dairy Science, 89 (2): pp, 782 - 790.
5. Cyc chan nuoi (2010), Chan nudi Viet Nam 2000 - 2010. Nha xua't ban khoa hgc tv nhien va cong nghe.
6 Nguyen Quoc Dat, Nguyin Thanh Binh (2005),
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/. Ph?m Van Gioi, Nguyen Van Diic va Tran Trpng Them (2006), "He so di truyen va tuong quan di truyen giiia san lupng sira va TLMS a i a bo Holstein Friesian nuoi 6 Viet Nam", Tgp chi Ndng nghiep vdphdt trim nong thon, 1&2, tr. 99-100.
o. Phgm Van Gioi (2008), Nghien cdu dgc diem di truyen vd gid tri giang ve sdn luung sira ciia bd Holstein Friesean nuoi a Mgc Chdu vd Tuyen Quang, Luan an tieh sy nong nghifp-Vien chan nuoi.
TI. Pham Van Gioi, Nguyen Van Diic va Tran Trpng Them (2010), "Bao cao nghidm thu de tai trpng diem cap bp 2006-2010".
10. Tran Quang H?nh (2010), "Nghien a i u kha nang sinh truong, sinh san, nang suat va chat lupng siia nia bo cai Holstein Friesian thuan (HF), cac the h? lai Fi, Vi va Fs giiia HF va lai Sind nuoi tai tinh Lam Dong" Luan an Tien sy khoa hpc nong nghipp, Truang Dai hpc Nong nghiep I, Ha Npi, tr. 22 - 39; 94 -122.
KHKT Chan nudi So 6 - 2 0 1 3
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CHAN NU6l D O N G VAT VA CAC VAN BJ KHAC
11. Tran Quang H?nh v i D^ng Vu Binh (2007),
"Mpt sS'chi tieu nSng sua't va chat lupng sua ciia b6 Holstein Friesian nu6i t?i tinh Lam Dong", Tgp chi KHKT N6ng nghi^, B6'3/2008, tr. 45^7.
12. Ph^m The Hu?, Tran Quang Han (2003),
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13. Nguyen Van Ki^m (2000), "Nghi&n a i u m0t s&
chi tieu smh ly, sinh hoa mau vk sire s^n xul't g6p phan d^nh g i i thi^c trgng d i n b6 Holstein Friesian tgi Mpc ChSu - Son La " Lugn i n Ti&'n sy nong nghipp, H i Npi.
14. Nguyen Dang Khoi (2003), "Dinh g i i n i n g suat va chat luqng siia ciia gio'ng bd HF nhgp npi nuoi tgi huy^n Yen SOTI tinh Tuyen Quang"
Lugn van thgc si khoa hpc sinh hpc, Trudng dgi hpc Su pham Thii Nguyen.
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16. Nguyen Hihi Luong. Do Kim Tuyen, Hoang Kim Giao, Nguyen Viet Hai, ViJ Van Npi, La Van Thao, Tran Son Ha, Vu Ng(?c Hifu, Nguyen Sue M a n h , N g u y e n H u n g Son, Nguyen Thj D u o n g H u y e n (2006), "Nghien Cliu mpt so chi tieu kinh te ky thugt ciia b6 sua Oc nhSp npi Vipt Nam (2002 - 2004), Bdo cdo Idioa hgc nam 2005, Phdn nghien ciru giohg vdt nuoi, tr 37 - 49.
17. Le Mai (2002), "Bai hpc D i t gia khi nuoi bo HF thuan chiing", Tgp cht KHKT Chiin nuoi, 4, tr. 15 - 1 6 .
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19. Ojango J.M. and Pollottt G.E. (2001), "Genetics of milk yield and fertility traits in Holstein - Friensian cattle on large - scale Kenyan farms", journal Dari Science, Vol. 79: pp. 1742 -1750.
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22. Nguyen H u u Hoai Phii (2007), "Anh hudng ciia vipc cii t i l h khi hgu chuong nuoi dSh k h i n i n g sinh s i n v i s i n xU^t siia ciia b6 Holstein Friesian nuoi tgi ngogi t h i n h t h i n h p h o Ho Chi Minh", Tgp chi KHKT ChSn nuoi, 3, tr. 7 - 1 1 . 23. Nguyen V i n Thirdng (1995), "Ky thugt chin
nu6i b6 siia, bit thjt 6 gia dinh", NXB Nong nghif p H i Npi.
24. Nguyen Van Thuong, Nguyen Van Dut; Hoang Thi Thien Huong (2008), Result of assessment, classification and first stepof establishment of open nucleous breeding system on holstein friesian raising in Moc Chau - Son La, Report at the 13* A A A ? Animal Science.
25. £)o Kim Tuyen, Bui Duy Minh (2004)t "Mpt so du tieu gicrig ciia bo Holstein Friesian tgi Cong ty giohg b6 siia Mpc Chau" Tir http://www.vcn.vnn.vn /PrintPreview.aspx?ID=4437.
26. Nguyen Dang Vang. Nguyen H u u Luong, Do Kim Tuyen, Hoang Kim Giao, Nguyen Viet Hai, Vu Van Npi, La Van Thao, Tran Son Ha, Vu Ngpc H i f u , N g u y e n S u e Mgnh, Nguyen H u n g Son v a N g u y e n T h j D u o n g Huyen (2006), "Nghien ciiu mpt so chi ti^u ky thugt ciia b6 sira My nhgp npi Vift Nam", Bdo cdo khoa h^c nSm 2005. Phan nghien ciru giong vgt nudi, Vipn C h i n nuoi. H i N^i, 8 - 2006, tr 28 - 37.
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Vipn C h i n nudi, 2005.
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