CHd NGHifl M N QOYEN Cdfl TON TRflNG SON
vA MdT vAi GlA TRI COA N 6 D6I vd\
m •
N I N CHINH TRI TRUNG QU6C HIEN NAY
TH S. PHAM NGQC THACH Vien Nghien cdu Trung Qudc
M B a mpt bp pban bdp tbanh chii
^ ^ r ^ nghia Tam d i n eiia Ton
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Trung Sdn, ebu nghia d i n quyen the bien dam n^t qua s l u b i i giang cua ong vIo nam 1924 cho den nay v i n chQa dvfng nhieu gii tri thdi dai. B i i viet n l y tap trung tim bieu nhiing npi dung cd ban ciia ehii nghia d i n quyen cua Ton Trung Sdn, tren cd sd d6 nit ra mpt sd^ nhan x6t ve nhflng gii tri cua ehii nghia dan quyen ciia ong vdi Trung Qudc hien nay.
Noi dung co ban cua Chu nghia ddn quyen cua Ton Trung Son
Chu nghia dan quyen eiia Tdn Trung Sdn la mpt be thd'ng ly l u i n ve chfnh tri ddi vdi con dudng each mang eiia nhan dan Trung Qudc trong nhflng t h i p nien d l u ciia the ky XX. Theo Ton Trung Sdn, d i n quyen cbinh 11 viec nban dan quan 1^ eong viec cbinh tri; ve ban cha't, chinh tri 11 viec quan ly cdng viec ciia n h i n dan, v l ehinh quydn chi II Ivfc lUdng dai didn tbiic hipn vide quan ly cdng viec cua dan chiing.
Ngay tQ thdi ky d l u thap ky 20 cua the ky
XX d i y bidn ddng. Ton Trung Sdn da nhin tha'y the gidi ba'y gid la the gidi dan quyen, v l day la ddng chii lUu ciia thdi dai.**' Trao lUu the gidi 11 chuyen tQ t h i n quyen sang quan quyen, tQ quan quyin dd'n dan quyen*^\ Thiic hien dan quyen tai Trung Qudc chinh la thuan theo trao Itfu the gidi, nhd d6 cd the xay diing qudc gia thinh tri va dn dinh l i u dai cho Trung Quoc.*^'
Trong bdi canh dd. Ton Trung Sdn da cbi ro muc tieu cvia each mang tai Trung Qud'c, dd chfnh la k i t thanh doan thd vflng chic chd'ng lai sU ap bQc ciia nUdc ngoli. Dieu n l y khac vdi muc tieu each m^ng ciia chau Au khi coi dd la dl'u tranh gilnh tu do. Tdn Trung Sdn cho r i n g tidn b l n h each mang t ^ Trung Qudc chinh la khdi phuc tU do cho dl't nUdc. Ndu gianh dUdc tu do cho dl't nUdc, thi dan tpc Trung Quoc mdi cd tu do. Va khi quo'e gia cd the b l n h ddng tU do thi Trung Qud'c la qudc gia cUdng thinh. **'
Tdn Trung Sdn cho rang c i n diing chu nghia d i n quyen de cai tao Trung Quoc
48
NGHIEN CUU TRUNG Outfc s6' 10(122) - 2011t h i n h mpt d i n quoc "chinb tri t o l n dan", giao vIo tay nhan dan, de nhan dan co the v l phai di trUde Au-My.<^) Ong phan ddi triic tidp quan ly d i t nude, va chfnh quyen viec ap dung mo hinh chfnh tri (chfnh the nay chfnh la dan quyen. ThQ hai la tri dai nghi) cua phUdng Tay vao Trung Qudc quyen, la quyen chfnh pbii. "°> Svf ket bdp vi mdi qud'c gia c6 nhflng tinh hinh, didu d day chfnb la nhan dan sQ dung quyen kien xa hpi cu the k h l e nhau. De Trung cua minh de chd Ude quyen cua chfnb pbu.
Qudc CO the p h i t trien va thiic hanh dan Ton Trung Sdn chii trUdng thvfe hanh quyen, thi phai tim ra cleh thQc thfch bdp din quyen ciia nban d i n nen bao gdm 4 ddi vdi Trung Quoc. <^' quygn. ThO nhdt Ik quyen tuyen cQ, liia ra Mpt trong nhflng va'n de nay sinh trong quan chQc; ThO hai Ik quyen bai miln viec tbiic banh dan quyen tai cle nUde Au- quan chQc m l bp b l u ra; ThO ba 11 quyen My bay gid la nban dan co thai dp pban s i n g kien p b l p luat, quydt dinh phip luat khang chfnb phu. Theo Ton Trung Sdn, nao eo ldi cho nhan dan tbi giao chfnh pbu nguyen nhan cbinh la vi cac nUde nay chap hanh; ThO tU, Ik quyen phiic quyet, khong tich ro "quyen" v l "nang". Trung neu p b l p luat da ban hanh bat ldi cho Qud'c kbi tbiic b a n h dan quyen e l n t r l n h nban dan tbi nban dan co quyen sQa doi, tinh trang n l y cua cle nUde Au-My. Tinb sau do yeu clu cbinh phu chap hanh. Nen trang nhan dan pban khang chfnh pbu cbi cbfiib tri toan dan cbinh la de cho nban cd the giai quye't neu t i c h rdi "quyen" v l dan thvfe bien day du 4 quyen nly. Co the
"nang", v l nbU vay tbi ehinh pbu mdi hi tbiic bien bdii quyen nay cbinh la dieu vpng phat trien. Ndu chinh phu tdt tbi kien de nhan dan quan ly cong viec qudc nban dan giao t o l n quyen qudc gia cho gia, va eiing chfnh 11 didu kien dam bao chinh phu. Neu ehinh pbu khong tot thi cho nhan dan co the quan ly dUdc chfnh nhan d i n co the tbiic hanh chQc quyen bai phu.*"'
miin chinh phu.*'^ Theo Ton Trung Sdn, Theo Ton Trung Sdn, de cbinh phu (nha trong cdng viec cua qudc gia, tbi qudc dan nUde) co the van hanh tdt, tbi can phai c6 la chu nhan, la ngUdi co quyen, chfnb pbu 5 quyen (hien p b l p ngu quyen). Do 11 11 nha chuyen mon, la ngUdi "hflu nang"/®' quyen banh cbinh, quyen lap pblp, quyen 'Thdi dai dan quyen cUc thinh, phUdng tU phap, quyen khao tbi v l quyen giam s i t . pblp quan ly cbinh phu rl't h o l n hao, Trong 5 quyen n l y khle vdi phUdng Tiy chinh phu co quyen lUc ldn, n h i n d i n cbi tbudng noi tdi quyen lap pbap, banh pblp can phat bieu y kien cua minh tai qudc hpi, v l tU phip, thi Tdn Trung Sdn dUa them cong kich ehinh phu thi mdi co the d i n h do vIo quydn kb'ao thf v l quyen gilm sat, vdi chinh pbii, ca ngdi cbinh phu tbi co the svf ke thQa nhflng gia tri tinb hoa tQ lich cung cd chinh phu."*^' sQ cua Trung Qud'c. Tdn Trung Sdn cho
Ton Trung Sdn cho rang cung vdi vide rang dung hidn p b l p ngii quyen de' td chQc chia tich "quyen" v l "nang", e l n phai chia chfnh phu tbi chfnh pbu mdi hoan bao. Va tach ca bp m I y chinh tri. Dai quyen chinb cd (luan chinh pbii l l m vide vi nban dan tri qudc gia c i n chia t h i n h hai p h i n . ThQ tbi mdi co the l l m nhieu vide h o l n hao.*^^) nha't la "chinh quyen", quyen n l y dUdc Kid'u chinb phu n l y mdi 11 chinb pbu hoan
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bao nha't, tdt dep nha't trdn thd gidi. Qudc trien chfnb tri cua Trung Qudc trong thap gia CO chfnb pbii tdt dep nhU thd thi mdi e6 nidn d l u thd ky XX. No c6 vai trd quan the xay dvfng qudic gia dan gilu, dan tri, trpng trong vide giae ngd cho n h i n dan v^
dan hudng.*"' con dudng cleh mang, trong dl'u tranh xiy Trong cl'u triic quydn lUe n h i nUde m l dUng ndn d i n chii tai Trung Qudc. Tuy Ton Trung Sdn dUa ra, tbi ehinh quydn 11 nhidn, bd thdng ly luan n l y cung co nhflng quyen ciia ngUdi dan, d vi tri cao hdn, cdn diem yd'u eua n6. Va'n de quyen lUc chfnh tri quyen 11 quyen cua chfnb pbii, d vi trf tri ciia nban d i n cdn ebUa dUdc Ton Trung tha'p bdn. NgUdi dan tbiic bidn viec quan Sdn lam ro. d ca'p chfnh quyen dia phUdng, ly chfnb pbii thong qua thUe banh cle ihi vide thiic b l n h 4 quydn cua n h i n dan quyen tuyen cQ, bai mien, s i n g kidn v l H c6 sU tham gia triic tid'p, nhUng d ca'p do phiic quyet. Chfnh phii lam vide vi nban Qude gia, tbi dUdng nhu lai co sU mau dan thong qua vide thvfe hidn nam quyen d tbuan trong cleh thQc tbiic hidn 4 quyen trdn. "ly- Trong b i i giang ve chu nghia dan
Cd the' tha'y. Ton Trung Sdn c6 svf s i n g ^^^y^"' ^dn Trung Sdn ddn gian lap luin , , •-> i.i.-'4. 1 -' - u- u Ui .,/i r i n g nhan dan co 4 quydn dan chii tnic tao trong viec thiet ke mo binh nha nUdc. ^" , , , A , , , ' , - , - . - . --^ xu«' tidp nay dd quan ly chfnb phu ngu quyen.
Ong lUa chon nbUng gia t n truyen thong , . , , • •» • i , • • • Tuy nhidn, ong lai khdng luan giai ro lam von da dUde an sau trong nhQng nhan thQc ^ , . ' , « ' , . m /^ -• •• «' sao toan the nban dan Trung Quoc d cap dong bao eiia minh de xay dUng mot ly -. ^^ . ^ ^.i -' i -? '* u ' u i.'
" , -^ • " • "^ do quoc gia co the kiem soat ehinh phu luan phu hdp vdi dac diem cua Trung Qudc. ^^^^^ ^^^ ^ . ^ ^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^..^p as,
Ong phd phan nhflng mo hinh cua nUdc „.. u j - u - - i.' r
Ben canh do, hien pbap 5 quyen ma ngoai vdi nhflng ly do tQ bdi canh lich sQ ^ . ^ ^^^^^ g^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^^
tdi vide eung ed sfl tvf bao qudc gia...^ Ton ^^d'. ThO nhdt, van de phan cdng quyen liic Trung Sdn khong ung bp ndn dan ebu dai t^ong 5 quyen nay chUa dUdc ro rang, Mdi nghi eung nhU vide p h i n t i e h quyen liic quan he gifla quyen lap phap va mdi quan cua phUdng Tay. Vide thid't ke bp mIy be gifla eae cd quan lap pbap vdi elc cd cbinh pbii hay quydn lUc n b l nUde eua ong quan k h l e trong vide giam sat quyen liic chia se rl't nhieu gia tri trie't hpc pbUdng cung e l n phai dUde xem xdt. ThO hai, la Ddng, dac bidt la Khdng gilo. Day la mdt thieu cd chd kiem tra va can bang lln trong nhflng de xua't mang tfnh eai each nhau gifla cae quyen. Ke't qua eiia viec n h i m thiet ke lai nhflng thid't che nha P^^n cdng quyen lUc khong hdp ly, nhl'n nude truyin thdng ldn eua Trung qud'c eho ""^"^ ^ " ^ "^^^ ^^° ^^ ^^'^ ^9^ ^^^ ^^^^^^
phu bdp vdi nhflng nguydn t i e dan chu 1^^' ^^^^^ ^^' ^^'^ ^^^^^^ ^"^^ ^^ !^^ '^"^
, .^ » . (14) true theo chieu ngang, d i khidn cho 5quyen v l sU dpc l i p cua phan cdng quyen llie bi anh hudng.
* *
Trong nhflng phan tich ve ngu quyin, Chu nghia dan quyin cua Tdn Trung Tdn Trung Sdn nhl'n m a n h tdi quyen khao
tach. nhu 11 mpt tuyen dpc lap cua chinh phu de kidm tra va can bang vdi cac quyen khac. Tuy nhidn. Ton Trung Sdn eung chUa ly giai d i y du ve elc quyen lap p b l p , b l n h p b l p v l tu p b l p can tUdng t i e vdi nhau ra sao. NbUng k b i ro r i n g II ba quyen n l y dUde thie't kd' tbiic svf 11 3 tuyen chuydn bidt trong mpt to chQc (chfnb quyen Trung Udng). Mue tidu ciia Hidn pblp ngu quyen 11 duy tri sU bai hda can bang gifla nhan dan va chfnh phu, sao cho thid't lap mpt che dp dan chii manh v l hidu qua nham p h i t buy cong nang diy du cua no.
Mot vai gia tri cua chu nghia d i n quyen ddi vdi Trung Quoc hien nay
Xdy diing nhd niidc mdi
N b l nudc CHND Trung Hoa tbanh lap nam 1949 dUdi sU lanh dao eua Dang Cdng san Trung Quo'e da tbiic hidn "chuydn chinh dan chii n h a n dan", Trong cle ban hidn phap sau n l y , m l g i n day nha't la Hien p b l p 1982 da xac lap ro "Nude Cong boa nhan dan Trung Hoa 11 n b l nUde xa hpi chii ngbia chuyen chinh dan chii nban dan, vdi nen tang 11 lien minh cdng nong do giai ca'p cong nhan lanh dao" Trd lai vide liia chpn chuydn chinh d i n chu nhan dan, vao ngay 30/6/1949, Mao Trach Dong trong diln van ve chuydn chinb d i n chu nhan dan da nhl'n manh day ehinb la vide thuc hidn chu nghia dan quyen eua Tdn Trung Sdn: "Tudng Gidi Thach phan hpi Tdn Trung Sdn va sQ dung chuydn chinh tu ban quan lidu v l giai cl'p dia chu lam cdng cu dan ap nhan dan Trung Qudc.
Nen chuydn chinh phan cleh mang n l y
da dUde thvfe bidn 22 nam va nay bi lat dd bdi nban d i n Trung Quo'e dudi svf lanh dao cua Dang Cpng san. Bpn phan cleh mang nUde ngoli bupc toi chiing ta thvfe hidn
"dpc tai" hoac "chuydn chd" lai chfnh la nhflng ke da tbiic hidn chiing. Hp thiic bidn dpc tai hoac chuyen chd cua mpt giai d p , tu san ddi vdi giai elp vo san va nban dan cdn lai. Hp la nhflng ke ma Ton Trung Sdn da ndi tdi cbinh la tU san cua cle nha nUde bidn dai dan ap nban din. Va ciing tQ nhflng ke do ma TUdng Gidi Thach da hpc bdi dUde chuyen chfnb pban cleh mang cua minh.*^^'
Quyen liic nhd nUdc thudc ve nhdn ddn Theo Ton Trung Sdn, dan quyen la vide nhan dan quan ly cdng vide cbinh tri.
Chfnb tri, v l ban chl't, theo ong, dd II quan ly vide cua dan chiing, v l chfnb quyen 11 liic lUdng dai dien thiic bidn vide quan ly cong vide eua dan chiing. Theo ngbia do. Ton Trung Sdn da tra lai quyen llie trong xa hpi ddi vdi d i n chiing, do 11 dan quyen, hay noi elch khae, theo ngbia n b l nUde p b l p quydn hidn dai, thi nguon goc cua quyin lOc nhd nUdc chinh la tO
nhdn ddn.
Co the thl'y rang chii ngbia d i n quyen cua Ton Trung Sdn, vdi vide bdn quyen cho nban dan, da xac lap chu quyen nhan dan.
NgUdi dan cd dUdc quyen tid'p e l n tdi quyin quan ly n b l nUdc. Nban dan 11 chu the cua quyen Ivfc n b l nUde trong vide thid't l i p mdt ndn dan chu d i y du vdi ngUdi d i n thiie svf 11 chu nhan eua quydn liic n b l nUde.
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Quyen liic n b l nUde thupc vd nban dan d i n dUqJc tang cUdng rong rai, hinh thinh va quyen Ivfc do du^c "trao" cho Nha nUde khong khf xa hpi hpc tap p b l p lult, tdn de thiic tbi chfnh sleh. N b l nUde trong trpng phap luat va sQ dung p b l p lult.
pham vi quydn lUc dxic}c n h i n dan trao, se Trong cl'u true chfnh tri bipn tai cua thue thi 5 quydn: (Jviy("'n lap phap, b l n h Trung Quo'e, ban than DCS Trung Qudc phap, tu p h i p , khao thf v l giam sat. Tuy cung khdng ngQng nang cao nhan thflc vl nhien, vdi bdn quyen ciia minh, ngUdi dan quydt tam trong vide quan ly dat nUdc v i n c6 the kiem soat dUde nha nUdc. nUdc mpt cleh dan chii, khoa hpc v l theo
ThOdng tdn phdp ludt phap l u l t . DCS Trung Qudc lanh dao nhan dan xay dUng bid'n p b l p va phap Ton Trung Sdn d i n h gia cao vai tro cua i .^ * i u- »' r»' „ «-«„ ^s f;A'„ v,;i„u
^ *' luat; trong khi do. Dang cung da tien hanh p b l p luat. Chu trUdng do cao ph.ip luat ^^'^ ^^^^ ^ . ^ ^ ^^^^^ p ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ q^^
nay dUde danh gia 11 bat nhan tidn bp ^.^^ ^ , . ^^.^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ j ^ ^ ^ _ ^^. ^ . . ^ trong t u t u d n g cua Ton T r u n g Sdn. O n g ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^ ^^ ^ . . ^ ^^, ^^ ^ , ^ ^y^^^ ^^^
quan s i t t h i y luat p b l p 11 ndn tang cd ^^^ ^ . ^ ^^^.g ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Q ^ . ^ ^- ^ . ^^^ „ . . ^ ban eho sU tdn tai eiia nen chfnh tri dan , , ^ i •- ^ ^ u ' .. r>- '..i, is„u phap va kien t n phap t n . Bang cach lanh chu. Luat pbap la thid't yd'u doi vdi vide » i ^ - j - * . - i , U J - U A
^ ^ -^ • dao nban dan trong viec hoach dmh va bao ve quydn con ngUdi, giai quyd't tranh ^ ^ . ^ ^^^ ^^^ ^ j ^ . ^_ ^^ ^^^ ^ , ^ ^^^^ ^^
cha'p va ca'm doan cudp b6e.*>^ pj^.p j ^ ^ ^ ^ P ( . g ^ ^ ^ ^ g Q^g^ ^^^ j^j^g^g P b l p luat ma Ton Trung Sdn d l eao, do ^ ^ ^ g ^^^^ ^^ ^ ^^ ^^^^x dao cua minh.
chfnh la p h i p l u l t pban I n h y chf chung cua n h i n dan, bao vd quydn va ldi fch can
Gidi hgn quyin lOc nhd nOdc
ban cua nban dan. Chfnh vi vay, trong Mpt trong nhflng luan diem ciia Ton nhflng quydn cua nban dan ma Tdn Trung Trung Sdn cd y nghia quan trpng la va'n dd Sdn dUa ra, ed quydn s i n g kidn v l quydn gidi ban quydn lUc nha nUdc. Trong boi phuc quyd't. Nhan d i n eo quyen dUa ra canh lieh sQ ba'y gid. Ton Trung Sdn co s i n g kidn p b l p luat. Doi vdi nhflng p b l p each tid'p e l n k h l e vdi nhflng nha ly luIn luat cd ldi cho nhan dan tbi giao chfnb phu di trUde ve vl'n de gidi ban quyen lUe nha cha'p banh. Cdn ddi vdi nhflng phap luat nUde, dac bidt la Montesquieu, ngUdi chu cu ba't ldi cho n h i n d i n , thi nban dan cd trUdng tam quyen phan l i p . Theo quydn phuc quyd't de sQa ddi, bai bd. Montesquieu v l nhflng ngUdi theo trUdng
Cho tdi nay, sau hdn 60 nam thanh lap p b i i eua dng, thi viec kiem tra va doi nude Trung Hoa mdi, dung luat tri nUde trpng gifla cac quyen lap phap, hanh phap dang dUdc thid't lap, trd thanh phUdng lUde va tU phap cd thd' ngan ngQa viec lam can ban eua Trung Qud'c va la nhan thQc dung va t i p trung hda q u i mQc quydn liic.
ehung cua t o l n xa hdi. Y thQc p b l p l u l t Mue tieu eua vide chia tach quyen lUe la t o l n xa hpi va quan niem p b l p tri eung bao vd tvf do eua n h a n dan. Ddi vdi
cp - NGHIEN CliU TRUNG QUOC so 1 0 ( 1 2 2 ) - 2 0 1 1
Montesquieu, quydn liic ban than no 11 each tdt nhl't de b a n che vide lam dung quyen liic. Tvf do se dUde bao vd tot n b l t ndu nhu elc n b l lap p b l p lam luat, ehinh pbu banh p h i p tbiic tbi chung va cd quan tu pblp giai quyd't cle xung dot, tranh chap hoac triing tri nhflng ke vi pham pblp luat mpt each dpc lap. Tuy nhidn.
Ton Trung Sdn, diia trdn tien de cua hpc thuydt cua minh v l phan chia quyen va nang, cho rang chi c6 nhan d i n mdi co thd gidi ban mpt cleh chfnb d i n g sflc manh cua chfnh pbu mpt cleh tnic tid'p.**^'
Hidn nay, vide gidi ban quyen Ivfc n b l nUde thong qua elc cd chd' r i n g budc v l gilm s i t vide sQ dung quydn lUc dang dUde thid't lap va hoan thidn tai Trung Qudc.
Cac he tho'ng gilm s i t va quy dinh gilm sat tUdng doi h o l n cbinh dang dUde xiy diing va hoan thidn. Rang buoc, gilm s i t dUdc thiic hidn thong qua cd ca'u Dai hpi dai bieu nhan dan d ta't ea elc ca'p thvfe thi quyen gilm s i t doi vdi chfnh pbu, Toi I n nban dan va Vidn kiem sat nban d i n ciing ca'p. Giam s i t d i n chu dUde tbiic bidn thdng qua Chinh hidp d cac el'p khac nhau.
Du l u i n xa hdi va b i o cbi t r u y i n thdng
II
dang trd t h i n h mpt phUdng tidn ngly mpt phd bid'n v l hidu qua bdn de giam s i t
II
II chfnh pbu v l cong t i c tU p b l p . . . Md rong ddn chd
Dudng ldi ciia DCS v l N b l nUde Trung Qud'c dUa ra ed the phan I n h xu bUdng md rdng dan chu trong nhflng nam g i n day.
Tid'n trinh dan chu ed sd dUdc khdi ddng d
ndng thon Trung Qudic trong thap nien 1980 v6i Luat Uy ban Thdn dan nam 1987 va Luat To chflc Uy ban CU d i n d thanh pho'vao nam 1989.
Vdi tu cleh 11 dang elm quyen, DCS Trung Qud'c cung da xic dinh md rdng dan chu XHCN, bao dam td't hdn quyen ldi cua ngUdi dan va cdng b l n g xa hpi va md rdng vide tham gia chfnb tri co trat tii ciia ngUdi din. Bao dam nhan dan lam chu da't nUde dUdc Dang Cpng san Trung Qud'c xac dinh la ban cha't va bat nhan ciia chfnb tri dan chii XHCN. <i^'
Nang cao tfnh tfch cvfc va sU tham gia chfnb tri cua ngUdi dan la mpt trong nhflng npi dung cdng t i c quan trpng cua DCS Trung Qud'c. Sii md rdng tham gia chfnh tri co trat tU do dUde thiic bidn trong mpi linh viic, khuyd'n khfch va td chfle rdng rai nhan dan quan ly cdng vide qud'c gia, xa bdi, quan ly kinh te, van hoa theo p b l p luat; bao dam ldi icb hdp p b l p eua nban din, thvfe hidn bau cQ dan ebu, banh chfnb d i n ebu, quan ly dan ebu, giam s i t d i n ebu theo p b l p luat, bao dam quyen n i m tinb binh, quyen tham gia, quyen phat ngdn, quyen giam s i t eua n h i n din;
tflng budc thvfe bien bau cQ qudc hdi theo ty Id dan sd; tang cUdng dp minh bach cua quyd't sleh v l mflc dp tham gia cua cdng chung, cdng khai lay y kien ve xay diing pbap quy phap luat, chfnh sleh cd Hen quan mat thid't dd'n ldi icb eua q u i n chung n h i n dan; ung ho cle doln the nban dan trid'n khai edng tac theo p b l p luat va quy
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dinh CO lien quan, tham gia quan 1;^ xa hdi va cle dich vu cdng, bao vd ldi fch h(;Jp p b l p cua q u i n chung nhan d i n . *^"'
Con dudng c6 hidu qua v l rdng rai nha't tbiic hidn md rong dan chu va thiic hanh quyen lam chu d i t nUde cua nhan dan chfnh 11 thdng qua vide nhan dan tnic tid'p tbiic thi quydn ldi cua minh theo p b l p luat, quan ly sU nghidp cong fch v l sU nghidp chung cd sd; thvfe bipn tU quan ly, tvf phuc vu, tu giao due, tvf gilm sat; thiie hipn giam sat dan chu ddi vdi e l n bd. De thUe bidn dan chu hda, trUde hdt e l n phai thvfe hidn che dp cdng khai trong edng t i c cua chfnb quyen, doanh nghidp. Chfnh vi vay, DCS Trung Qud'c da quyd't tam "thuc d i y edng khai trong nha mIy, bao vd sii tham gia quan ly eua edng nhan vidn, bao vd ldi feb bdp p b l p cua edng nban vidn. Holn thidn che dp cdng khai cdng vide eua chfnh quydn, eua thdn, thUe hidn tfnh g i n kd't va giup dd lan nhau ed hidu qua gifla quan ly banh chinh ciia cbinh quyen vdi tvf tri cua q u i n chung cd sd" eung nhU "hoan thidn che dp lam vide cdng khai, nang cao tfnh minh bach edng t i e ciia ehinh quyen...
Thiic hidn dieu Id giam s i t trong Dang, tang eUdng gilm s i t dan chu, p h i t huy td't vai trd giam s i t eua dU l u i n , tang eUdng sQc manh tdng bdp va thUe hien giam sat CO bidu qua."*^*'
Tdm lgi, ehii nghia dan quydn eua Tdn Trung Sdn chfla dvfng nhieu npi dung quan trpng ddi vdi con dudng cleh mang cua nban dan Trung Qud'c trong thdi ky
d l u thap ky 20. Cho tdi nay, nhidu ndi dung cua chii nghia dan quydn dang din dUde hipn thUe hda trong ndn cbinh tri Trung Qudc.
CHUTHfCH:
1) T6n Trung Sdn, Chu nghia Tam ddn, Vien Th6ng tin Khoa hoc Xa hdi, H^ Noi nSm 1995, (Nguyen Nhu Di$m Nguyin Tu Tri dich, Nguyin v a n H6ng hi§u dinh) t r a n g 172-173,.
(2) Ton Trung Sdn, sdd, t r a n g 182
(3) Ton Trung Sdn, sdd, t r a n g 178 vk 183.
(4), (5), (6), (7). (8), (9), (10), 11), (12), (13), (14) T6n Trung Sdn, sdd, t r a n g 205, 254, 265, 277, 280, 2 9 2 , 3 0 2 , 3 0 7 , 3 1 1 .
(14) Eric Chiyeung Ip: Xdy diing nen ddn chu hien chinh tren nen tdng phUcfng Ddng: Phdn tich Chu nghia Hiin chinh cda Ton Trung Scfn, Historia Constitucional, So' 9, 2008.
(15) Audrey Wells, The Political Thought of Sun Yat-sen: Development and Impact, Palgrave Macmillan, 2001, t r a n g 84-85.
(16) Mao Tse-tung, 'On the People's Democratic Dictatorship', 30 J u n e 1949, in op. cit.
(Beijing, 1961) Vol. 4, p. 1492. Trich lai trong Audrey Wells, The PoUtical Thought of Sun Yat- sen: Development and Impact, Palgrave Macmillan, 2001. T r a n g 146.
(17) ZW.Ma. China Law Thinking, Sun Yat- sen University Press, Guangzhou, 2007. pp 377- 378. D i n l?Li theo Eric Chiyeung Ip, Xdy dUng nin ddn chd hii'n chinh tren nin tdng phucfng B6ng:
Phdn tich Chu. nghia Hii'n chinh cda T6n Trung Scfn, Historia Constitucional, S6'9, 2008.
(18) Eric Chiyeung Ip, Xdy diing nin ddn chu hien chinh tren nen tdng phiicfng Ddng: Phdn tich Chd nghia Hii'n chinh cda T6n Trung Scfn, Historia Constitucional, So' 9, 2008.
(19), (20, (21) Bao cao chinh tri Dai hoi XVH DCS Trung Qu6c, 2007.
