LICHSC -KHAO CO - DANTOC HOC
^ Anh hwong cua Ton Trung Son va chu nghia Tam dan doi vdi Ho Chi Minh
Le Thi Tinh "
Tom tdt: Bai vilt phan tich mpt so anh huang ciia Tdn Trung San va chii nghTa Tam dan ddi vdi H6 Chi Minh. Theo tac gia. Ho Chi Minh danh gia cao ttnh each mang cua chii nghTa Tam dan va ban than Tdn Trung Son; tiep tfiu sang tao nhung dilm tiln bp cua chii n^Ta Tam dan vao dilu ki?n thyc t l ciia each mang Viet Nam; nghien cflu cac phuang phap each mang ciia Ton Trung San, dac bi?t la phuang phap vgn dung dgo due Nho giao 6k tuyen truyin va giao dye tinh thin each mgng cho quan chung.
Tu lihda: Tu tudng Ho Chi Minh; chii nghta Tam dan; Ton Trung San.
1. Tdn Trung Son (Tdn Vdn, Tdn Dgt Tien, 1866 - 1925) la nha ydu nudc vt dgi, nha each mgng ddn chu ldi lgc cua Trung Qudc. Ten tudi cfla Tdn Trung Son gdn lidn vdi chfl nghta Tam ddn vd cuOc each mgng Tan Hgi (1911) d Trung Qudc. Chu nghta Tam dan (vdi 3 ndi dung chfl ydu Id dan tdc, ddn quyen, ddn sinh) da the hipn khd hoan chinh tu tudng dan chfl tu san cfla Trung Qudc thdi ky cgn dgi. Tren nen tang ly lugn cua chu nghta Tam ddn, Trung Quoc Ddng minh hdi - (chinh dang cfla giai cap tu san Trung Quoc) ra ddi va ldnh dao nhdn ddn Trung Qudc tien hdnh thdnh cdng cupe cdch mang Tdn Hpi. Cudc each mang dd lgt do nen thdng tri gdn 300 ndm cfla vuong triiu Man Thanh, ket thflc chl do chuyen chl phong kiln hon 2000 ndm, lgp nen nudc Trung Hoa dan qudc, thflc diy cudc c^h mang ddn chfl d Trung Qudc len mpt giai dogn mdi. Dd la cdng hiln to ldn cua Tdn Trung Son ddi vdi Iich sfl Trung Quoc.
Cung tfl dd md anh hudng cfla dng dd lan rpng khdp cac dan tdc thupc dja va phy thupc d Chau A.
Chfl nghta Tam ddn cua Tdn Trung Son va cudc cdch mgng vgn dpng dudi sy chi dao cua he tu tudng ndy - each mgng Tan Hgi - ngay lap tuc cd nhung dnh hudng tryc tilp, nhanh chdng va sdu sac den phong trdo each mgng Viet Nam thdi ky cudi the kJ XIX, diu thl ky XX (Iuc biy gid dang trong thdi ky khung hodng dudng ldi cflu nudc). Khdng it nha yeu nuac Vidt Nam (Phan Bdi Chdu. Nguyin Thdi Hpc.) dd tim din vdi chfl nghta Tam dan va coi chu nghta nay nhu mot trong nhiing nen tang hinh thdnh tu tudng cua minh. Nhieu to chflc each mang md phdng theo td chiic Qudc dan dang cua Tdn Trung Son lan lupt ra ddi. Trong sd dd, Ho Chi Minh la ngudi chju anh huong dam net hon cd. Trong ngudn gdc hinh thanh tu tudng H6 Cfai Minh, ngodi chu nghia Mac - Lenin va cfau nghia yeu nudc truyin thong Vipt Nam, cdn phdi kl din cdc tinh hoa vdn hda, tu tudng
'*' Tiln sT, Vi?n Ljch sii Ding, Hpc vi|n Chinh trj Quic gia Ho Chi Minh.
€)T: 0915929497. Email: [email protected].
64
Anh htfdng cua Ton Tnmg San vd chd nghta tam ddn...
nhan loai, ma tryc tilp va didn hinh nhat la tu tudng ddn tgc, dan chfl trong chu nghta Tam dan cua Tdn Trung Son.
2. Ndi d i n anh hudng cfla Tdn Trung Son va chu nghia Tam ddn doi vdi Hd Chi Minh, trudc h i t phai k l d i n Idng tdn kmh, sy kham phuc, trdn trpng cfla Hd Chi Minh ddi vdi Tdn Trung Son. Ngudi da cd nhung danh gia diing ddn ve Tdn Trung San, v l Qudc dan ddng each mang (td chflc do Tdn Trung Son sang lap) thai ky dau d Qudng Chdu va ve chfl nghia Tam ddn mdi cfla dng. Trong bdi Cdc nudc de quoc chu nghia Vfl Trung Quoc dang tren Tgp chi Thu tin qudc ti s6 57 (ndm 1924), Nguyin Ai Qu6c da vilt: "Tdn Dgt Tien, "ngudi cha cua each mang Trung Qu6c", ngudi dflng dau Chinh phfl Q u d i ^ Chau, thi ludn ludn trung thdnh vdi nhung nguyen Iy cfla minh, ngay cd trong nhflng Iflc khd khdn nhat. Cuong Itnh cua ddng dng - Quoc ddn ddng - la mpt cuong linh cai each. Cuong Itnh dd gom nhflng dieu khoan chdng de quoc va chong quan phipt mgt each ro rpt. Dang do Idn tiing tuyen b6 doan kit vdi cdc ddn tdc bj dp hue d cac nuac thu^c dia va vdi giai c i p vd sdn qudc t l . Dang do ddng tinh vdi Cach mgng N g a " ' ' \ Nhdn dinh nay cfla Hd Chi Minh hodn todn phfl hgp vdi quan diem ciia Quoc t l cpng san v l Ton Trung Son trong Ldi kdu ggi gfli cong nhdn, ndng ddn va nhan dan Iao d$ng Trung Qudc khi dng qua ddi (thang 3 ndm 1925): "Ten tudi cfla Tdn Dgt Tien, ngudi da mpt ddi ddu tranh chdng chu nghia d l qudc t h l gidi d l gidi phdng quin chung nhdn dan Trung Qudc, thgt vd cflng cao qu^ d6i vdi giai c i p vd san t h l gidi, ddi vdi cdc ddn tpc bi dp bflc d Phuong Ddng dang d i u tranh chdng chfl
nghia de qudc t h l gidi"*^\
Tuy nhien, tren thyc te, phdi din giua thang 11 ndm 1924, khi tu Matxcava din Qudng Chau (Trung Qudc), Ho Chi Minh mdi cd dieu kien tim hieu tu tudng cfla Tdn Trung Son mpt each tryc tilp vd sdu sdc.
Hd Chi Minh hoat ddng d Qudng Chdu vdo thdi diem Tdn Trung Son da cdng bd chfl nghia Tam dan mdi: ddn tdc cd nghia la chdng dd qude, thilt lap sy binh ddng hoan todn gifla cac dan tpc trong nudc; dan sinh la giao rupng dat cho ndng dan, tiet che dgi tu san trong ndng nghipp; cflng vdi do la 3 chinh sdch ldn "lien Nga, lidn c0ng, flng hp cdng ndng". Do do, Hd Chi Minh dd hudng den chu nghta Tam dan vdi niem hflng khdi vd hgn: "Dpc quang cao tren td Qudng Chdu nhdt bdo, dng tim den lam phidn djch cho dng Bdrddin, co v i n chinh trj cfla bdc st Tdn Ddt Tidn va cfla Chinh phfl Qudng Chdu. Ong djch nhung td bao Trung Qudc ra tiing Anh. Ong d l hit tam lyc nghidn cihi chinh tri Trung Quoc.
Ba nguyen tdc cfla bac si Tdn Dgt Tien la:
- Ddn tde d^c lap - Dan quyen ty do - Ddn sinh hgnh phflc
Ong vfla nghien cun vfla lam vifc de sdng..."'^\ Cd thd ndi, "trong tit cd cac Iy lugn each mgng, dng Nguyen cam thdy chfl nghla Tdn Vdn Id thich hgp nhit vdi hodn cdnh cy t h l cfla Viet Nam. Chfl nghta Tam
*" H^ Chi Minh (2011), Todn tap, t.l, Nxb Chinh trj quoc gia. Hi N^i, ti.343.
^^ Va Nguyen Giip (1996), "N^on g6c tu tirong Hb CM Minh", Tgp chf Cgng sdn, s6 23, tr.6.
*'' Tran Dan Tien (1995), Nhiing mdu chuyin vi dai hogt dgng cua H6 Chu tich, Nxb Chinh trj quoc gia, Hi NOi. tr.71.
65
Tgp chiKhoa hgc xd hgi Viit Nam, sd 8(93) - 2015
ddn cfla bdc si Tdn Dgt Tien cd the tdng kit la:
Chu ngh^ dan tpc: dpc I ^ cho mgi ddn tdc.
Chu nglua dan quyen: ty do cfla nhdn ddn.
Chfl nghta dan sinh: hanh phflc va hudng thu cfla nhdn dan.
Day la cai ma Vipt Nam cdn. Day la cai ma ddn tdc Vi^t Nam ddi hdi. Day la cai ma Nguydn Ai Qudc tim kilm. Tfl do vd sau, Nguyen Ai Quoc cd long kinh trgng sau sdc ddi vdi ldnh ty vi dgi ndy cfla nhdn ddn Trung Quoc va trd thanh nguoi hpc trd trung thyc ciia dng ta (Tdn Trung Son)"**'.
Ngay 6 thang 1 ndm 1926, vdi ten bi mgt Id Ly Thyy, Hd Chi Minh dd gui thu din Doan Chu tjch Dm h$i todn qudc Qudc ddn dang Trung Hoa lin thfl II (hpp tfl ngdy 1 den 20 thdng I ndm 1926) xin dugc dy va trinh bay y kien. Dugc sy ddng y cua Dodn Chfl tjch Dgi h$i, ngay 14 thdng 1 ndm 1926, Ly Thyy dugc mdi den phat bieu tai Dgi hpi vd bal phat bieu td cdo tdi ac cua thyc dan Phdp d An Nam, keu gpi su ddng tdm hi^p lyc chdng chu i^hia dd qudc ndi chung, thyc ddn Phdp noi rieng.
Mpt chi tiet cin chu y la, cung nhu ddi vdi Ldnin, Hd Chi Minh chua cd may mdn dugc gdp g& vd tilp xuc tryc tilp vdi Tdn Trung Son. Ndm 1924, khi Hd Chi Mmh tfl Matxcava din Quang Chdu thi cung thdi gian dd Tdn Trung Son rdi (Juang Chau din Thugng Hdi va sau dd la sang Nhgt Ban. Sau it ngay luu Igi Tolq'o, thang 12 nam 1924 Tdn Trung Scm di tilp din Bic Kinh va qua ddi o do (thdng 3 nam 1925).
Trong khi Hd Chi Minh 6 Iai Qudng Chau din tan thang 4 ndm 1927. Nhu vdy. Ho Chi Mmh chi nghidn curu chfl nghia Tam dan chu ylu thdng qua tilp xflc vdi sach vd,
tm li^u va hgc trd cfla Tdn Trung Son. Dieu nay cang cho OAy ro hon tri tu^ vT dgi ciia Ho Chi Mmh trong vide tidp thu chu nghta Mdc - Lenin vd tinh hoa vdn hod nhan Iogi (cy the la chfl ngMa Tam ddn).
Ngay 10 thang 9 ndm 1943, H6 Cfai Minh dugc trd tu do sau 13 thdng bj Quic dan ddng giam cam va gidl di nhilu nhd tii cfla 13 huy^n d Qudng Tdy. Trong thdi gian cdn bj quan che (tu thang 9 ndm 1943 din thang 5 nam 1944) tai Bi tu chien khu ciia Qudc ddn Dang Tnmg Quoc, Ho Chi Minh dugc thilu tudng Hiu, Chfl nhi$m Cyc chinh trj Dp tfl chidn khu (sau ndy chinfa dng la ngudi tha Hd Chi Minh theo Ipnh cda Tudng Gidi Thgch) quy trpng, giflp d& va tdng mpt bp sdch mdi vl chfl nghia Tam ddn. Nhd dd Ngudi cdng cd dilu ki^n thn hilu sdu hon vd chu nghia nay. Ngudi da ghi lgi nhihig tinh cam ciia minh dli vdi sy ki^n do trong bai tho Hdu Chu nhiim dn tdng nhdt bg thtr. "Khodnh thfla chu n h i ^ tong thu Iai/ Ddc bai tmh than giac don khai/ Lanh tu vi ngdn nhu tai nhi/ Thi6n bidn oanh dpng nhit thanh Idi" {Dfch nghta: "Chfl nhiem Hdu tdng m$t b$ sacfa/
Vfla roi dugc Chfl nhipm dua sdch din cho/
Dpc xong, thiy tmh thin dOt nhidn md mang/ Ldi ldnh ty cdn nhu vdng ben tai, khdc ndo mgt tiing sim im vang noi chdn trdi." Dich tha: "Sach ngdi chu nhi^m mdi dua sang/ Dgc dugc tmh thin chgt md mang/ Cdn vdng ben tai Idi Utah ty/ Chan trdi mpt tiet^ sdm ren vang"' a"(5)
t*' D$ng Thanh Tjnh (1993), "Ho Chl Minh vdi chi nghTa Tam dan cua Ton Trung Son", T ^ chi Lfch su Ddng, s6 6, tr.n.
'" m Chf Minh (2003), Nhdt ky trong tu, Nxb Chfnh trj quic gia. Hi N$i, tr.240.
66
Anh huang cua Ton Trung San va chu nghia tam tidn...
So la ca mpt niSm tran tnjng cila H6 Chi Minh d5i vm T6n Tnmg Son, 14 tinh cam cua mpt nguoi ban, nguoi ddng chi va mpt hpc trd d6i vcri nguW thiy cua minh. Sau niy, H6 Chi Minh m0t lto nOa Idling dinh:
"Hpc thuyet Kh6ng Tu co uu diem cua no la s\r tu dudng d^o diic ca nhdn. T6n giao GiSsu CO uu diem lk long nhto ai cao c4.
Chit nghia Mac co im diem ciJa no lk phucmg phap Itoi vipc bi$n chiing. Chu nghia T6n D$t Tien co uu dilm cila no la chinh sdch thich hpp voi dilu kipn nuoc ta.
Khong Til, GiSsu, Mac, T6n D$t Tien clitog cd nhiing im didni chung dd sao? Hp deu mim cto hanh phuc cho loai ngucri, cho xa hpi. Nto nay hp con sdng tren doi aky, neu hp hpp 1^ mpt cho, tdi tin ring hp nliit djnh s6ng chung vdi nhau, hoan m5' nhu nhihig ngucri b ^ thto thiet. Tdi cd ging Itei ngudi hpc trd nhd cua cac vj iy'*'.
Nhu v^y, s\r kinh trpng, qu^ min Tdn Trung Scm dd theo sudt cudc ddi ho^t dpng cdch m?ng ciia Hi Chi Minh: "Lau nhit trong ddi hoat d$ng hai ngoai cua Ngudi, Ho Chu tjch d Trung Hoa, cd cam tlnh ndng nan vdi dng Tdn Vto, voi each mang va nhto dto Trung Qu6c"'^\
3. Khdc vdi cdc nha yeu nudc Vipt Nam diu the ky XX, Hd Chi Minh khi nghien cuu chil nghia Tam dto da nhin thiy nhung han che hit siic co bto cua hpc thuylt nay.
v l co bdn, tu tudng cila chil nghia Tam dto van chi la tu tudng dto chO tu san, nim trong h | thdng tu tudng tu sto. Tuy nhien, Ngudi ctog nhin thiy d chu nghia Tam dto va chinh sdch "thto Nga, lito cOng, tog h9 cdng ndng" cua Tdn Trung Son cd nhihig dilm tien bO, tich a/c vd cd thl v$n dvng
thich hpp vao dilu ki^n thuc tl cua cdch mang Vipt Nam. Ndm 1925, sau khi thanh l?ip Hpi Vi$t Nam Cdch mang Thanh niSn, H6 Chi Minh da true tilp huin luypn, ddo t^o cto bp dua ve nuoc tuyto truyin vto dpng quin chung, chuin b; tu tudng vd td chiic cho s\r ra ddi cua chinh dtog cpng sto. Mpt cto bO cua Hpi Vi$t Nam Cdch mang Thanh nito da nho lai khung cdnh cua ldp huin luyen dd nhu sau; "Gim nhd ndy d trong mpt cto nhd ddi, ddi di$n vdi trudng Qutog Chau dji hpc. Trong nha, tren tudng chinh giiia ngodnh mdt ra cd ciito dung Mac, Angghen, Ltoin. Hai bto treo chto dung Stalin vd Tdn Trung Scm ddi dipn vdi nhau, phia ngodi treo chto dung Pham Hdng Thai"'*'. Mpt trong nhihig npi dung hpc t^tp t^ cdc khda huto luy^n cila Hpi Vipt Nam Cdch mjuig Thanh nito t^
Qutog Chau la: "Ljch sil cdc cu$c cdch mang, ba quoc tl, cdc phong trao diu tranh cua cdc dto tpc thupc dia, lfch sit Cdch m ^ g thtog Mudi Nga, Cdch m^g Tto Hpi, each m ^ g dang diln ra d Trung Qudc vdi Tam dto chu nglua va Tam d^ chinh sdch"*'', "chtog tdi hpc cac thiir chu nghia nhu chu nghia Gtog di, chu nghia Tam dto mdt each cd ph€ phto vd chit nghia Mdc - Lenin, ket hpp vdi Uch sir Cdch mang thtog Mudi"''"'. Dilu dd cho thiy, trong qud trinh ho^t ddng cdch mang, Hi Chi Minh khdng
'" (1993), Nghien aiu tu tuang H6 Chi Minh, tl, Vi;n H 6 Chf Minh xuat ban, tr.l34.
"' Phiim van DSng (1967), Ho Chi Minh idnh Iv cia chung la, Nxb S|r T h ^ Hi N$i, tr.20.
"" (1980X afc ff^ (H6i kJ), Nxb van hgc Hi N«i, tr.92.
"' Kh Song (1979), Giao Irinh lich su Viit Nam, quyln 2, t.2, Nxb Gido dvc HJ N^i, tr.l30.
<''" Bic Hi (H6i kJ), SM, tr.94.
67
Tgp chi Khoa hoc xa hgi Kiet Nam, sd 8(93) • 2015
tilp thu nguyen si, mdy moc ma da vugt hin Ien trSn nhftng nha ySu nuoc Vipt Nam khac. Nguoi dd tikp thu m6t each co chpn Ipc vd sdng tao nhihig mat tien bg ciia chu nghTa Tam ddn va dp dyng thanh c6ng chiing vao hoan cdnh cy the ciia Viet Nam, coi trpng vin dl d6c lap ddn tpc, nhung tuy theo tung hoan cdnh cy the ma nhan mgnh va ddt no len vi tri hdng dau. D0e lap dan tpc gin liln voi ty do hgnh phiic cua nhan ddn. Do Id diem sang tao vT dai ciia H6 Chi Minh.
Kh6ng chi "Vipt Nam hod" ba chu nghia Tam dan ciia Ton Trung Son thdnh ddn tpc ddc lgp, dan quyln ty do, dan sinh hanh phiic, ma H 6 Chi Mmh c6n kit hpp mpt cdch tdi tinh sdch lugc hai giai doan each mang cua Lenin voi chu nghla Tam ddn de thdo ra bdn Chinh cuang vdn tdt cho Ddng Cpng sdn Viet Nam. Cuong ITnh do dugc trinh vd thdng qua tai Hpi nghi thdnh Idp Ddng C0ng sdn Vipt Nam (tir ngay 6 thdng 1 din ngdy 7 thdng 2 ndm 1930) gom cac dilm chinh sau:
" B - Ve phirang dign chinh tri:
a) Ddnh d6 de quoc chii nghTa Phap va bpn phong kien.
b) Ldm cho nuac Nam dugc hodn todn ddc Idp.
c) Dyng ra Chinh phii cong nong binh...
C - Vi phuang diin kinh ti:
... b) Thau het san nghipp lon (nhu cdng nghipp, vgn tai, ngan hang, v.v...) ciia tu ban de qudc chu nghTa Phap de giao cho Chinh phu cdng ndng binh quan ly.
c) Thdu het rugng dat cua de qudc chii nghia ldm ciia cong chia cho ddn cay ngheo..."<"\
Cuong lmh tren la phucmg huong cho ddn tgc Vipt Nam trong giai dogn cdch mgng ddn tdc ddn chu. Tft Cuang ITnh iy Ngucri dd thai ngh^n ra ten nuac Viet Nam sau nay:
"Vipt Nam Ddn chu cdng hda D^c ldp - Ty do - Hgnh phiic"
Xet ve lunh thurc, ten nuac Viet Nam va tieu ngft cua each mang Vipt Nam tft Cdch mang thang Tam den nam 1976 mang dau in cfta chu nghla Tam ddn, nhung ben trong lgi chfta dyng ndi dung cua chft nghia Mdc - Lenin. Khai ni$m "Ddc lap - Ty do - Hgnh phftc" da dugc Hd Chi Minh rut ra tft chii nghta Tam dan vd tu tuong "Ty do - Binh ding - Bdc ai" cfta cdch mang tu sdn Ph^
1789 va ndng 16n mOt trinh do mdi, mang tinh giai cip, tinh nhdn ddn, tinh dan tpc va tinh cdch mgng tript de cfta mdt cudc each mang ddn tpc dan chft dudi sy ldnh dgo cua giai cdp cdng nhdn, ldy chft nghia Mac - Ldnin Iam nin tdng tu tudng vd kim chi nam cho hanh d$ng.
Cuong llnh rupng dit md Hd Chi Mmh ndu ra khdng mang tinh chimg chung, "bmh quan dja quyen", ma cu the, rd rang va tri?t de hon nhim giai quyet rupng dit cho nong dan. Khau hipu "ngudi cay cd rugng", "Tdt ca rupng dat ve tay ndng dan" vijta Id sy cy the hod, vua la buac tien ciia khau hi^u
"binh quan dia quydn". Hon the nfta. Ho Chi Mmh cdn cho rdng, thyc hien khiu hi§u ngudi cdy co rupng la mgt b$ phdn rit quan trgng trong nhi^m vu cdch mang ddn t ^ dan chu, xoa bd quan hp sdn xuit phong kiln, gidi phong sftc san xuit, xdc l$p v^
*' '* Ho Chi Minh (2011), Todn tdp, t.3, Nxb Chfnh trj quoc gia, Hi Npi, tr. I - 2.
68
Anh hudng cua Tdn Trung San va chu nghta tam ddn...
tro lam chft ciia ngudi ndng ddn d ndng thdn. Vi vgy, muc tieu ndy dugc thyc hien tftng budc, phye vu tich cyc nhi$m vy chdng dd qudc. Dilu nay dugc thl hipn rit cy the trong cudc khdi nghTa gidnh chinh quyen thdng Tam ndm 1945 vd trong cudc khang chien chdng Phap.
Sau Cdch mgng thang Tam, Hd Chi Minh tiep tyc danh gid cao chft nghia Tam dan cfta Tdn Trung Son. Nudc Vipt Nam Dan chu C§ng hod ra ddi chua diy mdt thang, ngdy 23 thang 9 ndm 1945, thyc ddn Phap quay Iai xam luge Vipt Nam, ddnh chi6m Nam Bp, tiep theo do, qudn dpi Dong minh lin lugt kdo vdo lam nhipm vy gidi giap quan dOi Nhdt Ban; chinh quyln vfta mdi ra doi da dftng trudc tinh thl "ngdn cdn treo sgi tdc": ben trong la ngn ddi, nan ret, nan mft chft, cac tp ngn xd hpi va cdc thl lyc phdn ddng tay sai khdng ngung chdng phd, cdn ben ngoai thi bgn dd qudc dang rip tam trd Igi xam lugc. Trong tinh thl dd, ngdy 23 thdng 2 ndm 1946, khi trd ldi phdng vin cua bao chi ve ban Hiip ^dc Hoa - Phdp, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh dd ndi:
"Trung Hoa vdi ta cung la ngudi A chdu, cung la gi6ng da vdng, lgi cd lien quan vdi nhau ve dja du, ljch sft... Trung Hoa bay gid cflng nhu Tdn Trung Son ngdy trudc, chft truong Tam dan chu nghTa la dan tgc, ddn quyln va ddn sinh. Trung Qudc phdn ddu khang chiln trong 8, 9 ndm cimg vi ba chft nghTa iy. Ta phin ddu, cflng trudc het la vi ddn tpc. Dft thl nao chdng nfta Trung Qudc cflng phai benh vyc ta va ngudi Vipt Nam cflng phdi thdn thipn vdi Trung Qu6c"''^*.
Ngdy 16 thang 7 ndm 1947, khi cudc khdng chiln ch^ng thyc dan Phdp cfta nhan
dan ta dang d vdo thdi ky khd khdn, trd ldi phdng van cua mdt nhd bdo nudc ngoai, Hd Chi Minh tilp tyc nhdn mgnh: "Chinh sdch ddi ndi cua Vidt Nam la dan tdc ddc lap, dan quyln ty do, ddn sinh hgnh phuc.
Chinh sach ddi ngoai Id thdn thi$n vdi tit cd cac Idng gilng Trung Hoa, An D§, Xiem La, Cao Men, Ai Lao, v.v., ma khdng thft gi vdi nudc nao"*'^\ Vd ngay 19 thdng 8 nam 1947, trong Thu gtii ddng bdo todn qudc nhdn dip ky niem Cdch mgng thdng Tdm, Hd Chi Minh mgt lin nfta khdng djnh:
"Theo gdt Cdch mgng 1911 cua Tdu, Cdch mgng thdng Tam thuc hi^n chft nghla: Dan t0c, ddn quyen, dan sinh"'''*'.
Nhung din chftng neu tren giftp ehiing ta higu ro rang, ben cgnh vipc dung vihig tren quan diem cfta chft nghTa Mdc - LSnin, van dyng sang tgo nhung nguyen ly cfta chft nghTa xd h0i khoa hgc dl dua cdch mang Vipt Nam den thing Igi, Hd Chi Minh ludn tiep thu cd chpn lpc nhflng tu tudng tien bp khac, trong do cd chft nghia Tam dan cfta Tdn Trung Son. Dudi dnh sang cua chu nghta Mac - Lenin, Hd Chi Minh dd tiep thu nhung gi each mgng nhat, tich cyc nhdt dl dp dyng m0t each phft hgp vdi dieu kipn cy the cfta each mgng Viet Nam. Dieu de dang nhgn thiy Id, tu tudng cua Tdn Trung Son qua Hd Chi Minh dd cd dupc mpt ndi dung mdi, sdu sdc hon, todn dipn hon.
4. Ben cgnh vipc tilp thu sang tgo nhftng nOi dung cfta chu nghta Tam ddn, Hd Chi Minh cdn chft trgng nghien cuu cac phuang
*">sai/,t4,tr.212-213.
""5a<L5,lr.l99.
*"*Sa/,t.5.tr.2l8.
69
Tgp chiKhoa hgc xd hgi Viit Nam, sd 8(93) - 2015
phdp cdch mgng cfta Tdn Trung San, dgc bidt la phuong phdp van dung dao due Nho giao dl tuyen truyen va giao dye tinh than cdch mang cho quan chftng. Hgc tgp Tdn Trung Son, Hd Chi Minh da ly gidi tu tudng Nho gido *tu than, te gia, tri qudc, binh thien hg" mpt cdch gidn di va thiet thyc. Tdn Trung Son ndi va ldm tft npi tai ca nhan minh roi mdi phdt trien ra todn thien hg, con Hd Chi Minh thi ldy cd cu§e sdng mau myc trong ddi thudng cfta minh dl lam guong cho qudn chftng.
Cdc nha nghien eftu Trung Quoc cho ring: cac bdc vua chfta trudc ddy cung nhu cac nha chinh tri tiln bdi Phuong Ddng dd vgn dyng dgo dftc Khdng Mgnh de tri qudc an dan thyc hidn, nhung Tdn Trung Son thi thay doi tudn thudng dao ly truyin thdng Nho hpc ve mdi quan hp Vua - Tdi, "biln nhftng ngudi lanh dgo, nhdn vidn cdng vy tft chft cua quin chung trd thdnh ddy td cfta quin chiing, do Id sy vt dgi chya tftng cd tft khi sang lap Nho hpc"*'^*. Tdn Trung Son lan ddu tien ndu len quan diem: tnmg vdi qudn cd the khdng cdn nfta, khdng trung vdi qudn, md trung vdi nudc, trung vdi 400 tripu nhan dan Trung Qu6c. Hd Chi Minh dd vgn dyng sy suy nght each mgng dd cfta Tdn Trung Son thdnh nhthig ldi nhdc nhd, gido huin mang tinh sdng cdn cho can bg:
"can bg la day td cfta nhdn ddn", can bd phdi "trung vdi nudc, hilu vdi ddn", phai
"can, Idem, liem, ehinh, chi cdng, vd tu",
"can bd phdi khd trudc thidn hg, vui sau thien ha"... Trong "Ldi cdn dan hpc vien trong le khai trudng" cfta Trudng v5 bj Tran Qudc Tuan d Son Tay (nay Id trudng Dgi hgc Tran Qudc Tudn) ngay 26 thang 5
ndm 1946, Hd Chi Minh da ndi: "Anh em cd nhieu giai cdp, tu tudng khdc nhau, trudc hit phdi doan kit, dodn kit thdt thd. Phdi c6 ky luat cd vl tinh thin lan vdt chat. Phdi noi guong anh dung cfta anh em binh sT hli khdi nghTa de lam guong cho cdc ldp vl sau. Cdc anh em can lam dugc nhu ldi Tdn Trung Son da ndi: "NhOng ngudi thanh nien tdt mudn lam vi$c to chft khdng muon lam quan Idn". Mong rdng anh em d ddy, bao gid ctmg phdi lam theo hai khiu hieu md nd la cai myc dich cua anh em: Trung vol nu&c, hieu vdi ddh"^^ K
Sy tilp thu tmyln th6ng tu tudng Trung Qudc da dugc cdc b|ic tiln bdi Vidt Nam thyc hipn. Song, sy kdt hgp truydn th6ng tu tudng do vdi tu tudng tien tien Phuong Tay thi chi din Hd Chi Minh mdi ed. Hd Chi Minh dd tiep thu cd chpn lpc va vgn dyng sdng tao chft nghta Tam ddn cua Tdn Trung Son trong qua trinh Idnh dgo each mgng Vipt Nam. Tim hilu dnh hudng ciia Tdn Trung Son ddi vdi each mgng Vipt Nam, d|c bipt ddi vdi Hd Chi Minh, chung ta hdn trgng ghi nhgn nhthig ddng gdp to ldn cua Tdn Trung Son vl ly lugn va thyc tien cho cdch mgng Vipt Nam. Chinh nhihig chu ttuong, dudng ldi each mgng ddn chu ttong chft nghta Tam ddn cfta Tdn Trung Son dd cd tdc dyng thuc ddy va mang Igi cho phong trdo each mgng Vi^t Nam mpt mau sdc mdi, Idm phong phft them nhthig trang sft diu tranh gidi phdng ddn tpc cfta Vipt Nam nhihig ndm diu the ky XX.
*'*' LJ Kham, "Tfln Trung Scm vk Nho hpc tniyfei thong", T?p chi Nghien ciu lfch sit (Trung Qudc), s&
5 - 986.
"*> H 6 Chf Minh (2011), Todn tgp, t.4, Satf, tr.271.
70
