1g II TRUCiNB BAI HBC T H C I B D HA NBI
CHlfC NANG PHAN BIEN XA HOI CUA VAN HOC NHIN n r GOC DO KJ HIEU HOC VAN BAN TRONG CHIEC mUYEN NGOAI XA CUA NGUYEN MINH CHAU
Le Nguyeo Can' Tniwig Dai hoc Suphgm Hd Noi
Tom tdt: Chi'cc nang phdn bien xd hoi ciia tdc phdm vdn hoc Id each thiic tu duy Igi tren CO sa lap ludn phdn bdc, tranh bien, trao doi. Id su nhdn thicc lai nhimg vdn de nhdn sinh tren binh dien xa hoi hoc hay triet hoc, my hoc hay dao due hoc. Chuc nang phdn bien xa hoi ciia tdc phdm vdn hoc hien hinh trong each thicc to chiec nhdn vdt trong truang doi ihogi, lien quan t&i cdch nhin cua tdc gid vdi vdn di dugc neu ra, khong idch rdi tinh ludn di thi hien trong vdn di tdc phdm dat ra cho doc gid vd thdi dgi, tgo ra hinh thicc gidn cdch — xa la hoa trong nghi thuat tu su - tu thii. va thuc hien nhiim vu ma duang huang dao, gop phdn thuc tinh ddn duang cho chinh con ngudi a moi thdi dgi Chuc nang phdn bien xa hoi ciia vdn hoc quy dinh cdch thuc tiep nhdn vdn hoc, md duang cho chdn ly vdn chicang tro lai vdi cuoc ddi, tgo ra siic song mai cho bdn thdn chdn ly cuoc dai. Gid tri md chuc nang phdn bien xd hoi cua vdn hoc mang lai chinh la tinh chat minh triit todt ra tie cau chuyin dugc ke, thong qua cdc doi thogi vd cdch thuc hdnh dpng cua nhdn vat trong cdu chuyen do Tdc phdm vdn chicang dich thuc chi ton tgi khi mang trong no chirc nang phdn bien xd hoi theo cdch thicc binh vuc bdo vi con ngudi, phdt huy gid tri nhdn bdn cua con ngudi.
Bdi viet tap trung ly gidi chirc nang phdn bien xd hoi ciia vdn hoc thong qua viec phdn tich n-uyen ngdn "Chiic thiiyen ngoai xa " ciia Nguyin Mmh Chdu tic goc do ki hieu hoc vdn bdn.
1. MOBAU
Khi khao sat tac pham van hoc, ta thudng tap trimg nhin manh cac chiic nang nhan thiic, giao due, tham my {la fonction cognitive, educative, esthitique) va d mot muc do khac la ehicc nang gidi tri (la fonction d'amuser) ciia van chuong, tuc la v l mat hinh thirc ta nhan manh tinh chat neu guang (monlrer un exemple) hien hinh qua each thiic bilu duong ca nggi; tinh chat noi guang(suivre I'exemple) nhu la each thirc tan duang xung
' Nhan bill ngay 18 01 2017, giri phan bien, chinh sua va duyet dang ngay 20 02.2017 Lien he tac gia: Le Nguyen Can; Email: ienguyencan@yahoo,coni
TAP PHI KHDA HDD - SO 13/2aT7 i ' ' tung; hay theo guang (poursuivre un exemple) nhti la each thiic tiep noi kg thua, ma thuc chit cac hinh thiic ciing nhu cac chiic nang nay thi moi loai hinh ngh6 thuat, chang han hoi hoa, nghe thuat tao hinh, dieu khic, th^m chi ca kiln true hay xa han la cac linh vuc nhu stc hoc (tao th^nh bai hoc lich sii), dao diic hoc (bai hoc dao diic), tam li hoc (bai hoc tam ly) dSu CO. Ta thuang it chii y toi chiic nang p h ^ bien xa hoi (la fonction de reflechirsur la societe - la fonction reflechive de la societe) ciia van chuang - cai chiic nang xac lap va quy dinh tinh van hoc cua tac pham van chuong. Bai viet tap tnmg ly giai chiic nang phan bi|n xa hoi ciia van hoc thong qua vi^c p h ^ tich truyen ngan Chiec thuyen ngoai xa cua Nguyin Minh Chau tu goc do ki hieu hoc van ban.
2. NOI DUNG
Tnroc het, xet ve mat ban chat, chiic nang phan bien xS hoi ciia tac pham van hoc la each thiic tir duy lat di lat lai,tren ca sa lap luan phan bac, tranh bien, trao doi hoac t h ^ tinh coi ma hoac d6i lap gay gSt..., la each thiic dat lai, xem xet lai nhiing van de von da quen iJiugc, von da dugc coi la chan ly (ve nhan each, loi s6hg, dao diic nhan sinh hay ve tii&i ph$n con nguoi) n6i c6m trong m6t trang huong lich sii, gan voi giai doan giao thai, voi thai ky buac ngoat hoac thai diem diit gay cua tien trinh van d6ng lich su, noi chtmg la nhung van de xa hoi noi b^t len trong dieu kien hay hoan canh lich sii co van de. No la su nhan thiic lai cac v§n d€ nhan sinh tren bmh dien x5 h6i hgc hay triit hoc, my hgc hay dao diic hgc, tihung 6 mot miic do cao ve ca tam rgng lan chieu sau cua van dS nhan tinh the thai dugc dua ra trong tac pham. Su nhan thiic lai n^y la het siic quan trgng, bai le doi tugng phan anh cua van chuong mSi mai kh6ng phai la cai gi khac ngoai con nguai va cuoc doi c^a notrong cac thang tram ciia lich s^, mai mai la con nguoi hay nhan loai noi chung va than ph|n ciia no trong dong doi len thac xuong ghenh bat tan ma de vugt thoat khoi trang huong hay hoan canh thi khong the khong nhan thiic lai van de ton sinh ciia ban the con nguai. Su nhan thiic lai vai tu each la tac nhan thuc hiSn chiic nang phan bien xa hoi, vua CO tinh khang dinh vita mang tinh phu dinh, nhung co quan h$ bien chiing chat che, khang dinh de phu dinh va phu dinh de khang dinh m6t each chac chan hon. Chiic nang phan bi$n xa h6i cua van hgc th6ng qua hmh thiic tranh bien thuan nghich, trong thuEin CO nghich trong nghich co thuan, thuSn nghich dao chi6u cho nhau, tuang tac va tuong ho lan nhau tao ra hinh thiic gian each - xa la hoa rSt doc dao trong nghe thuat tu su, khien cho su phan bien xa hoi tra thanh sir phan bien chinh minh va su phan bign chinh minh ciing la each thiic phan bien xa hoi. Trong vi th8 nay, chiic nang phan bien xa hoi cua van hgc thuc hien nhiem vu ma duong huang dao, gop ph&i thiic tinh dSn duang cho chinh con nguoi 6 moi thoi dai.
18 [ TRLtaNB BAI H B C THLI B O HA NBI
Cac tac ph§m van hgc Idn ciia nhan loai, Idn ca ve tam v6c tu tudng lan gia tri nghe thuat, deu la nhirng tac pham the hien triet de tinh chat phan bien xa hoi nay. Chang han, sau khi nhan thitc dugc "ca thi gidi la mot nha tu, trong dd Dan Mach la nha tu ghe torn nhat" va "cii hang van ngudi moi cd mot ngudi luang thien" [1, tr.211], Hamlet cua W.Shakespeare da tu dat ra cau hoi: "Ton tai hay khong ton tai - to be or not to be" - nhu la mot hinh thiic phan bien xa hoi. K6t thiic ciia Anna Karenina trong tac phim ciing ten cua L.Tolstoi, hay ciia Ba Bovary trong Madame Bovary ciia G.Flaubert, cd phai chi don thuSn la each thitc chay trdn sd phan, ru bd cuoc ddi hay con la mot cai gi Idn han the? Ta hist ca hai cau chuyen nay dSu sit dung md-tip "ngoai tinh" vdn la dieu ma xa hdi luc do khong chfip nhan hay coi thudng. Vay thi viec "ngoai tinh (I'adultere)" cua hai nhan vatnii nay phai chang ciing la each thirc len an, phu nhan hay td cao vach tran cai "noi tinh"
(I'amour d'eux-memes) trong kiep duyen ng tran ai ciia hai ngudi dan ba nay vdi nhihig ngudi dan ong ma ho chgn ihn diu? Hay di xa han nira ta cd the ndi tdi tinh chat bat cong ciia xa hdi luc do, ma nhu vay thi cai chet ciia hai nhan vat nay - cd hai deu sic dung hinh thuc lu sat — chinh la su phan bien xa hoi, nghia la ciiu chuyen van chuong dugc ke bupc doc giii tiep nhan phai tran trd ban khoan, phai dua ra each thiic ly giai, phai dua ra each hieu eiia rieng minh de tir dd nhan dien diing dan ban chat cda ciiu chuyen dugc ke. Tuong tu, neu khong cd phiim chat phan bien xa hoi thi lam sao cd the coi tac pham cua L.Tolstoi la tam guang phiin chieu each mang Nga nhu each ndi ciia V.l.Le-nin; hay nhu each danh gia ve thi hao Goethe ciia F.Engels: "Goethe khi thi to Idn phi thudng, khi thi be nho nhu tre con, khi thi la mot bac ki tai kieu hanh, ngao nghe khinh miet th8 gidi, khi thi la mot ke philixtanh tan man, tu man, hep hdi Ban than Goethe khong thSng ndi .'iu ciing khi Due, ma trai lai, chinh su ciing khS dd da thang dugc dng ta" [2, tr.l97] dugc? Ndi each khac, chuc nang phan bien xa hdi cua van hgc quy djnh each thuc tiSp nhan van hgc, md duong cho chan ly van chuang trd lai vdi cuoc ddi, tao ra sue sdng moi cho ban than chan ly cuoc ddi. Gia tri ma chiic nang phan bien xa hoi ciia van hgc mang lai chinh la tinh chjt minh triet toat ra tit cau chuyen dugc ki, thong qua cac ddi thoai va each thuc hanh dong ciia nhiin vat trong cau chuyen do. Tac phim van chuong dich thuc chi tdn tai khi mang trong no chiic nang phan bien xa hgi theo each thuc benh vuc bao ve con ngudi, phat huy gia trj nhan ban cua con ngudi,
Trong mot tac pham van hgc, chitc nang phan bien xa hgi hien hinh trgng each thitc t6 chuc nhan vat ciia tac pham, each Ihiic bd tri x6p dat nhan vat trong trudng ddi thoai vua giira cac nhan vat vdi nhau vira gitra cac nhan vat vdi ddc gia, lien quan tdi each nhin cua tac gia vdi van de dugc neu ra, tdi each nhin ciia nhan vat khi bi dat trong hoan canh, tdi each nhin ciia doc gia khi tiep nhan cau chuyen dugc ki. Vi tac phim van hgc la mdt van ban ki hieu hoa hay ndi each khac moi tac phim van hoc din la nhung van ban ki hieu, cho
TAP DHI KHDA HOC - SD 13/2017 19
nen viec xem xet chiic nang phan bien xa hgi cua van chuong khong tach red khoi he thong cac ki hieu tao thanh van ban. Tinh chit phan bien xa hgi cua van hoc khong tach roi tinh luan de ciia tac phim, thi hien trong vin dg ma tac pham dat ra cho doc gia va thoi dai, thuang dugc he 16 qua tieu dh cac tac phim chang han: Nhitng nguai khSn kho cua V.Hugo, Chien tranh vd hoa binh cua L.Tolstoy, Toi dc vd tricng phgt ciia F.Dostoevsky, Am thanh vd cuong no cua W.Faulkner, Ong gia va bien cd cua E.Hemingway... O nhiing tac pham luan de, tiic la true tiep hay gian tiep thuc hien chiic nang phan bien xa hgi thi tinh luan de ma tac pham dua ra dong vai tro quan trgng va tinh luan de nay dugc dat ra nhu mot gia thiet de bien minh hay de phan bac, gan lien vai mot trang huong hay mot hoan canh de tir do van de dugc dua ra co dugc tam bao quat lan. Chinh tinh luan de nay tao ra gia tri cho tac pham chii khong phai tii tinh huong truyen, bai le cdu chuyen duac ke (I'histoire) nao ma chang bat dau tir mot tinh huong nhat dinh, dugc gui gam trong cdc incipit - cdc cdu md ddu tao thanh diem xuat phat ciia mach ke, dan dat lai ke, xac lap hanh trang cho cau chuyen dugc ke ma trong Chiec thuyen ngoai xa thi y dinh lam cuon lich cho nam moi khong theo each lam cii mon cua vi truang phong dong vai tro khoi dau nay.
De CO the tien hanh phan tich mot van ban van hgc, tii goc do ki hieu hgc cdn phai minh dinh vd xac lap mot cdch hieu tong qudt ve ki hieu hoc. Diem thii hai can xac dinh la tinh chdt cua mot vdn bdn vdn hoc. Cac van ban chinh la each thiic phan anh cua nghia, lien quan chat che toi kha nang mieu ta nghia cua ki hieu. Mot van ban phai dugc xay dung hay phai dua vao mot hinh thiic 16-gic nhat dinh. Ban than moi van ban la mot cau tnic nghe thuat hay mot tap hgp mang nghTa, vi vay viec phan tich hay doc theo ki hieu hoc chinh la viec tim kiem qui luat tao nghTa cua cau tnic hay tap hgp nay. Khi xem xet tir binh dien qui luat kien tao nghia thi viec phan tich van ban moi nam tren binh dien ki hieu hgc, con neu xem xet each thiic xep dat bo tri cac tir cac cau... thi viec phan tich do thuoc binh dien ngon ngu hgc. Van de thii ba lien quan toi each thiic phan tich van ban van hoc tir goc dp ki hieu hgc la xem xet vdn bdn nhu mot dien ngon — discours, ma de thuc hien dugc dieu nay thi can nam dugc cac hinh the tir tieu bieu. Hinh the tir la nhiing net, nhiing hinh thai hay cac each xep dat..., theo do, ngon ngii se tranh dugc each the hien gian don thong tuc, tiic la tranh dugc it nhieu each diing tir theo nghTa den hay nghia sat tir. Tir do, viec phan tich van ban van hoc tir goc do ki hieu thuc chat la phan tich cac hinh X\\k tir dl kham pha cac tri thiic vl thi gioi va ve con nguoi a miic do khai quat. Mot hinh thi tic co ba chieu kich: co tinh chdt ciia tdc nhdn hdnh dong, co tinh chdt khong gian vd co tinh chdl thdi gian. Cac hinh the tir se dong vai tro khap noi cac nhan vat trong tac phim, khap ndi cac khong gian va ket noi thoi gian. Cac kieu khap noi lien quan din cac hinh thi tir se tao ra cac dong vi hay tao ra do chech cua van ban. Thong thudng, khoa hoc vl ki hieu truoc
20 I TRUilNB BAI HOC T H O B B HA NBI
hit dua tren cac tit, cac am vi, hinh vi, cac hinh anh, hinh tugng, cau, menh de dang cau..., ma vi thS nhieu cong trinh phan tich ki hieu hgc tit dang thiic nay rfa gin vol each thiic phan tich ngdn ngu hgc, vdi phong each hgc. Cung cin md rong vi§c hieu ki hieu hoc trong van ban ngdn tit d cip dd cac quan diim hay chung hon la cac quan niSm ve eon ngudi vii cude ddi. Tir goc do nay, viec ly giai chiic nang phan bien xa hdi cua cac tac phim van hgc mang tinh luan dl, kl ca truyen ngSn Chiic thuyin ngoai xa ciia Nguyen Minh Chau se trd nen dl dang va cu the han.
Cau chuyen gap go gitta nghe s! Phung va ngudi dan ba lang chai ciing nhu ik biSt duac gia canh cua ngudi dan ba do, la hoan toan bit ngd, nlu khong ndi la ngau nhien, bdi le Phiing chi la ngudi di thuc hien nhiem vu ma vi trudng phong - "ngudi sau sac, lai ciing ISm sang kiSn" [3, tr.69-85], ngudi "td y khong bing long vdi vdi each lam iSn tir trudc tdi gid", ngudi da di tdi quySt dinh "bd cai Idi mdi thit mdt ti" - ddng nghia v&i Idi lam an manh miin. co eon, theo hinh thiic canh Idc manh vim vdn rdtphd biin a thai H md truyen ngdn nay duac viit ra (Tap Bin que dugc xuit ban nam 1985, thdi ki ma nhu cau doi mdi ur than dang van dong sdi sue) - ii lam mdt "bd suu tap chuyen de, 12 thang la 12 hue anh nghe thuat vl thuyin va biln. Khong cd ngudi. Hoan toan tinh vat". Viec xda bd loi lam hch nghe thuat kilu cu, vl mat nguyen tie, chinh la su ddi mdi, la su y thitc can thiet phai ddi mdi, la lam thay ddi nip suy nghi cii, day ciing chinh la cho Nguyin Mmh Chau nhanh nhay nim bit va chi ra quy luat van ddng cua lich sit va dd chinh la su nhan thiic cd tinh phan bien xa hdi. Quylt dinh eiia vi trudng phdng md ra chuyen cong tac dai mot thang trdi ciia nghe si Phiing vdi yeu ciu la phai chup cho dugc "mot canh budi sang cd suong"
trong thdi tilt thang bay khi chi cd "bao tap vdi bien dong", cdn "mudn lay suong thi phai nghi tit thang ba ca".
Viec trao ddi thi cu trao ddi cho mgi dieu sang td hgn, cdn trong tham tam, Phiing da nhan thirc dugc mdt gia trj, bdi su phan bien cung chinh la de tao ra nhan thuc: "O ddi cai gi cung thi, con ngudi ban tinh vdn ludi bieng, ddi khi minh hay cir de cho minh rai vao hoan canh bi ep huge phai lam, khong kheo lai dugc mot cai gi", ma ta cd the hieu ra mot chan ly d day lien quan tdi pham trii nghe thuat vdi cuoc sdng, dd la trong cuoc ddi cai Dep tu no khong tim tdi ta ma mudn cd cai Dep. ta phai tu than van dong di tim nd. Chan ly nay da dugc xac lap ttong kiet tac Faust ciia Goethe khi nhiin vat Faust thuc hien chuyen hanh trinh di tim ngudi dep Helene trong coi am mil mit. Diiy ciing la hinh thuc tu minh phan bien chinh minh, tu minh vugt thoat ban nga cua minh. Ve mat thuc tien, Phung cdn CO "y muon trd ve thaiu mot vimg chiln trudng cii". nai Phiing cd "thang ban vita la ddng huang. vita la ddng dgi da timg mudi nam d vdi nhau tren rimg A So" ma hien ngudi ban iy "dang lam mot thu cong tac... nghiem tuc din miic ching ai cd thi tudng tugng chinh
TAP DHl' KHDA HOD - SO 13/2D17 i ^*
h4n lai co thi lam n6i". Nguai ban iy la Diu, chanh an toa an huyen. Ciing chinh tai noi vita la chien trudng cu, vira la ncri gap lai ban cii, Phimg da thuc hien dugc nhiem vu ma vi trudng phong giao pho mot each may min trong mot cuoc dung dau ciing day ngau nhien, bat nga vdi gia dkih nguoi dan ba lang chai.
Biic anh chup dugc la root: "canh "dit" trdi cho: truac mat tdi la mdt biic tranh muc tau cua mdt danh hoa thdi cd. Mui thuyen in mot net ma hd loe nhoe vao bau suong mil tring nhu siia c6 pha ddi chiit mau hdng hdng do anh mat trdi chieu vao. Vai bong ngudi Ion lan tre con ngoi im phang phac nhu tugng tren chiec mui khum khum, dang hudng mat vao bd. Tat ca khung canh ay nhin qua nhiing cai mat ludi va tam ludi nam gitra hai chiec gong v6 Men ra dudi mot hinh thii y het canh mdt con dai, toan bg khung canh tir dudng net den anh sang deu hai hoa va dep, mdt ve dep dan gian va toan bich khien diing trudc no tdi trd nen bdi roi". Day la mdt biic anh vira co canh \^ira co ngudi, vira tao hinh vira dac ta, vira cd bd cue can ddi hgp ly vira cd nhimg diem nhan tao hinh hai khuon khd, vira cd tien vira c6 lui gan vdi hoat dong cua con ngudi... Biic anh chup chiec thuyen ngoai xa trong thdi diem binh minh tren bien the hien each nhin cua nghe sT Phiing, nhin ddi qua lang kinh nghe thuat theo each ao hda cai thuc. Cach nhin nghe sT ciia Phung ciing la each thirc nghe thuat bat tir hoa mot thdi diem van ddng cua cuoc sdng. Chinh vi the: "Trong giay phiit bdi rdi do, tdi tudng chinh minh vira kham pha thay cai chan ly ciia sir toan thien, kham pha thay cai khoanh khac trong ngan ciia tam hdn". bdi le "ban than cai dep chinh la dao dire'*. Cai dugc bat tir hoa do tao ra cam giac binh yen trong khoanh khac bdi cai binh yen do dang nam tren nen tang cua sir bat }'en - su chuyen ddng vinh cim ciia bien ca. Vi the, khi chiec thuyen ngoai xa trd thanh chiec thuyen gan bdthi mot sir thuc phii phang xuat hien, tao thanh kha nang tri nhan nghe thuat trong tinh dich thuc hay xac thuc cua ban than nghe thuat va tao ra hinh thiic phan bien xa hgi cua nghe thuat ndi chung. Cach nhin mang tinh nghe thuat nay, mot mat vira mang tinh ly tudng, mat khac vira cho tha;' tinh chat de dai mot chieu trong each nhin con ngudi va cuoc ddi.
Cach nhin nay phii hgp vdi each nhin ciia Dau, ngucd dugc coi la "vi Bao Cdng ciia cai phd huyen viing bien", the hien qua each thiic xir ly \i\ viec cua ngudi dan ba lang chai, each nhin mang dang dap va phong each cua xa hdi udc mo ly tudng noi ai cung c6 com an ao mac ai ciing dugc sdng tu do sung sudng. ai ciing dugc hoc hanh. Ca hai each nhin ciia Phiing va ciia Dau deu mang tinh Iy tudng duy y chi dugc chi ra trong nhan xet phan bien ciia ngudi dan ba lang chai: "Long cac chii tot, nhung cac chii dau phai la ngudi lam an... cho nen cac chii dau co hieu dugc cai viec cua cac ngudi lam an lam lu, kho nhoc...' Ca hai, ca Phiing va Dau, deu ngd ngang trudc giai phap ma ngudi dan ba lang chai dl xuat: "Quy toa bit tgi con ciing dugc, phat tii con cung dugc, dimg bdt con bo no..." tren
22 II T R U C I N B BAI HBC T H C I B B H A NBI
CO sd lap luan: "bdi vi cac chii khong phai la dan ba, chua bao gid cac chu biet nhu the nao la ndi vit va ciia ngudi dan ba tren mdt chile thuyen khdng cd dan dng". Mdt su thuc hay chan ly hiln nhien la: "dam dan ba d thuyin chiing tdi ein phai cd mot ngudi dan dng dl cheo ehdng khi phong ba, dl ciing lam an nudi ning dang mot sap egn nha nao cung tren dudi chuc diia....". Cai nhin gian don nhimg thuc den vd eung cua ngudi dan ba lang chai, bin Irong cuoc ddi ai eitng cdn cd nita thic hai khac giai ciia rieng minh, da lam thay ddi vi thi ciia ngudi dan ba dd, hi cho la ngudi hi phan xit, ba ta trd thanh ngudi phan quyet, quylt dinh sd menh va thiin phan ciia minh. Ca ba each nhin nay deu phan bien liin nhau nhimg tdn tao bd sung cho nhau de lam sang td chan ly cuoc ddi, de tim ra dudng di nude budc va each thiic irng xu phii hgp dao ly trong thuc tien cuoc sdng.
Cac nhan vat trong truyen ngan nay dugc bd tri xep dat mot each nghe thuat va co y do, dudi hinh thuc cac nhan vat cd ten va cac nhan vat khdng ten. Xet ve phuang dien ki hieu hgc, cac nhiin vat cd ten thudng gan lien vdi mdt gia trj da dugc tuiimg minh. Trong truyen ngan nay so nhiin vat cd ten khdng nhieu, chi cd ba ngudi. Ngudi thir nhiit la Dau, chanh an toa an, ngudi dugc coi la "vi Bao Cdng cua cai phd huyen viing bien", ddng thdi cung la nhiin vat gan vdi each nhin ly tuimg nhung duy y chi ve mot xii hgi cong bang, ngudi vdi ngudi hda thuan. Ngudi thii hai la nghe sT Phiing, nghe sT nhiep anh, ngudi co cai nhin lang man, nhin cuoc ddi qua mat ludi, va do dd eung cd phiim chiit hiep sT cua minh - theo kieu "kien ngai biit vi vd ddng da" - qua viec xong vao ciiu ngudi dan ba lang chai khi ba ta hi lao dan dng danh. Ngudi thu ba la "thing Phac, cai thing con tir tinh khi den mat mui gidng nhu lot ra tit cai lao dan ong da timg hanh ha mu". Thing Phac la ban sao cua "lao dan ong" va dugc ngudi dan ba lang chai yeu quy nhit trong sd nhitng dua con ciia minh. Tai sao lai nhu vay? Day la mot mit xich cua hinh thitc phan bien xa hoi chiit chira trong truyen ngan nay.
Sd nhan vat con lai la cac nhan vat khong ten, va mdi nhan vat diu mang mdt gia trj rieng hien hinh qua tinh chit ki hieu cua each thirc dinh danh. Trudc hit la "vi trudng phdng", ngudi phu trach mot cdng viec ma xet tit phuong dien ki hieu hgc thi cd rit nhilu dieu de suy nghi, do la cdng viec lam lich mdi mdi nam, hay ndi each khac la ngudi kiln tao thdi gian, ngudi da tao ca hdi cho Phiing bit tu hda dugc mdt khoanh khic cua cuoc ddi. Ngudi thit hai la "cd y ta ciia eg quan toa an huyen", vdi dac dilm nhan than kha cii the "mot CO gai chua chlng. da ludng tudi va beo phuc phjch", "ngudi vita bang lai vlt thuang cho toi", "TOa ke bing tit ca gigng phin no thdi tan nhin cua dan dan dng danh ca trong viing dia phuang nay" ma qua day. ta ngira hilu viec hanh xti thd bao ciia dan dng ddi vdi dan ba d xii nay khdng phai la it. Ngudi thit ba la "dng lao da ngoai sau muai ma van dang cdn deo duoi nghi son trang". nhu mot each nhin ai ngai khi dat nhu ciu sdng
TAP D H I KHDA H D D - SO 13/2aT7 II ^3
con qua cong viec nang nhgc trong tuang quan vdi tuoi tac. Ngoai ra cdn "cac bac d xuong dong thuyin", con mot " ^ m ngudi da dugc phan cong lam cong viec xua ca vao ludi, phan nhieu dan ba, tre con" - loai nhan vat dam ddng, dong vai tro lam nen cho boi canh ciia cau chuyen dugc ke.
Trong s6 cac nhan vat khdng ten thi hai nhan vat quan trgng nhat, trung tam cua cau chuyen dugc ke: do la "lao dan ong" va "mu - ngudi dan ba" ma each dinh danh mang dam tinh chat kt hieu hgc: mot dgi tie nhdn xung (lao. mu, ngudi) duac kit hap vdi mot danh tir chung chi giai, chi loai hang (ddn ong, ddn bd). Su kSt hgp nay t ^ ra hinh thiic biSu nghia, c6 kha nang tao sinh nghia r& Ion. Cac dai tir: "lao", "mu" deu mang hai net nghia:
mdt nghia cham bi6m, mia mai, khinh re (lao iy, mu ^y...); mot nghia khiem nhudng, ton trgng (kieu Lao Hac, mudi hai ba mu) nhung khong hien hinh thanh mot danh tmh cu the.
Day la thii phap lam nhde md nhan vat, bdi le trong giay trieu t^p ngudi dan ba hay lao dan ong, len toa an huyen thi cac nhan vat do mac nhien phai co danh tinh, tuc la phai cd ten, la mot ong mot ba cu the, khong the nham lan, hay ddi thay the cho dugc. Cach thiic lam nhde md bang each xoa ten nhan vat nay da tao ra kieu nhan vat "than phSn", kieu nhSn vat CO phan ma khdng co danh, co than ma khdng co dang (ta tiiudng gap dudi hinh thiic dugc goi la vd danh hay mat tam mat dang).
Hai nhan vSt nay xet tir phuoi^ dien phan tam hgc tM deu la cac nhan vat chdn thuang tinh thdn (nguai chong) hoac vwa chdn thuang vira luong hoa nhdn cdch (nguai va), Ta nhd lai Idi nguyen nia bang "gigng ren ri dau ddn" cua lao dan dng "viia danh vira thd hdng hoc, hai ham rang nghien ken ket": "May chet di cho ong nhd. Chiing may chet di cho dng nhd!". Kieu nhan vat chan thuang tinh than thudng mang trong minh ndi am anh ve su bat hanh ciia minh la do ngudi khac mang lai, vi ngudi khac giau cho nen minh ngheo. Cach quan niem thien cSn nay dan lao tdi hanh vi cuong bao, tan nl^n, bien lao thanh "lao dan dng vii phu" lay viec hanh ha vg lam niem an iii hay thii vui trong triln mien dau kho. Han hoan toan khong biet rang bin ngheo la bdi han khdng biet each de thoat ngheo, h3n khdng biet each de lam giau. Cdn nhan vat Mu - Ngudi dan ba la kieu nhan vat kep, viia la nhan vat chan thuong tinh thin viia la nhan vat luong hda nhan each:
"Tir nhd tudi tdi da la mdt diia con gai xau, lai rd mat, sau mdt ban len dau mua. Hdi bay gid nha tdi cdn kha gia, nha tdi trudc d trong cai phd nay. Cung vi xiu, trong phd khdng ai lay, toi cd mang vdi mdt anh con trai mot nha lang chai giua pha hay len nha tdi mua ba vl dan ludi. Lao chong tdi khi ay la mdt anh con trai cue tuih nhimg hiln lanh lim, khdng bao gid danh dap tdi".
Cai xiu vl hinh thirc cua mu - ngudi dan ba ay vira la xiu bim sinh (dua con gai xdu), vira la xau do benh hoan nhu la mot dinh menh (lai rd mat), kem theo dd la cai xiu do sir
24 I T R U d N G BAI H B C THiZi B B HA NBI
tu nguyen hiln minh (tdi cd mang...). Cac dai tit "mu" hay "ngudi" gin vdi nhan vat nay thudng dugc thi hien qua cira raieng cua Phiing. Khi ke, nhan vat Phung sit dung dai tir
"ngudi" (Ngudi ddn bd nhdn ra Idi ngay), cdn khi td, Phung sir dung dai tir "mu" (Mil nhdp nhdm xoay minh tren ehiic ghe nhu bi kien ddi). Cach sit dung cac dai tir nhan xung ciia nhan vat Phimg cung nhu each goi chong ciia nhan vat mu - ngudi dan ba (lao chdng Idi, anh con trai cue tinh nhung hiin lanh lam) tao thanh hinh thiic It/ su - lir thii rat phd biln trong van hgc hien dai. Dd la hinh thiic lu ke da thirc da giong - viia ke vi minh vita ki vi ngudi vita ndt vi minh nhung trong cai ndi ve minh ay igi duac diing de ndi tdi ngudi khac, tao thanh hinh thirc chiem nghiem hay each thiic phan bien, nhan dien le thudng biln ciia cuoc ddi. Kilu nhan vat chan thuong tinh than va ludng hda nhan each hien hinh trong truyen ngan nay la mdt sang tao va la mdt ddng gdp ddc dao cua ngdi biit Nguyen Minh Chiiu.
Cap nhiin vat "lao - dan dng" - "mu - dan ba" nay cd vdi nhau ea "mot dang sap con"
nhung chi hai diia dugc xuiit hien trong cau chuyen dugc ke, Dd la "thang Phac", ban sao ciia "lao dan ong" nhung la ki uc hoai niem ve anh con trai cue tinh nhung hien lanh ldm, ngudi se trd thanh lao chdng tdi sau nay ciia ngudi dan ba lang chai. Chinh vi thang Phac la hien than cua ki lie hoiii niem cho nen ngudi dim ba lang chai yeu thuong nd nhit, bdi nd vira la hien than ciia tinh yeu dang hien tu nguyen, vita la ky niem ciia thdi con gai xa xua ma cho dii cd xau thi ngudi con gai iy cung da tim duge manh ddi thir hai cua minh.
Ngudi dim ba lang chai tran trgng ki lie hoai niem iy, ba ta sdng, chip nhan chiu dung tit ea mgi khd khan gian khd, mgi dau ddn hy sinh cho ki tic hoai niem - cai tao nen ddng luc sdng trong con ngudi ay. Thang Phac trd thanh ngudi bao ve ngudi che cho cho ba, vdi mot ca tinh "nd cdn cd mat d dudi biln nay thi me nd khdng bi danh" - ca tinh kl thiia khdng phai tit ai khac ma chinh tir lao dim dng - ke thudng xuyen danh me nd. Cd gi mau thuan chang? Khdng. chac cai lao dan dng iy cung thi hien khi phach nhu vay khi nhan su dang hien tinh yeu ciia ngudi dan ba xiu - rd mat, ma khi rai vao trang thai bit die chi, lao dan ong ay se phai ndi ra: "May chit di cho dng nhd" va tiln them mdt budc niia la:
"Chung miiy chet di cho dng nhd".
Mdt diia con niia ciing xuit hien hai lin trong cau chuyen dugc kl, nhung khdng cd ten hay khong dugc xac dinh danh xung, dd la "diia con gai trac 14. 15 tudi. Diy la trdng vdc ngudi va mai tdc xoa ngang vai - chii ciing cd thi con gai vung biln d cai vdc dang iy, chi mdi 12, 13 tudi. Nd mim mai va nhanh nhu mot con vugn den tuyin trong bg quin ao den udt rugt bd sat vao ngudi". Lin xuit hien diu tien ciia nd trong truyen ngin la bam sat theo thang Phac, "de ngua thang be ra giila bai cat" va "rut ra dugc tit trong cap quin diii ciia thang be" ••mdt con dag gam". Dua con gai nay da chan diing hanh vi manh ddng cua
TAP DHI KHDA H D D - SD 13/2D17
25
thang Phac, cai thing "co thi lam dilu gi dai dot ddi voi bd no" ma vi the "mu da phai gin no len rimg nhd bd minh nudi". Lin thii hai, diia con gai nay xuit hien khi ciing di vdi me len tda an huyen va dugc mieu ta rat tran trgng: "Thieu nir manh de trong tam ao canh mau tim nhat" vdi "cap mit cua diia tre len nam", "mot cap mat den ciia chiec thuyen mdi dong" ma "gia nhu sau nay can mdt vai nhu kieu nang tien ca thi nhat thiet phai chgn ngudi thieu nit nay. Tdi tu hdi chang le cai nhan sac dang do tre con nhu diic tir trdi bien trong suot nen tha nay lai dugc tach ra tir da thit cua ngudi dan ba lang chai xau xi va dau kho?". Mdt nhan vat khdng dugc dinh danh nhung ca trong hai trang thai xuat hien deu mang ve dep khac thudng, ve dep ciia sir bat khuat trong rihan nhuc va ve dep cua su bao dung nhan hau mang tinh nir ndi chung va la pham chat ciia ngudi dan ba lang chai noi rieng. Ve dep tiem an ay hien ra trong tam anh chup dugc - tam anh trd thanh td Ijch bao hieu nam mdi, trd thanh birc tranh treo tudng trong mdi gia dinh ma "neu nhin lau hon, bao gid tdi cung thay ngudi dan ba ay dang budc ra khoi tam anh, do la ngudi dan ba vimg bien cao Idn vdi nhirng dudng net thd kech, tam lung ao bac phech co mieng va, nira than dudi udt Sling, khudn mat rd da nhgt trang vi keo ludi suot dem. Mu budc nhung budc cham rai, ban chan giam tren mat dat chac chan, hda lan trong dan ddng" trong "anh hdng hdng cua suong mai" tren bai bien ciia mdt viing dam pha.Cach mieu ta hai dira con ciia gia dinh nay cung tao ra tinh chat phan bien xa hdi, tao ra cac goc nhin nhan vat tir do xac lap gigng dieu tac pham, quy dinh hinh thirc tu su - tu thu ma ndi bat ban ca la tir su - tu thu cua nhan vat Phiing. Nhan vat Phimg, mdt mat vira tong ket nhirng nhan thiic cd dugc qua trai nghiem cuoc ddi, mat khac cdn len tieng danh gia, tu thii, nit ra bai hgc, khdng kieu hanh ma tu thu that long hay tu bien bach. Tam trang chinh, gipng dieu chinh la khdng khi tu su - tu thii va ciing la mdt pham chat ndi dung. Y nghia ciia tu sir - tu thii la nam bat hay ghi nhan su tu bien ddi, chir khdng phai tai tao cai da dien ra. Tu su - tu thii chinh la tu quan sat chinh minh, d do, tu bien bach thay cho hanh ddng. Tu su - tir thii xac lap chiic nang phan bien xa hgi cho cau chuj'en dugc ke, giup ddc gia nhan thuc bang chinh su tu thiic tinh khi nhan dien cuoc dcri va cac so phan trong cudc ddi ay. Chirc nang phan bien xa hgi cd tinh chat xay dimg tren co sd tu duy lai mdt each sang tao cac chat lieu cudc sdng da cd, de xay dung su that chii khdng minh hoa cho sy that, tir do md rpng gidi ban hien thuc ddi song.
3. KET LUAN
Cai hay ciia truyen ngin nay khdng phai la cau chuyen vl so phan trd treu cua ngudi dan ba lang chai, bdi le ndi trdn up vung trdn ndi meo lip vung meo, nhimg d day ndi meo lai lip vung trdn thi sir venh veo la dilu tit ylu, ma la each thiic phan bien xa hdi thdng qua
26 II TRLJdNG BAI H D D THLI D P H A N g |
mdt cudc ddi cu the, cho thiy mdt hien thuc s^u sic hon, mdt hien thuc co ca tam rgng de ma nhin nhan, cd ca tam sau de ma suy ngim. Phan bien xa hgi, trudc het la sir phan bien - su tu duy lai - sir nhan thuc lai chinh ban than minh cua mdi ddc gia, de tir dd cudc ddi cd nhiing ling xir nhan van hon, de cudc ddi trd nen cd van hda va van minh han. Cach hanh xir cua lao dan dng vdi mu -ngudi dan ba va each hanh xir cua thang Phac va diia con gai - ngudi thilu nir, tao ra cac hinh thiic phan bac tranh bien vdi nhau, de trong biic anh cd
"anh hdng hdng ciia suong mai" kia mai mai vin nguyen ven "ngudi dan ba viing bien cao Idn vdi nhiing dudng net thd kech" - ngudi dan ba cd ve dep bao dung nhan hau, biet nhan vl minh mgi ndi bit hanh dl danh lai cho ddi, cho nhirng diia con niem vui hanh phiic ma
"vui nhit la liic ngdi nhin dan con tdi chiing nd dugc an no". Mot chan ly gian di dep den ngd ngang.
TAI H E U THAM KHAO
1 W. Shakespeare (1995), Tuyen tap kich Sicxpia, Nxb San khiu, Ha Noi.
2, Mac va Anghen (1958), Ve vdn hgc nghe thuat, Nxb Su that. Ha Noi.
3. Nguyin Minh Chau (1985), ChiSc thuyen ngoai xa, in trong tap Bin que, Nxb Tac pham mai, Hdi Nha van Viet Nam, Ha Ndi.
FUNCTION OF SOCIAL CRITICISM OF LITERATURE BASING ON THE PERSPECTIVE OF TEXT- SEMIOTICS IN "THE
OFFSHORE BOAT" BY NGUYEN MINH CHAU
Abstract: The function of social criticism ofhteracy works is a way of thinking basing on the argument, debate and exchange, is the perception of the human issues at the level of sociology or philosophy, aesthetics and ethics. The function of social criticism of literary works is shaped in the character of the dialogues, involving the views of the author with the issue. It does not separate problems for readers and lime, as well as create forms of indirect way - the unfamiliarization in the narrative art- confession contributing to awake each people at every era The function of social criticism of literature specifies how to receive literature, to pa\'e the way for literary truths back to life, to creat new life for themselves. The value of the function of social criticism of Literature is the nature of wisdom emanating fi-om the stoiy through the dialogue and the actions of the character in the story. Authentic literacy works exists only when it brings to social feedback function that protects human, and promote the value of human.
The paper focuses on explaining the function of social criticism of Literature through the analysis of'' The offshore boat'' by Nguyen Minh Chau from the perspective of text semiotics.
Keywords. The function of social criticism, problem of survival, semiotics, the offshore boat
