y vA 119c SANO T|yo
Phat trien kha nang tir duy phan bien thong qua sir dung phu'ofng phap tu* duy 6 chiec mD
ThS. HO THI NHAT
Khoa TLGD - D H S P Ha Ndi
1. Dat van de
Tu duy phan bien (critical thinking) cd vai trd quan trpng trong eupc sdng eiia con ngudi ndi ehung va trong cac tinh hudng hpc thuat ndi rieng.
Trong ljch sQ giao due, Soeratte dUde coi la mdt nha phan bien vd cung xuat s i c . Cau ehuyen ke ve t r i e nghiem mang ten "Triple Filter Test" ciia dng v i n mang nhOng y tudng thdi sU: Mdt ngay np, cd mdt ngudi quen tdi gap dng va ndi: "dng ed mudn biet nhQng dieu tdi da nghe dUde ve ban ciia dng khdng?" Soeratte ngQng mpt lat va tra ldi:
"Trudc khi ndi cho tdi nghe dieu gi d d , tdi mudn dng tra Idi tdi mdt vai cau hdi nhd da, thQ n h i t - Ong cd c h i c chan hoan toan la nhQng dieu dng nghe dQOe ve ban tdi la chfnh xac? "ThQc te la tdi chi nghe ngQdi ta ndi", thQ 2 - NhQng gi ma dng mudn ndi cho tdi nghe ve ban tdi la tdt chQ? Khdng, ngupe lai , va cudi cung la - NhOng gi ma dng mudn ndi la cd feh ddi vdi tdi chQ? Khdng, khdng thue su cd ich,
Socrrate eUdi va ndi: "NhQng dieu dng mudn ndi cho tdi nghe vQa khdng chfnh xac, vQa khdng td't, lai khdng cd feh, vay tai sao dng lai mudn ndi?", Cau chuyen tren la mdt minh chQng ly giai vi sao Soeratte lai la mdt nha triet hpe ndi tieng va dQpe nhieu ngudi ngudng md den vay, Khdng nhQng the, cau ehuyen cQng cho t h i y t i m quan trpng eua tQ duy phan bien trong eae tinh hudng eiia cudc sdng,
Trong mdi trQdng hpc thuat, khdng phai t i t ea cac thdng tin va ly thuyet ma ngudi hpc tiep can deu ed gia trj va phan anh sU that. Ngudi hpe e i n ed kha nang tu duy p h i n bien de lam chii nhung gi minh chiem ITnh dupe. Manh Tu - nha giao due
Trung Hoa ed dai da ndi rang: "Dpc sach ma tin ca d sach thi tha dQng dpc cdn hon". ThQc te eho t h i y , trong nhieu ky nang ngudi hpe e i n ren luyen de hoan thanh tdt cac nhiem vu hpc tap d nha trudng, ddng thdi chuan bj tdt eho eae hoat dpng nghe nghiep va cac tinh hudng trong cudc sdng sau nay, ky nang tu duy p h i n bien dang dupe danh gia la thieu va yeu d hpe sinh , sinh vien Viet nam hien nay.
2. T U d u y p h a n b i e n ( c r i t i c a l t h i n k i n g ) Trong cudc sdng, tU "phan bien" thudng dUde g i n eho y nghTa thieu tfeh eUc. 0 nha trUdng, thuat ngQ " p h i n bien" dQpe hieu vdi y nghTa rdng hdn, Cd nhieu each hieu ve "Tu duy phan bien", ed the la kha nang dUa ra nhieu phUdng an eho mdt van de, hay su lam chii dupe cau tra Idi, hoac hieu sau s i c nhQng gi minh da ITnh hpi, tham ehi ed ngQdi hieu la tim ra nhQng dieu sai l i m euia ca nhan hay mpt v i n de nao dd.
Kurfis, 1998 da khang dinh: TQ duy phe phan the hien sQ cdi md vdi cau hdi, quan diem nhin nhan ve mdt v i n de phong phQ, khdng bj n h i m l i n bdi mpt ket qua cu the nao dd (1),
Donald J. Trefinger, 2009 cho rang: tQ duy phan bien the hien d viec xem xet mdt each can than, cdng bang va mang tfnh c h i t xay dung cac kha nang ed the xay ra eua mdt v i n de nao dd (3).
T d m lai, tu duy phan bien ed the dupe hieu vdi cae dac diem nhU sau:
- La mpt each tiep can khi chiem ITnh mpt v i n de.
- La mdt thanh p h i n , tao tien de de tu duy sang tao.
- Nhin nhan van de d nhieu gdc dd, xem xet
DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 8-2009
cac kha nang cua v i n de mdt each can than, khach quan va mang tfnh chat xay dUng.
- Dua ra cac nhan xet, danh gia, ke't luan dUa tren cac b i n g chQng khoa hpc, dQa tren su tim dpc, quan sat rdng rai va sau s i c v i n de.
3. Sd dung phUdng phap tU duy 6 chiec mu (Six thinking Hats) nham phat trien kha nang tu duy phan bien
Cd nhieu phUPng phap va ky thuat n h i m phat trien kha nang tU duy phan bien cho ngUdi hpc.
Trong bai viet nay, chung tdi gidi thieu phuong phap tu duy 6 chiec mO, mdt hQdng tiep can viec ren luyen kha nang tU duy phan bien.
PhQdng phap tQ duy 6 chiec mQ do tac gia Ed- ward de Bono de x u i t tQ nhQng nam 1960: B i n g each tQ duy nay (chiec mQ trang, xanh lam, vang, xanh luc, den va dd), ngudi hpc cd the tranh khuynh hudng tuduy mdt chieu, ddi khang (ehi dung, hoac ehi sai), thay vao dd la tu duy song song, nhin nhan mpt van de d nhieu khi'a canh. Day la mdt trong nhQng dac diem quan trpng cua tQ duy phan bien, Hinh tUOng chiec mu ma tac gia dung la mpt phep an du, la sU ke't hpp chat che giQa hinh anh chiec mu va phUPng hudng tU duy ciia con ngUdi, Mdi chiec mQ la bieu tUOng cho mdt vai trd. Sau chiec mu tUdng Qng vdi sau phUdng hudng trong tu duy: t r i n g , dd, den, vang, xanh luc va xanh lam.
-I- MQ t r i n g (TQ duy kieu logic): Qua trtnh di ehuyen tQng bQde tie'n tdi dfeh gidng nhQ viec leo tQng bac thang. HQdng tQ duy se tap trung vao cae con sd va sU thue khach quan. TU duy ndn trang la nguyen t i e va djnh hudng. NgQdi suf dung phai ed thai dp trung lap, khach quan trong viec dUa ra thdng tin.
-I- Chiec mu mau dd (tUduy bang cam xuc - linh cam): SQ dung linh cam, trUc giae, an tUdng ma khdng nhat thie't p h i i xet doan, dUa ra ly do va lap luan. Mdt nhan thQc nao dd bat ngd xuat hien.
Chang ban mdt van de nao dd dang dUdc nhin nhan theo mdt each nao dd b i t thinh linh lai dUdc nhin nhan dudi mdt Idi tU duy khac. Day la ket qua eua mdt sU phan ddan phQc tap dQa tren ed sd kinh nghiem - sU phan doan nay khdng the ly giai rd rang va cQng khd dien dat ra bang ngdn tQ.
B i n g each nay, con ngUdi cd the dUa ra nhQng kham pha khoa hpc boat mdt bQde nhay cd tinh dot pha,
-I- Mu den (Tuduy kieu phe phan): SQdung each nhan xet, danh gia gidng nhU danh gia tfnh kha thi cua mdt y tudng hay mdt san pham hoac chi ra nhQng nhu'Oc diem cua mpt y tu'dng hay g i i i phap, vach rd nhQng mau thuin va khdng nhat quan ciia sU viec. Tu duy theo kieu chiec ndn den giup con
ngudi nang cao tinh than canh giac, than trpng.
+ MQ vang (TQ duy tich cUc, de xua't va gdi y cac giai phap tfeh cue): Day chfnh la hudng tU duy du'a vao suy nghT lac quan, tfeh eUc, tU duy tim ra cac giai phap cd tfnh chat xay dung cho mdt van de. Kieu tu duy nay giup tham dd va khai pha nhOng y tudng, sau dd tim kiem nhQng ly le va lap luan de chap canh cho nhQng y tudng dd.
+ Mu xanh luc (Tu duy cd tfnh sang tao): Xem xet van de tQ nhOng gdc canh mdi gidng nhQviec n h i y tQ chiec thang nay sang chiec thang khac. Y tQdng "khieu khich" la mot yeu td rat quan trpng trong qua trinh tUduy sang tao. Mdt y tudng "khieu khfeh" cd the giQp ehung ta thoat khdi md thQc nhan thQc thdng thQdng. Hieu Qng gpi la "bdng den" xay ra khi chung ta s i p xep lai nhQng sU viec hien co, hieu thau v i n de, tim ra nhQng y tQdng mdi vUdt ra khdi nhQng dieu da biet, nhQng gi rd rang va nhQng gi lam ta thda man.
+ Mu xanh lam (Suy nghTve qua trinh tU duy):
Hudng dan cho tU duy, td chQc kiem soat qua trinh tuduy.
Nhu vay, trUde mdt thdng tin hay mdt van de cu the, ngUdi hpc nen suf dung 6 chiec mu tu duy.
Dieu nay se giup hp trd nen can than, khach quan, toan dien hdn khi tiep nhan thdng tin, ddng thdi co kha nang tim hudng giai quyet van de mpt each hieu qua. Vdi viec suf dung thudng xuyen phUdng phap tu duy nay, ngUdi hpc cd the ren luyen va phat trien kha nang tu duy phan bien ciia minh.
Tai lieu tham khao:
/, Critical thinking, self directed learning resource.
Learning Resource Centre and Learning Develop- ment, University of Wollongong 2001, PDF format.
2. Ivan Hannel, Highly effective questioning, 2007
3. Donald J, Treffinger, Preparing creative and critical thinkers, ADSL, USA,
4. Day cac ky nang tu duy, Tai lieu ciia dU an Viet Bi, Bd Giao due va Dao tao, 2000,
5. Edward de Bono, Six thinking Hats, Nguyin HQu DQng djch, NXB tre 2008.
DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 8-2009
