CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 05-2011 25
CHINH QUYEN MY VA V A N DE
CHAT DOC M A U DA CAM 0 VIET N A M
D a 50 nam sau ngAy My rai cha't dpc da cam xudng Viet Nam va gin 40 nam sau khi cupe chien tranh d Viet Nam ket thdc, thdi gian dii nhieu cho hai dan tdc nhin lai sd that ve ndi dau cua hai ben. Nhieu cong dan My cung hi anh hddng nang nd bdi cha't dpc mAu da cam, nhdng cd le cd mpt sd ngddi My khd CO the tha'y het dddc chat dpc dd da vA dang tiep tuc gay ra mat mat to Idn cho nhieu the he ngddi Viet Nam.
Thiic te, ngddi My hay Chinh phu My
nhin nhan ve hau qua ciia chat ddc mau da cam va viec giai quyet vA'n de d Viet Nam den dau?
1. Tien trinh nhan ihvic trach nhiem cvia My vdi chat doc mau da cam of Viet Nam
NgAy 10/8/1961, quan dpi My rai nhiing lit cha't dpc da cam diu tien xudng Kon Tum va tie'p tuc rai cho de'n ngay 31/10/1971 tren chien trddng mien Nam Viet Nam. Trong vdng 10 nam dd, quan dpi My da rai khoang 80 trieu lit cac chat dpc hoa hoc, trong do khoang 366 kg dioxin.
Da CO tren 25.000 thon, lang Viet Nam bi r i i triic tiep cha't doc hoa hpc, vdi tren 2,6 trieu ha da't va riing bi
Nguyen Anh Cvfdng Dai hgc Thiiy Ldi
anh hddng bdi gin 20.000 phi vu rai
chat ddc Ien 16 trieu ngddi dang sinh
sd'ng, trong dd, cd khoang 4,8 trieu
ngddi bi phdi nhilm chat ddc dioxin
vA 3 trieu ngddi IA nan nhan chat ddc
da cam' Hau qui nang ne nAy da
khdng de dAng dddc giai quyet, bdi
vAo nam 1975, sau khi Viet Nam dddc
hoAn toAn giai phdng, Tong thd'ng
Ford ap dat lenh cam van kinh te vdi
Viet Nam. Cho du ldc dd phia Viet
Nam da ra't cd ging dAm phan thddng
lddng n h i m tien tdi binh thddng hda
quan he hai nddc, nhdng den nam
1978 quan he hai nddc da bi ddng
hAng. Bdi canh dd dA lAm cho viec hdp
tac giai quye't hau qua cha't dpc mAu
da cam d Viet Nam cung rdi vAo bang
gia. Qua trinh bat hdp tac dd tie'p tuc
keo dAi dddi cac chinh quyen cua
Tong tho'ng Carter vA Reagan. Ddi vdi
Chinh quyen Reagan vA cac chinh
quyen sau nAy cua My, viec binh
thddng hda phai gin chat vdi viec giai
quyet va'n de Campuchia vA van de tu
nhan chien tranh, ma't tich trong
chien tranh (POW/MIA). Hdn nda,
Chinh quyen Reagan lien tuc bAy td
sd hoAi nghi ciia minh dd'i vdi van de
sdc khde ciia cac ciiu chien binh My hi
phdi nhiem cha't dpc da cam, cung
nhd noi chung khong s i n sAng thao
luan ve nhdng van dc sdc khde gay ra bdi chat ddc nAy vdi Viet Nam.
Cho den nAm 1986, Viet Nam chd trddng khdng ddi d i u vdi My ma t d n g bddc cai thien quan be theo phddng cham "ti(?p tuc bAn bac vdi My de gi;ii quyet cac van de n h a n dao do chien t r a n h de lai vA s i n sAng cai thien quan he vdi My vi ldi ich cua boa binh, dn dinh d Ddng Nam A"' Viet Nam thay rd phia My coi viec giai quyet van de Campuchia vA POW/MIA IA hai vA'n de quan trpng sd mdt, vi the Viet Nam da cd n h d n g chinh sAch tich cdc gdp p h i n giai quyet sdm cAc vA'n de nAy.
Ve van de Campuchia, Viet Nam rdt het quan tinh nguyen ve nddc (9/1989), ky Hiep dinh Paris ve Campuchia (10/1991). Ve van de POW/MIA, Viet Nam coi MIA IA t h u i n tuy n h a n dao vA tich cdc hdp tac de giai quyet.
Cdn dd'i vdi Hoa Ky, ddng thai d i u tien bAy td sd quan t a m tdi vA'n de n h a n dao dd'i vdi ngddi Viet Nam IA tuyen bd' ngAy 6/1/1991 cua Tdng thdng Hoa Ky George H.W. Bush:
"Hdm nay tdi vui mdng ky ban hAnh luat H.R.556 "Luat chat ddc mAu da cam nam 1991", Dao luat nAy dda tren nhdng ket qua khoa hpc n h i m giai quyet n h d n g phdc tap lien quan tdi cac cdu chien binh hi phdi n h i l m bdi thuo'c diet cd n h d chat dpc mAu da cam chang h a n dddc sii dung trong ky nguyen Viet Nam"^
Tuy nhien, Dao luat chat dpc mAu -^eam mA Tdng thdng Bush b a n
hAnh vAo n a m 1991 chi hd trd cho n h d n g cdu chien binh My bi n h i l m ddc, khdng md rdng cho n h d n g cdu chien binh va dan t h d d n g Viet Nam.
Do dd, ldc nay, nd ldc ciia Viet Nam la ti('''p tuc dam p h a n vdi My nhdng ndi dung mA hp da t d chd'i. Sd kien tri ciia Viet N a m thuc day qua t r i n h binh thddng hda q u a n he vdi My, phu hdp vdi Nghi quyet Dai hpi VII (6/1991) cua Dang Cdng san Vidt Nam "thuc day qua t r i n h binh t h d d n g hoa quan he vdi Hoa Ky,""*
Vdi n h d n g cd' g i n g cua Viet Nam trong viec giai quyet n h d n g van de ma My q u a n t a m , nen ngay 3/2/1994, Chinh p h u My tuyen bd bAi bd lenh cam van t h d d n g mai ddi vdi Viet Nam. Mac du vAn cdn mpt sd^ nghi si My g i n van de POW/MIA vdi viec binh thddng hda. Tdng tho'ng My B.
Clinton van tiep tuc n a n g t i m quan he b i n g t u y e n bo' binh thddng hoa quan he vdi Viet N a m vao ngay
11/7/1995, chi dinh dai sd d i u tien tai Viet Nam vao nAm 1996 va ky Hiep
dinh thddng mai song phddng (BTA) vdi Viet N a m n a m 2000.
Ddi vdi Tdng tho'ng B. Clinton, chat ddc mAu da cam khong ddn t h u i n la van de n h a n dao, m a cdn IA h a u qua ciia cudc chien va t r a c h nhiem ciia My. Sau khi dpc b a n phuc t r i n h nam
1996 ciia cac n h a khoa hoc My ve tac hai ciia c h a t dpc m a u da cam, ngay 28/5/1996, t a i N h a T r i n g , Tdng thdng Clinton da t u y e n bo^ vdi cong chiing My: "Horn nay la mpt ngay trong dai dd'i vdi nddc My, ngay m a chiing ta
CHAU MY N G A Y NAY SO 05-2011 27^
b i t d i u n h d n g bddc chan xa hdn de t h a m HA Ndi, Bd trddng Qud'c phdng giam bdt ndi dau mA dat nddc ta da vd My William Cohen cam ket Hoa Ky tinh tao ra cho chinh n h d n g ngddi con hdp tac chat che hdn nda vdi Viet ciia minh khi de hp tiep xuc vdi chat Nam trong viec giai quyet cha't ddc dpc mAu da cam" mAu da cam. Tam t h a n g sau, trong
"Trong hai t h a p nien qua, cac cdu chuyen t h a m 5 ngAy ciia Tong thd'ng chien binh t d n g t h a m chien tai Viet Clinton tdi Viet Nam, My da ddng y Nam da ndi den n h d n g thddng ton khi hdp tac nghien cdu ve tAc hai cua hp tiep xdc vdi chat dp da cam, thd dA chat ddc mAu da cam/dioxin. Tuy lAm hp chet d i n chet mdn r a t lau trddc nhien, sau dd cd r a t it sd hd trd cua khi hp rdi chien trddng. Tham chi cdn My dd'i vdi Viet Nam. Quan diem cua gay tdn hai den con cai ciia hp" Chinh quyen My cdn r a t khien cddng.
"Trong nhieu nam, chinh phu dA Dieu dd cd the thay rd vAo t h a n g khdng nghe hp ndi. Vdi nhdng bddc di 8/2000, Trd ly Bd trddng Qud'c phdng dddc thdc hien.vAo n a m 1993, vA ngAy Hoa Ky Gary Vest tdi HA Ndi de hdm nay, chung ta dang chdng to t h a m dd cudc hpp song phddng vdi r i n g nddc My cd the l i n g nghe vA Viet Nam n h i m bao ve mdi trddng.
hAnh dpng. Tdi tuyen bd' cac cdu chien Cudc hpp nAy cung bAn ve chat ddc binh phuc vu .tai chien trddng Viet mAu da cam. Trong cudc hpp dd, dng Nam hien dang mang trong ngddi Gary Vest da ndi: "Dieu dac biet c i n nhiing chdng benh n h d ung t h d tien thdng cam IA chdng tdi den day liet tuye'n, rdi loan t h i n kinh, t h i n khdng de ban ve viec Chinh phu My kinh ngoai cam... se n h a n dddc sd trd lAm sach chA't ddc" Ong tie'p tuc giai cap thich dang." thich r i n g , theo dng hieu trong dieu
"... Ngay t d d i u , chinh phu da suy kien qud'c te hien nay vA luat phap nghi ra't nhieu de tim cau t r a ldi ve My, thi quan dpi My chi cd the dam anh hddng ciia chat ddc mAu da cam bao cac boat ddng lam sach chat ddc vA cac chat k h a i quang khac trong ton dd neu n h d hp cd mdt trach cudc Chien t r a n h Viet Nam. Khi n h a n nhiem rd rAng dddc ghi trong mot dddc n h d n g cau t r a ldi xac thdc cho dieu ddc qudc te, hoac neu n h d cd sd viec nAy, chinh p h u se cd n h d n g bien cho phep dac biet ciia Qud'c hdi^
phap tich cdc hdn de lAm giam bdt ndi Sang nhiem ky ciia Chinh quyen dau ciia n h d n g q u a n n h a n My, n h d n g George W. Bush, mac du cd sd cai ngddi da hy sinh qua nhieu cho dat thien chung trong quan he song nddc minh" ^ phddng gida Viet Nam vA Hoa Ky,
Cho den khi ket thuc nhiem ky, nhdng each nhin n h a n ciia hp ve chat Chinh quyen Clinton td ro sAn sAng ddc mAu da cam v i n chda thdc sd tich thao luAn ve v a n de cha't dpc mAu da cdc. Chinh quyen My v i n cdn cd cam. T h a n g 3/2000, trong chuyen n h d n g nhin n h a n khdng khach quan
ve cha't ddc mau da cam d Viet Nam. cho nhdng ngddi cdu chien binh ngddi Vi the, cho du cd hdp tac nghien cdu My gdc Viet phai chda tri nhdng benh gida Viet Nam vA Hoa K^ ve anh lien quan tdi chA't ddc mau da cam.
hddng ciia chit ddc mAu da cam da Sau dd, vAo thang 6/2006, Bp trddng dddc tien hAnh, nhdng phin nhieu Qud'c phdng Hoa Ky Donald Rumsfeld mdi chi dddc thdc hien d trong ldi hda da thdng bao ring, Hoa K>^ se khdng mA thdi. bdi thddng cho nan nhan chat dpc
Thdc ra, chinh phii Hoa K;^ vin mAu da cam ngddi Viet Nam, nhdng nghi ngd sd hdp tac ciia Viet Nam dd'i se sAn sAng cung cA'p thong tin khoa vdi chat ddc mAu da cam/dioxin. hpc va hd trd ky thuAt nghien cdu ve Trong mdt thdng diep nhay cam, nhdng anh hddng cua dioxin^
nhdng khdng rd rAng vAo ngAy c^fnh quyen George W Bush cho 16/2/2003 cua I?ai sd quan Hoa Ky tai ^^A'y, chi s i n sAng nd ldc hdn nda HA Ndi giii Bd trddng Bd Ngoai giao ^^^^^ ^-^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^.^^-^ ^ y.^^
My cho rAng, Chinh phii Viet Nam da XT r^-i.2 V. ^ - « ,. ^^ • _ Nam. Chang ban, trong cupe gAp mat
ciia Tdng thd'ng Bush vdi Thu tddng Phan VAn Khai vAo thang 10 nam 2006, hai ben da ra ban tuyen bd' khdng san sAng chap thuan nhdng
phddng phap nhan biet khoa hpc qud'c te, bdi vi ke't qua dd cd the khdng dap dng yeu ciu cua Viet Nam trong viec
^ . . -• .u .i. u- ^ 1- chung, trong dd co doan viet "Hoa Ky md rong vung moi trddng hi anh o o . ^ j hddng bdi ChA't ddc mAu da cam! cung ^^ ^^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^^"^ ^^^'^ ^ " ^^^ "^^^^
nhd nhdng tac dpng xA'u tdi sdc khde ^^^ " ^ ^ ^^ ^^' ^^P ^^^ "^^"^ ^^^ ^^
con ngddi^ Chinh phu Viet Nam yeu ^^^ ""^^ "^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ "^^^"^ ^^^ &^"
ciu Chinh quyen My cin chu y ngan ^^^ "^^ ^° ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^y. Dieu chan viec cac quan chdc Chinh phii ^^ ^® ^^ ^^^g goP ^6 gia tri cho viec My cdng bd toan bd nhdng thdng tin *^^P ^^^ ^^V manh hdp tac song nghien cdu. phddng gida hai nddc"^°
vao thang 3 nAm 2005, Chinh phii Ddng nha't vdi Chinh quyen My, My da ddn phddng hoAn thAnh dd an Q^dc hdi My khda 110, s i n sang nghien cdu nay.^ chuin chi cung ca'p trd giiip ca viec
Hdn nda, Chinh quyen Bush chi lam sach dioxin va hd trd nhan dao
miln cddng cung cap hd trd triic tiep cho nhdng ngddi Viet Nam hi phdi
cho nhdng ngddi benh hi phdi nhilm nhilm dioxin. Vao thang 5/2007, Qudc
chat dpc dioxin. Trong chuyen thAm hdi My ddng y cho Bp Ngoai giao Hoa
Viet Nam vAo thang 4/2006, Chu tich Ky sii dung g i n 3 trieu USD de lam
ciia mpt Hpi cdu chien binh Hoa Ky, sach dioxin xung quanh can cd quan
dng James Nicholson da phat bieu sd DA N i n g ndi dddc dung lam
tren td Du lich Viet Nam n h i m giai trung tam phan phdi cha't dpc mau da
thich tai sao Hoa Ky chi bdi thddng cam trong Chien tranh Viet Nam.
CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 05-2011 29
Cd the thay, t d khi quan he ngoai giao hai nddc dddc ndi lai (nam 1995), Chinh phii My duy tri mdt chinh sach tddng dd'i n h a t quan ve vA'n de tdn dd chat ddc da cam/dioxin d Viet Nam.
Chinh p h u My s i n sAng hd trd nhdng nghien cdu khoa hpc n h i m lAm giam sd a n h hddng VA mdc dp nguy hiem ciia chat dpc dioxin, cung n h d xac dinh cac k h u vdc nguy hiem de cung cA'p tai chinh va hd trd ky thuAt cho viec lam sach chA't ddc tdn dd. Mat khac, Chinh phii My lien tuc n h i c lai r i n g "khdng t h a y bat ky trach nhiem phap ly nAo mA hp gay r a lien quan tdi chat dpc m a u da cam."^^ Cho de'n gid, Chinh phii My v i n cho rang, khong cd du b i n g chdng khoa hpc de chdng minh IA hda chat diet cd gay tac hai Ien sdc khoe cua hAng trieu ngddi Viet N a m . Vi the, Chinh phii My tie'p tuc yeu c i u n h d n g chdng cd tin cay cua Viet N a m ve dioxin cd trong chat dpc mAu da cam vA cac thudc diet cd khac dddc rai trong chien t r a n h IA nguyen n h a n cho nhiing van de sdc khde, nhieu cAn benh nguy hiem va n h d n g khuyet tat ciia ngiidi Viet Nam.
2. Nhufng h o a t d o n g g i a m n h e ndi d a u d a c a m V i e t N a m
Mac du khdng cd sd thiia n h a n chinh thdc trach nhiem phap ly cua Chinh quyen My dd'i vdi chat ddc mAu da cam/dioxin, nhdng du sao, hp cung da cd nhiing hd trd n h a t dinh trong viec lam giam ndi dau da cam d Viet Nam.
Dddi sd bao trd cua Quy Nan n h a n Chien t r a n h Leahy vA cac quy khac, Hoa Ky da ddng gdp hdn 46 trieu USD ke td nAm 1989 de gidp dd cac cdng dan Viet Nam hi khuyet tat, bat ke do nguyen n h a n gi. Sau khi binh thddng hda quan he ngoai giao gida hai nddc vA chuAn hi cho viec thdc thi Hiep dinh Thddng mai song phddng (BTA), thang 3 nAm 2000, Viet Nam vA Hoa Ky da td chdc hdi thao ve "Tac ddng ciia chat ddc da cam/dioxin de'n sdc khoe con ngddi vA mdi trddng" tai HA Ndi. VAo cudi nam dd, cac nhA khoa hpc My vA Viet Nam da gap nhau tai Singapore de xay ddng ke hoach thdc hien nghien cdu tac ddng cua chat ddc da cam/dioxin vA cac chat diet cd dddc phun trong thdi ky chien t r a n h Ien mdi trddng vA con ngddi. Ca hai ben da ddng y ve sd c i n thiet phai xac dinh cac k h u vdc hi n h i l m ddc cao dddc gpi IA "diem ndng", vA xay ddng, chia se cac bien phap chda tri. Tiep theo Hdi thao nAm 2000, vdi sd tham gia cua hAng trAm can bd nghien cdu Viet Nam vA Hoa Ky, hdi thao ve "Tac ddng ciia chat ddc da cam/dioxin de'n sdc khoe con ngddi vA mdi trddng"
nam 2002 da dda den viec ky ket mdt Bien ban ghi nhd xac dinh cac du tien hAng d i u trong tddng lai cho nghien cdu mdi trddng.
Td nAm 2001, sau khi Hiep dinh Thddng mai gida hai nddc chinh thdc cd hieu ldc, Hoa Ky vA Viet Nam da cung hdp tac de giai quyet va'n de n h i l m ddc dioxin t r e n quan diem hddng tdi tddng lai. Trong thdi gian
td nam 2001 den nam 2007, Hoa Ky dA dAnh hdn 2 trieu USD de khdi ddng cac cudc dAm thoai mang tinh ky t h u a t vA xay ddng nAng ldc ciia cac nhA khoa hpc Viet Nam trong viec phan tich mAu da't.
NAm 2006, Chinh phii Hoa Ky va Viet Nam da thiet lap Uy ban Td van lien Chinh phu, mdt d i l n dan dd'i thoai khoa hpc song phddng cap cao n h i m td van ve van de mdi trddng vA y te cho hai chinh phu. Den nAm 2007, Bd Ngoai giao vA Cue Bao ve Mdi trddng Hoa Ky cung cap 400.000 USD hd trd ky t h u a t cho n h d n g nd ldc ban d i u de cd lap dioxin tai can cd quan sd DA N i n g . Td nam 2008 den nAm 2010, Hoa Ky da phan bd hdn 3 trieu USD cho cac chddng trinh y te dAnh cho ngddi khuyet t a t d DA N i n g . Td t h a n g 4/2010, g i n 4000 ngddi khuyet tat vA khoang 3000 thAnh vien trong gia dinh vA n h d n g ngddi chAm sdc ngddi khuyet tat, da dddc hddng ldi td chddng trinh nAy, tiep nhan viec dao tao ky nAng vA bd tri viec I Am, p h i u t h u a t chinh hinh vA cac dung cu hd trd (chan tay gia, nep chinh hinh), vA hpc bdng cho tre em khuyet tat.
Dac biet, vAo ngAy 16 t h a n g 12 nAm 2009, Chinh phu Hoa Ky cung vdi Bd TAi nguyen vA Mdi t r d d n g Viet Nam da ky mdt Bien ban ghi nhd, dAt nen mdng cho viec thdc hien cac chddng trinh ve mdi t r d d n g va bien p h a p chda n h d n g can benh lien q u a n den chat dpc da cam, sd gay d n h i l m cua nd vA chA't dioxin.
Nd'i tiep sd hdp tac ngAy cAng phat t n e n gida Hoa K^ vA Viet Nam, mdt sf) nhA tai trd vA cac to chdc phi chinh phii, bao gdm Quy Ford, UNDP, U N I C E F . vA nddc Cpng hoA Sec, da cam ket tAi trd cho cac dd an lien quan den chat ddc da cam/dioxin tai Viet Nam.
Vdi khoan tien hd trd tdng tri gia 9 trieu USD da dddc Qudc hpi Hoa Ky phe c h u i n trong n a m tai khoa 2007, 2009 vA 2010, Hoa Ky tiep tuc hdp tac chat che vdi Chinh phii Viet Nam thdc hien cac chddng t r i n h xii ly nhiem ddc dioxin.
Tren cd sd cdng tac vdi Chinh phu Viet Nam, Hoa Ky dA p h a n bd 6 trieu USD cho viec tay ddc mdi trddng tai san hay Da N i n g . Trong nAm 2009, USAID b i t d i u thdc hien giai doan d i u cua chddng t r i n h t i y dpc dioxin tai san bay Da N i n g . Viec danh gia mdi trddng hien d a n g dddc tien hanh se xac dinh cdng n g h e phii hdp nhat de lAm sach cac k h u hi n h i l m dpc.
Tiep theo do se IA cdng doan thiet ke va Ien ke hoach cho cdng nghe dddc Ilia chpn de hd trd cho viec thiic hien tAy ddc. Dai sd q u a n Hoa Ky v i n tie'p tuc tim kiem n h d n g ngudn hd trd bd sung cho n h d n g nd ldc nAy'^
Sd cpng tac ciia Hoa Ky vdi Viet Nam ve vA'n de cha't dpc da cam/dioxin khdng chi d d n g lai d mdc dAm thoai lien chinh phii. No ddi hdi sii nd ldc ciia nhieu td chdc va sii hdp tac, phoi hdp chat che vdi cac cd q u a n quo'c te, cac n h a tai trd khac, cac td chdc phi chinh phii va cac quy cdng, quy td.
CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 05-2011 31
Rd rAng, trong qua khd, chinh sach cua cac Chinh quyen My IA td chd'i trach nhiem phap ly dd'i vdi t i t ca cac trddng hdp bi anh hddng bdi chat ddc mAu da cam, trong khi vAn cung cap nhdng hd trd v l danh gia vA lAm sach chat ddc da cam lien quan de'n dioxin tim tha'y d Viet Nam. Hien nay, chinh quyen ciia hai qud'c gia dang hdp tac chat che hdn trong viec lAm giam mdc dp dpc hai ciia chat ddc mAu da cam/dioxin cdn tdn dd trong mdi trddng d Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, dieu dd vin chda the dii cho den khi Chinh quyen My nhan thay cd trach nhiem phap ly khdng chi vdi mdi trddng, mA cdn ca dd'i vdi nhdng ngddi Viet Nam khdng may bi phdi nhilm bdi chat ddc nguy hiem nAy •
Chii thich:
1) Van phong Ban C h i dao 33 - Bo Tai nguyen va Moi trUdng, Hau qud cua chat dgc da cam/dioxin vd cugc ddu tranh doi cong ly, http://www.office33.gov.vn/front-
end/index.php?type=ARTICLE&fuseaction=
DISPLAY_SINGLE_ARTICLE&article_id=
6546&website_id=l&channel_id=444&pare nt_channel_id=429&hide_channel=0
2) Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Vdn kien Dai hgi dai bieu todn qudc ldn thii VI, Nxb Sii that. Ha Noi. 1987, tr. 108.
3) "Statement on Signing the Agent Orange Act of 1991," 6/2/1991, Dua tren trang web bdi Du an Tong thong Hoa Ky, [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/index.php]
4) Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Van kien Dai hoi dfii bieu toan quoc lan thii VII, NXB Su that, H^ Noi, 1991, tr. 90
5) Thong tan xa Viet Nam, Van de chat doc mail (la cam va trach nhiem ciia My, Tai Ueu tham khao dac biet, ngay 1.3/3/2002.
6) Michael F.Martin: Nan nhdn chdt dgc mdu da cam Viet Nam vd quan he Viet My, Bao cao ciia cd quan nghien ciiu Quo'c hpi My, ngay 21 thang 10 nam 2008.
7) "Joint Reseach on Health/Environmental Effects of Agent Orange/Dioxin An Assessment of Vietnamese Attitudes", tren trang http://www.ffrd.org/Agent_Orange /Embassy_memo.pdf
8) "My tif bo nghien ciiu anh hudng cua chat doc mau da cam vcli siic khoe", Nature, Vol.
434, April 7, 2005, p.687.
9) "My tijf choi boi thUdng nan nhan chat doc mau da cam', Australian Broadcasting Company. J u n e 5, 2006.
10) "Tuyen bo' chung giuta nU6c Cong hoa Xa hoi Chu nghia Viet Nam va Hdp chiing quo'c Hoa Ky,' Van phong ThU ky bao chf, Nha TrSng, 17 thang 10 nam 2006.
11) "Testimony of Deputy Assistant Secretary Scot Marciel, Bureau of East Asian &
Pacific Affairs, U.S. Department of State,"
Tieu ban Chau A, Thai Binh DUdng va Moi trUdng toan cau Ha vien Hoa Ky, Our Forgotten Responsibility: What Can We Do to Help Victims of Agent Arange?, 15 thang 5, 2008.
12) Trang web Dai sii quan Hdp chung quoc Hoa Ky tai Viet Nam (http://vietnamese.vietnam.usembassy.gov)
