Chinh sach cum lien k i t nganh cua EU D
TS. LETHIAILAM Th.S. NGUYEN HONG NGA'
Thue tien vd ly ludn dd chung minh su hinh thdnh vdphdt trien eua cdc ciim lien kit ngdnh (CLKN) tgo dgng luc mgnh me cho tdng trudng kinh te, thiic day phdt triin cdng nghiep, doi mdi cdng nghi vd ndng eao ndng luc egnh tranh. Tuyin bd Lisbon ndm 2000 ddnh ddu buac chuyin minh quan trgng cua EU tren eon dudng trd thdnh nen kinh te ndng dong vd egnh tranh nhdt thi giai. Tuyin bd keu gqi nhitng dieu ehinh cdn bdn trong chinh sdch kinh te cua khu vuc, nhdn mgnh tdi muc tiiu tdng eudng ndng luc canh tranh vd qud trinh doi mai, sdng tgo. CUng ehinh tie day, CLKN trd thdnh mgt cong cu then chot trong cdc chinh sdch kinh te vd Id trgng tdm trong cdc chien luge phdt trien vitng vd qudc gia cua ede nude EU.
Tit khda: Chinh sdch, ciim lien kit ngdnh, EU.
1. Mot so dac diem trong chinh sach CLKN 6- chau Au
v i mat khai niem, cd rit nhieu dinh nghia khdc nhau vi chinh sach CLKN, song nhin chung, chinh sdch CLKN cua chau Au dupe hieu gidng vdi cdch hieu cua nhieu qudc gia tren thi gidi. Dd Id nhfl-ng can thiep ciia chinh phu nhim thiic diy hoat dpng cua cac CLKN hien tai, ddng thdi khuyen khich hinh thdnh nhung CLKN mdi trong tuang lai (Oxford Research, 2008). Nhiing chinh sach nay ddng vai trd quan trpng cho sir phat triSn vimg, quoc gia va khu vuc, khdng chi thiic day qua trinh ddi mdi ma cdn la ddng luc de nang cao kha ndng canh tranh (Pessoa, 2012). Tuy nhien, tuy
*,** Vi?n Kinh t^ vi Chfnh trj The gifri
^"'Nghien cihi nay dugc lai trg bai Quy Phat Irien Kfioa hoc va cong nghe quoc gia (NAFOSTED) trong De tai ma sill 3.2-2012 15.
theo tinh dac thu md mdi qudc gia vd khu vuc lai trien khai cac chinh sach CLKN theo nhiing each thirc rieng vd theo dudi nhiing muc tieu khac nhau.
Ve tien trinh phat trien, cac chinh sach CLKN d chau Au ra ddi tir kha sdm ngay khi nhung CLKN dau tien dugc hinh thanh tai day.
Ban dau la cac CLKN vimg hoat ddng manh nha d Dire, Italy, Anh va Tay Ban Nha trong nhung ndm 1970, 1980, sau dd dupe md rdng ra cac qudc gia khac trong khu vuc. Mac du vay, phai tdi ddu nhung nam 2000 md hinh nay mdi xuat hien d nhiing qudc gia cham phdt triin ban d Ddng Au. Chinh vi the, chinh sach CLKN d cdc qudc gia chau Au dugc khdi ddng trong nhung giai doan khac nhau. Nhiing chinh sach diu tien dugc biet tdi d Tay Au giai doan 1990 - 1994. Tai mdt sd qudc gia, qua trinh nay dien ra mudn hon, giai doan 1995 - 1999, 2000 - 2004 va tham chi sau nSm 2005, nhung chu yiu
NhCrng vin dS KINH T £ VA CHJNH TR! T H £ GIO'I So 6(230) 2 0 1 5 -
Chinh sach cum lien ket nganh cua ciia EU LeThj Ai Lam - Nguyin Hong Nga van Id hai giai doan 1990 - 1994 va 2000 - 2004
(EC, 2008). Theo dd, kinh nghiem thirc thi chinh sach CLKN giira cdc nude trong khu vvc cd sir khdc nhau ro ret, dac biet d mpt sd qudc gia, viec triin khai chinh sach CLKN mdi cdn trong giai doan khd so khai.
Can cu theo dpng co va muc tieu, cdc chinh sach CLKN d chau Au dugc phdn chia thanh ba loai:
i) Chinh sach khuyin khich CLKN: tao dung mdi trudng kinh doanh thuan lgi d cap do vT md cho tdng trudng va ddi mdi d cap do vi md, tir dd tao diiu kien khuyen khich cac CLKN hoat dpng nang dpng han, vi du nhu gd bd cac rao cdn ddi vdi thucmg mai vd canh tranh...
ii) Chinh sach ddn bay: bao gdm nhdm "chinh sach truyin thdng" nhu chinh sach nghien cim va phat triin (R&D), chinh sdch ddi vdi doanh nghiep vira vd nhd (SMEs), chinh sach phdt trien ddi vdi mdt ngdnh hay mdt ITnh vuc cu the... dp dung cho cac CLKN nhdm tang tinh hieu qud cho nhiing chinh sach nay ddng thdi tao hieu img lan tda cho cac doanh nghiep trong cum.
iii) Chinh sach phat trien CLKN: lira chpn mpt hoac mdt vdi CLKN nhat dinh, dua ra cac
chucmg trinh, chinh sach hd trp hoat ddng cua nhiing CLKN muc tieu nay. Vi du nhu keu ggi canh tranh giira cac CLKN trong viec thu hiit ngan sach qudc gia de trien khai cac chien lupc phdt trien cho cum.
Can cii theo cap dp quan tri, cac chinh sach CLKN d chau Au dugc phan chia thanh bdn cap dp: chinh sdch chung cua EU, chinh sach quoc gia, chinh sach viing (regional policy) va chinh sach dia phuang: thanh phd hay bang (local policy), tuy nhien, chinh sach dia phuang va chinh sach viing thudng cd nhieu net tuong ddng, vi thi bdi viit se gdp hai cip dp nay, gpi chung Id chinh sdch vung (xem Hinh I). Ve ban chit, chinh sach CLKN qudc gia khdng don thuin la mdt chinh sdch cua nha nude, thay vao dd, ludn cd sir gin kit vai vai trd cua chinh quyen cap viing/dia phuang. Chinh phii thdng thudng ddng vai trd thiit ki, cung cip ngan sdch, tao mdi trudng phat trien cho cac cum va doanh nghiep; trong khi dd, chinh quyen cap dia phuang mdi la cac chii the thi hanh nhung chinh sdch nay. Vi thi, d nhieu qudc gia, chinh sach CLKN cip qudc gia va chinh sdch CLKN cdp vimg thudng cd mdi lien he khd chat che.
Hinh 1: Cac cap dp chinh sach doi vol Cap do khu virc EU
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Cap do quoc gia
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Cap d9 vung
Ciim lien kit nganh
!!hinh sdch "tir tren \ u o n g "
mot CLKN ff chau Au Cum lien ket nganh
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12- - NhCrng vin di KINH Tg VA CHiNH TRj THt Gldl S6 6(230) 201.'
Le Thj Ai Lam - Nguyen Hong Nga Chinh sach cym lien ket nganh cua cua EU Theo Pachura (2008), chinh sach CLKN
khdng dan gidn chi la mpt hdnh vi can thiep rieng biet cua nha nude hay cua chinh quyen dia phucmg. Trdi lai, do la su ket hop cua nhieu chinh sach khac nhau va d nhieu cap dp khdc nhau.
Mdt chinh sdch CLKN dugc vi nhu tuong tac trong so do vdng xodn ba (triple helix) vdi su tham gia ciia ba chii the Id doanh nghiep, cdc co sd nghien cuu khoa hpc/trudng dai hpc va nhd nude (md hinh ba nha: nha nude, nha nghien ciiu va nhd doanh nghiep). Trong thoi gian dau, phan ldn cac chinh sach d chdu Au deu dugc tiep can "tir tren xudng" vdi vai trd chu dao cua nhd nude hoac chinh quyen dia phuang (vi du nhu quyet dinh thanh lap mdt CLKN). Tuy nhien, nhiing nam gin day, cdc chinh sach nay khdng cdn la dac quyin rieng ciia chinh phu ma cdn cd su tham gia ciia cac chil the ngodi nhd nude nhu doanh nghiep, cac to chiic nghien cihi, cac trudng dai hpc vd xa hpi ddn sir... (Borras vd Tsagdis, 2008). Chinh doanh nghiep va cac td chiic nghien ciiu tu nhan thay lpi I'ch cua viec hinh thanh va phat trien CLKN, tir do phdi hgp vdi cac ca quan nhd nude thanh lap va cdng nhan nhiing cum lien ket nay. Vdi each tiep can "tir dudi ISn" nhu vay, ddng luc di hinh thanh cdc CLKN khdng phdi tir nhiing chi thi cua nhd nude ma la yeu cau tir chinh khu vuc doanh nghiep. Do dd, nhiing chinh sach CLKN d chau Au hien nay dugc dam bdo thiit ki vd thue thi theo cd hai hinh thiic "tir tren xudng" va "tir dudi len".
Ngoai ra, chinh sdch CLKN khdng phdi la mdt chinh sdch dpc lap, thay vao dd la su ket hop ciia nhieu chinh sdch nhu chinh sach cdng nghiep, chinh sach ddi mdi, chinh sach cdng nghe vd khoa hpc, chinh sdch phat trien viing va dia phuang.
Phan dudi day se tim hieu nhiing chinh sach CLKN d chdu Au dua tren cdch tiep can da chiiu: theo chieu dpc (cap dp quan tri) vd chieu ngang (cac chinh sach muc tieu). Ddng thdi, khdi niem chinh sdch CLKN trong bai viet ndy cung tinh tdi cdc sdng kien vd chuong trinh CLKN (cluster initiatives/programs) - nhiing no
luc hgp tdc chung giiia doanh nghidp, chinh phu va cdc td chirc nghien ciiu trong viec nang cao kha ndng canh tranh va thiic diy tang trudng ciia cdc CLKN.
2. Cac chinh sach cum lien kit nganh at chau Au
2.1. Chinh sdch cua EU
Su ra ddi cua Lien minh chau Au nam 1993 da ddnh diu nhiing thay ddi co ban trong chinh sach kinh ti cua khu vuc, dang chii y la cac chinh sdch CLKN. Muc tieu xay dung, ddi mdi, nang cao tinh sang tao va canh tranh d cac CLKN trd thanh uu tien sd mdt trong chinh sdch cdng nghiep mdi cua EU, dugc quy dinh cu thi trong nhiiu van kien ciia Oy ban chau Au (EC) nhu "Chinh sdch cong nghiep mdi cua chdu Au" ndm 2002, "Ddi mdi vi mdt chdu Au canh tranh" nam 2004... Cac chinh sach CLKN trd thanh mdt nhan td quan trpng trong cac chuang trinh phdt triin kinh ti vT md ciia khu vuc, dac biet Id "Chien luge Tdng trudng vd viec lam" va dugc xep vdo mpt trong chin uu tien chien luge hang dau cua EU trong cdng cudc ddi mdi. Nam 2008, EC da keu gpi phdt trien cdc CLKN thanh cac CLKN tam cd the gidi nhdm tang sire canh tranh cua chau Au, hudng tdi viec thirc thi nhiing chinh sdch CLKN hieu qud, tang cudng hgp tac giiia cac nude thdnh vien vd day nhanh ti6n trinh hgp nhat cac SMEs sdng tao thanh cac CLKN. CLKN ciing dugc nhdn manh la chia khda quan trpng cho chien luge chuyen mdn hda thdng minh (smart specialization strategies) ciia khu vuc.
Cd the ndi, EC (hay EU) nam giii vai trd ndng cdt va xuyen sudt trong qud trinh ban hdnh va thue thi cac chinh sach CLKN d chau Au, thirc hien vai trd ho trp phdt trien cdc CLKN ndy tren khip khu vuc. Cac chinh sdch CLKN ciia EU chii yeu hudng tdi:
Thir nhdt, hd trg va tao mdi trudng thuan lgi cho viec trien khai chinh sdch CLKN cip qudc gia, viing va dia phuong bang viec go bd cac rao can ddi vdi thucmg mai, diu tu vd lao dpng nhdp cu trong khu vuc. Nhiing chinh sach nay Nhijng vin di KINH T S VA CHINH TRj TH^ Gldl So 6(230} 2015-
Chinh sach cum lien ket nganh ciia ciia EU Le Thj Ai Lam - Nguyen Hong Nga
la nen mdng cho qud trinh phan bd ngudn luc va qua trinh chuyen mdn hda trong cac CLKN.
Thir hai, tao dpng lire vd nang cao hieu qud thue thi cac chinh sach CLKN cip qudc gia va viing thdng qua thiic day cdc chien luge hgp tdc da phuong giiia cac nude hay chiin luge chia se kinh nghiem trong thi hanh chinh sach CLKN.
Thir ba, ho trg thdnh lap mdi vd md rpng cac CLKN thdng qua quy dau tu cho cac co sd nghien ciiu, cho hoat ddng ddi mdi vd sdng tao, cung nhu k6u gpi cdc sdng kiin ho trg CLKN tdi da hda hieu qud hoat dpng.
Thic tu, phdt triin nhiing CLKN xuyen qudc gia thdng qua cdc chinh sdch CLKN d cip dp
khu vuc, vi du nhu, khuyen khich cdc cum chia se thong tin vd phd bien kinh nghiem thue ti.
Ve mat td chiic, mdt trong nhiing budc di dau tien ciia EC la thdnh lap cac the chi d cip do khu vuc, tao dieu kien cho su phat triin vd hgp tdc giiia cac CLKN. Hoat ddng ciia nhOng md hinh nay giiip tang cudng tinh ket noi giiia cac CLKN, ddng thdi la mdt kenh thdng tin, tu van hftu ich cho EC ciing nhu cdc quoc gia thanh vien. Mdt diem dang chii y la nhiing chinh sach cap khu virc ciing dugc trien khai theo hai hudng "tir tren xudng" vd "tir dudi len". Hinh 2 tdm tdt mdt sd hoat ddng ndi bdt trong chinh sdch CLKN ciia chdu Au cdp do khu vuc trong giai doan 2000 - 2014.
Hinh 2: Tom tat mgt so hoat dgng trong chinh sach CLKN cua EU INNOVA/
PRO-INNOVA 2006: Lien minh CLKN
2008: Nhom chinh sach CLKN Nhdm tir van cao cap
2006: Sing ki^n Theo d6i CLKN
chSu Au
2000 - 2006
2002: Bdo do Giim sdt doanh nghidp vira vi nh6 (SMEs) trong
cdc CLKN
Nhdm Chuyen gia CLKN Chuy€n mon hoa thong minh
2012: Lien minh Cong nghidp
S^ng tao
Dien dan CLKN trong cac nganh cdng
!ghiep mffi nhi
2008. Bdn ghi nhd CLKN chau Au
2006: LSp ban do cac CLKN nong EU-IO
2010: Kign nghj nh6m chinh sdch CLKN
2008: Khieu nai doi vdi t)y ban chau Au CLKN
Ngudn: Lindqvist. Goran & Ketels, Christian & Solvell, Orjan (2012).
- Nhang vin di KINH T t VA CHJNH TRj T H t GICTI S6 6(230) 2015
Le Thj Ai Lam - Nguyen Hong Nga Chinh sach cum lien ket nganh ciia cua EU Nhung nd lire quan trpng cd the ke tdi nhu:
i) Sdng kiin INNOVA (2007) vd PRO INNOVA (2006). Dugc coi Id mot trong nhiing chinh sdch dau tien cua EU true tiep lien quan tdi CLKN. Sdng kiin nay khuyen khich phdt trien CLKN tren co sd doi moi, trong dd hd trg phdt trien md hinh cac SMEs sdng tao trong cum, ddng thdi hinh thanh mang kit ndi giiia cac CLKN xuyen qudc gia trong EU.
ii) Sang kien Theo doi CLKN chau Au (European Cluster Observatory-ECO): thdnh lap Nhdm Tu vin cao cip (A High Level Advisory Group) nam 2006 vdi ehiic ndng cung cap thdng tin, lap bdn do, phan tich va danh gid hoat dpng cua cdc CLKN. Nhdm quy tu nhiing chuyen gia hang dau ve phat trien CLKN, gidi hpc gid, cdng ddng doanh nghiep, cac hiep hdi cdng nghiep, hiep hdi vimg, dai dien cdc du an do PRO INNO vd INNOVA tai trg... Ndm 2008, Nhdm thdng qua "Bdn ghi nhd CLKN chdu Au", khang dinh cam ket giita cdc qudc gia thanh vien ddi vdi sii menh phat triin CLKN, ddng thdi dua ra di xuit, kien nghi cho EC nhdm nang cao chat lugng chinh sach CLKN.
iii) Lien minh CLKN chau Au (European Cluster Alliance) ra ddi nam 2006 vdi vai trd nhu mdt diln dan md cho chinh phii va chinh quyin dia phuong tien hanh ddi thoai vd gdp y cho EC vi cac vin di lien quan tdi phat trien chinh sdch CLKN vd quan tri CLKN d cip vimg va qudc gia. Ddy Id mdt trong nhiing md hinh td chiic "tir dudi len" thdng qua nd luc hpp tac ciia cac chii the Nhd nude va dia phuong nhu cac bd, chinh quyen thanh phd, cac co quan ddi mdi...
iv) Nhdm chinh sdch CLKN chau Au (European Cluster Policy Group) chia se va phd biin cdc chinh sach CLKN, kinh nghiem cua cac qudc gia nhdm ho trg cdc nude trong phat triin CLKN.
v) Dien ddn Ddi mdi cdc CLKN chau Au (European Innovation Platforms for Cluster) vd
Diin dan Hop tac giiia cdc CLKN chau Au (European Cluster Collaboration Platform): tang cudng hpp tdc xuyen qudc gia giua cac td chiic CLKN, tiin hdnh thir nghiem vd danh gia cdc cdng cu hd trg ddi mdi, sang tao va canh tranh cho cac doanh nghiep trong cum, dac biet Id SMEs.
vi) Lien minh cdng nghiep sang tao chau Au (European Creative Industries Alliance): thiic diy trao ddi vd hpc tap chinh sdch CLKN giOia cdc qudc gia vdi trpng tam ddi mdi va canh tranh, cdch tiip can vdi ngudn tai chinh vd hgp tac. Muc tieu chung ciia sang kiin ndy la tim kiim cac cdng cu chinh sdch hidu qud cho chien luge phdt triin cac nganh cdng nghiep sang tao va CLKN sang tao.
v i tai chinh, mdt phin khdng nhd trong ngan sach phdt triin chdu Au da dugc EC trich rieng cho cdng tac hd trg hoat ddng R&D, ddi mdi sdng tao va nang cao nang lire canh tranh ciia khu vuc, trong dd bao gdm cac boat ddng ddnh cho CLKN. Tinh rieng trong giai doan 2007 - 2013, 24% tren tdng sd 308 ty euro cua Quy Ca cau chdu Au (Structural Fund) da .dugc phan bd cho cac chuang trinh ddi mdi, dau tu cho gido due cung nhu tang cudng ket ndi giiia cdc td chiic nghien cihi vd cdc doanh nghiep tu nhdn trong cum (EC, 2007). Ben canh do cdn cd 54 ty euro ciia Chuang trinh Nghien cim va triin khai (R&D) thir 7 va 3,6 ty euro cua Chucmg trinh Ddi mdi vd Sang tao. "Khudn khd vien trg nha nude" (Framework for State Aid) thdng qua nam 2006 ciing quy dinh cu the nhiing khoan ho trg ciia nhd nude ddnh cho hoat ddng nghien ciiu, phdt trien va ddi mdi CLKN d chau Au, dac biet la cung cap vdn ddu tu cho qua trinh xay dung vd md rdng cdc cum cdng nghiep sang tao (dau tu co sd vat chit, cdng tac ddo tao, huan luyen...).
Nhu vay, chinh sach CLKN d cip dp khu vuc EU cd vai trd dinh hudng vd hd trg tdi chinh, thiic day cac chiin luge ddi mdi ciing nhu nang cao nang luc canh tranh d cac CLKN, song cac chinh sach ndy cdn khd chung chung
NhOng vin di KINH T t VA CHINH TR! THt GIOI So 6(230) 2015- 15
Chinh sach cgm lien ket nganh cua ciia EU Le Thj Ai Lam - Nguyen Hong Nga va chil yeu dimg lai d nhiing can thiep gidn tiep
ben ngodi. Khd nang tao dot pha vd chuyen bien cho cdc CLKN tir nhiing chinh sach nay cdn phu thudc kha nhiiu vao hieu qua ciia nhiing tdc ddng "tir dudi len" - cdc quyet sdch d cdp dp vimg va qudc gia ciing nhu hanh vi cua cac chii the ngoai nhd nude khdc.
2.2. Chinh sdch CLKN & chp do quoc gia 0 cap dp qudc gia, cac chinh sach CLKN diu tien duoc biit den d cac
nude Tay Au niia dau thap nien 1990 va sau do la Trung vd Ddng Au nhiing ndm 2000 nhu mdt phan trong tien trinh dan chii hda d khu vuc.
Tinh den nay, cac chinh sach CLKN da dupe nhiiu qudc gia lira chgn nhu mdt trong nhirng chinh sdch kinh te quan trpng, mac dii d moi qudc gia miic dp quan trgng ciia nhiing chinh sach nay lai cd su khac biet (Kutsenko &
Meissner, 2013).
Bang I: ThM diem lihoi dong chinh sach CLKN quoc gia ff mgt so nirdc EU
Tnrdc nim 2000
Ao Dire Phan Lan Ha Lan Tay Ban Nha Thuy Dien Anh
Giai doan 2000 - 2005 Cpng Hda Sec Bi Phdp Hy Lap Ireland Luxembourg Malta Slovenia
Sau nam 2005 Bungari
Cpng Hda Sip Estonia Latvia Lithuania Ba Lan Bd Dao Nha Romania Slovakia Nguon: Barsoumian, Astrid vd Titus (2011).
Tinh din thang 10/2008, theo thing ke cua ECO d 26/31 qudc gia chau Au, cd 69 chuang trinh CLKN cap quoc gia da va dang dugc triin khai (Oxford Research AS, 2008) cimg khoang 130 bien phap hd trg cac CLKN dupe dang ky (EC, 2007). Da sd cac nude trong khu vuc diu cd tii 1 din 2 chuong trinh CLKN cip qudc gia, cd biet d mpt so nude con sd ndy len tdi 6 - 8 chucmg trinh. Cde chinh sach CLKN diu hudng tdi muc tieu ddi mdi va canh tranh, vi thi, phan nira trong so ndy lien quan tdi chinh sach cdng nghiep vd doanh nghiep, niia cdn lai la cac chinh sdch ddi mdi khoa hpc vd cdng nghe.
Phin ldn cac chucmg trinh diu hudng trpng tam tdi ddi tugng doanh nghiep tu nhan (trong dd.
31/69 chuang trinh CLKN qudc gia tap tmng vao cac SMEs) vd cac td chiic nghien ciiu, phat triin (58/69 chucmg trinh) (Oxford Research AS, 2008). Rat it cac chuang trinh lira chpn cac td chiic giao due hay cdc ca quan nha nude lam muc tieu. Ngudn vdn sir dung cho cdc chuang trinh ndy chii yeu la tir ngan sach nha nude (63%), ngodi ra cdn huy ddng tu Quy Co cau chau Au (13%) ciing nhu cae ngudn quy phdl triin vung va doanh nghiep khac!.. (OxfonJ Research AS, 2008).
O cap quoc gia, co quan quyin luc cao nhat chiu trdch nhiem ban hdnh va thue thi cac chinh sach CLKN la cac bd. Trong sd 31 nude chau
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- NhCmg vin di KINH T t VA CHiNH TRj THE Gldl S6 6(230) 2015Le Thj Ai Lam - Nguyen Hong Nga Chi'nh sach cgm lien ket nganh ciia ciia EU Au, 13 nude trao trdch nhiem nay cho hai bd, da
phan Id d cac nude Tay Au, sd cdn lai chi giao cho 1 bd ddm trdch. Trong dd d 16 nude, nhiem vu nay dugc giao cho Bp Cdng nghiep, 14 nude giao cho Bd Tai chinh/Kinh te, va 9 nude giao cho Bp Nghien ciiu va Khoa hpe, ngoai ra cdn cd them mdt sd cac bp khac tham gia vao qua trinh nay. Ddi vdi edc chinh sdch CLKN cdp qudc gia, cdc bd cd nhiem vu xay dung chien luge tdng the, du todn ngan sach va thdnh lap cac CO quan true thupc chi'nh phii cd lien quan.
Bd phan nay sau do se ket hgp hodc chi dinh chinh quyen ciia timg viing, dia phuang trien khai cac chinh sdch da de ra.
Cac chinh sach CLKN d cap qudc gia d chdu Au tap trung vdo nhiing ndi dung chinh dudi day:
Thu nhdt, d cap dp vi md, cac chinh sach CLKN hudng tdi viSc tao dung mdi trudng kinh doanh Idnh manh cho doanh nghiep, thdng qua qua trinh cai td he thdng luat phap va the che, cai thien co sd vat chat ha tang. Ddng thdi, chinh phii cung cd trdch nhiem trong viec trien khai cac chinh sach vi md tao dieu ki6n thuan lgi cho boat dpng kinh doanh ciia doanh nghiep nhu chinh sdch tdi khda, lao ddng, khoa hpc cdng nghe, giao due, chinh sdch hd trg cac doanh nghiep vira vd nhd (SMEs) va chinh sach canh tranh... Trong dd, hdu het qudc gia chau Au deu tap trung vao cac chinh sach nhu hd trg phat trien SMEs, tdng dau tu cdng, gidm thue...
Thic hai, 6 cap dp vi md cum vd doanh nghiep trong cum, cac chinh sach qudc gia cd vai trd quan trpng trong viec nang cao nang lire eanh tranh, tao ddng luc cho qud trinh ddi mdi sdng tao va phat trien ben vung. Cu the la:
i) Chinh sdch ddi mdi, R&D: trong dd bao gdm ddi mdi phuong thiic san xuat, san pham va dich vu, thuong mai hda cac sdn phdm nghien ciiu. Cdc qudc gia chdu Au dac biet chii trpng xay dung mang ket ndi vd phat trien md hinh ba nhd "triple helix" giiia nha nude -
doanh nghiep - td chirc nghien ciru, tdng cudng hgp tac giira cac doanh nghiep Ciing nhu giiJa khdi doanh nghiep vdi khu vuc nghien ciiu va cac trudng dai hpc. Mdt trong nhiing cdng cy rit phd biin d chau Au vd Id nhan td quan trpng trong chinh sach CLKN cua cdc qudc gia EU do Id xay dung vd phat trien mang ludi cac "vudn uom doanh nghiep" (incubators) trai rdng khdp qudc gia vd cd kha ndng ket ndi todn cau. Vudn uom doanh nghiep dugc coi Id cdng cu xiic tien phdt triin SMEs bing viec cung cip phuang tien lao ddng, ho trg thdnh lap doanh nghiep mdi, vd giiip cdc doanh nghiep ket ndi vdi nha diu tu eiing nhu khach hdng tiem nang. Phdn Lan la mpt nuoc di dau trong viec gdn chinh sach R&D qudc gia vdi cdc CLKN. Theo do, nude ndy dua ra mot chuang trinh Trung tam chuyen gia (Centre of Expertise Programme).
Chuang trinh Trung tam chuyen gia ciia Phan Lan Id chuong trinh qudc gia hd trg hoat dpng R&D cho cdc doanh nghiep trong dd cd cdc CLKN, bang each ket ndi doanh nghiep vdi cdc trudng dai hpc va trung tam nghien ciiu. Nhiing trung tam chuyen mdn ndy dugc ddt trong cdc khu cdng vien khoa hpc vd cdng nghe cao nhdm chuyen giao bi quyet san xuat (know-how) cung nhung san pham sang tao mdi nhdt tdi doanh nghiep d cac CLKN. Trong sudt han 20 nam trien khai, 20 khu cdng vien khoa hpc va han 30 trung tam chuyen mdn trai khdp cac thanh phd ciia Phan Lan da dupe thanh lap, thiet lap mdt mang ludi cac khu cdng ngh6 va trung tdm nghien ciiu tren toan qudc, cung cap dpi ngu cdc chuyen gia hdng dau ve cdng nghe, cac dich vu tu van vd gido due, ciing nhu cde vudn uom doanh nghiep.
Dac biet, nhiing du an uom mim doanh nghiep da san sinh ra nhieu cdng ty cdng nghe mdi, nhanh chdng ldn manh va phii sdng khdp the gidi. Ddnh gid sa bd kit qud ciia chuong trinh nay giai doan 1999 - 2006, han 1.300 doanh nghiep mdi da dugc thanh Idp, tao ra tdi 13.000 viec lam mdi. Nhiing khu cdng nghe vd trung tam nghien ciiu lai tiip tuc kit ndi vdi NhOng vin di KINH T 6 VA CHINH TRj THfi GIOI So 6(230) 2015-
Chinh sach cgm lien ket nganh ciia ciia EU Le Thj Ai l a m - Nguyen Hong Nga
nhau, khdng chi trong nude ma cdn md rpng mang ludi ra khu vuc Scandinavia vd qudc tS, hinh-thdnh nen mdt mdi trudng ddi mdi sdng tao ndng ddng d qudc gia ndy. Vi the ciia cac thucmg hieu noi tiing the gidi nhu dien thoai Nokia hay ddng hd do nhip tim Polar Electro la mdt phin trong nhiing thdnh tuu ndi bat cua chinh sach sang-tao va ddi mdi d Phan Lan.
Chuang trinh nay cGng tiep tuc dugc trien khai cho giai doan 2007 - 2013 tai 13 CLKN vdi 21 trung tam chuyen mdn dugc thdnh lap.
ii) Phat triin doanh nghiep, dac biet la ndng cao siic canh tranh cua doanh nghiep: thiic ddy hoat dpng cua doanh nghiep, thdng qua cac chucmg trinh diy manh xuat khau, thu hiit vdn diu tu FDl cho doanh nghiep, cung cdp cac dich vu kinh doanh va tien hdnh qudc te hda doanh nghiep (tang cudng hop tdc thuang mai - khuyen khich cac doanh nghiep tuong tdc ldn nhau, vi du nhu hinh thiic mua chung nguyen li$u dau vao). Ben canh do, xay dung tieu chudn qudc gia ddi vdi hoat ddng cita doanh nghiep vira phii hop vdi dac thu ciia timg nude song van bdt kip vdi cdc tieu chudn qudc te, tien hdnh giam sdt, dieu chinh vd ddnh gid boat ddng cua doanh nghiep.
Ireland, Thuy Dien, Tay Ban Nha va Phap...
deu trien khai cac chinh saeh qudc gia thu hiit FDI cho cdc CLKN (ECO, 2007 e,f). Trong chucmg trinh qudc gia VISANU, mpt trong nhiing chuang trinh trpng diem qudc gia ve chinh sach CLKN d Thuy Dien, Co quan Diu tu Thuy Dien ISA (Invest in Sweden Agency, Bp Ngoai Giao) da trien khai nhieu cdng cu nham quang ba hinh dnh eiia Thuy Diin, cdc CLKN vd lgi the so sanh ciia nude ndy, nhim tim kiem vd keu gpi ngudn vdn nude ngoai phii hgp vdi the manh ciia cac CLKN d Thuy Diin (dac thu cua cac CLKN nude nay chi cd lgi thi d mdt vai ITnh vuc nhat djnh).
iii) Nang cao chat lugng ngudn nhdn luc.
Chinh sdch lien quan tdi yeu td eon ngudi ludn Id mpt trong nhung chinh sdch then chdt nhdm duy tri kha nang canh tranh ciia CLKN. Chinh
phii cac nude ludn dam bao ngudn eung lao dpng cd tay nghe trong ddi han thdng qua cac chuong trinh thu hiit sinh vien (trong vimg hoac trong mdt ITnh vuc cu the), xay dung cac chiin lupc quoc gia ve ndng cao ndng luc qudn ly, to chirc cac chuang trinh day nghe va dao tao ky thuat, diu tu CO sd vat chdt ha tang ciing nhu ndng cao chat lugng giang day, ddo tao va nghien cihi cho cac trudng dai hgc, cac trung tam nghien cim.
iv) Chinh sach phat triin CLKN bin viing.
Cd thi ndi, phat trien ben viing hien nay la moi trong nhung chiin luge hang dau ciia cac quoc gia Uen thi gidi, dac biet la d nhiing nen kinh te phat triin nhu chau Au. Vi the, cdc chinh sach CLKN gin vdi tdng trudng bin vGng cd mat a hiu hit cac qudc gia d khu vuc nay. Ddng chii y nhit trong sd dd la Chuong trinh "Doi mdi xanh" (eco-innovation), khuyen khich cac CLKN sir dung cdng nghe mdi tien tiin, cung cip cdc sdn phdm va dich vu sang tao co kha ndng gidm thieu toi da tac ddng tieu cue doi vot mdi trudng va tdi thieu hda mice dp d nhiem tii boat ddng san xuat kinh doanh. Chinh sach doi mdi xanh trong cac CLKN dugc ehinh phii ciia rat nhieu qudc gia trien khai nhu Bulgari, Cgng hda Sec, Estonia, Phan Lan, Phdp, Diic, Hy Lap, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Ba Lan, Luxembourg, Lithuiana, Bo Ddo Nha, Slovenia, Slovakia, Tay Ban Nha, Thuy Dien va Anh (Barsoumian etal., 2011).
2.3. Chinh sdch CLKN d cdp dp viing O chau Au, so vdi CLKN qudc gia va xuyen quoe gia thi cdc CLKN cip viing va dia phuong ra ddi sdm hem ca. Cac CLKN vimg dugc biet tdi dau tien d khu vuc la cum sdn xuit thep va ddng tdu tai hat Basque, Tay Ban Nha; sau do IS su nd rd ciia mdt loat cac CLKN nhu cum del may Emilia-Romagna vd Veneto (Italy), cum cdng nghe Baden-Wiirttemberg va North Rhine- Westphalia (Dire), cum d td Styria (Ao), va cm dugc pham Oresund (Thuy Diin)... Nhiing chinh sach CLKN ddu tien dugc biit tdi cung li nhiing chinh sdch ddnh cho cac CLKN cip viing
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- NhOng vin di KINH Tfi VA CHINH TRj T H t GIOI So 6(230) 201SLe Thj Ai lam - Nguyen Hong Nga Chinh sach cgm lien ket nganh ciia cua EU vao khodng giua thap nien 1970, va da trdi qua
nhieu giai doan phdt trien. Mdi day nhdt la giai doan 2007 - 2013 vdi muc tieu thiie diy phat trien cde CLKN sang tao khdng chi d khu vuc thanh thi md cdn md rpng ra khu vuc ndng thdn. Hien nay, cd khoang 88 chuong trinh CLKN cdp vimg dang dugc trien khai d 17 quoc gia chdu Au (Oxford Research AS, 2008).
O hau het edc nude, chinh sach CLKN cap qudc gia vd cdp viing cd mdi quan he kha chat che. Thdng thudng, mdt nude niu coi chinh sdch CLKN qudc gia quan trgng thi se coi cdc chinh sdch cap vimg quan trpng vd nguge lai.
Ngoai trir mdt sd trudng hop dde biet nhu d Ao, Tdy Ban Nha va Dan Mach, chinh sach CLKN cap vung cd vai trd quan trpng hon ban cdc chinh sdch cap qudc gia (Obadic Alka, 2013). Nhin chung, d mdi qudc gia vd mdi viing lai dp dung nhiing chinh sdch
CLKN khdc nhau tuy theo dac trung rieng cua timg khu vuc dia ly.
Trong s6 88 chucmg trinh CLKN cip vimg dang dugc triin khai, thi cd mpt sd chuong trinh hudng din phat triin vung, mpt sd nhdm den phat triin cdng nghiep vd mdt s6 khdc, ddt trong tam vao hai ITnh vuc khoa hpc va cdng nghe, trong do cdc chuang trinh tap trung vdo phat triin vung Id nhiiu nhat, chiem den 52/88.
Tuong tu vdi cde chinh sdch cap qudc gia, chinh sdch CLKN cip viing cung hudng tdi nhiing ddi tugng muc tieu Id cac doanh nghiep, trung tam nghien eiiu, td chiic giao due va bd mdy chinh quyin dia phuong, song nhdm muc tieu chinh van Id cac SMEs. Nhimg chinh sach cip vimg chii yiu xoay quanh hai nhiem vu tdng quat la ho trg tdi chinh va khuydn khich cac CLKN hinh thanh mang ludi di chia se kinh nghiem.
Bdng 3: Chinh sach phit trien CLKN cap vung o cac nirdc chau Au Ho trp doanh nghiep
Thu hiit
Ho trg CO sd ha tang
Cung cap thdng tin
Ho trg dao tao.
nghien cihi vd tuyen dung
Hd trg hgp tac
Ho trp tai chinh Tu van
Chinh sdch thu hut edc doanh nghiep tham gia vdo Co sd vat chat ha tang
Td chirc gido due (ha tdng kien thiic) Trung tam cdng nghe va dich vu Cac td chiic CLKN khac Trong ITnh vuc cdng nghe Trong ITnh vuc kinh doanh Thi trudng va xuat khau Chuang trinh giao due vd dao tao Chucmg trinh nghien ciiu Dam bao co che linh ddng
Chuong trinh hgp tdc va xay dung mang ludi Thiic ddy tuong tdc xa hdi
CLKN
Nguon: European Commission. 2002.
NhOng vin di KINH T t VA CHiNH TRj THt Gldl So 6(230) 2015-
Chinh sach cgm lien ket nganh ciia ciia EU Le Thj Ai I5m - Nguyen Hong Nga Phan Idn cdc chinh sach CLKN cap vimg
dugc thiet ke va trien khai bdi chinh quy8n dia phuang theo each tbuc tiep can "tir tren xudng".
Nhiing ITnh vue trpng tam ma edc chinh sach CLKN vimg hudng tdi la: i) ho trg tai chinh cho cdc doanh nghiep; ii) ho trg co sd ha tdng (vat chit va tri thirc); iii) hd trp cac chuong trinh gido due, ddo tao; va iv) cdc chuong trinh hgp tdc va hinh thanh mang ludi.
Mac dii vdy, d mdt so vimg chinh sdch CLKN ciing dugc xdy dung "hi dudi I6n" vdi sir tham gia rat tich cue cua khu vuc tu nhan (Kiese, 2013). Doanh nghiep tu tao dung hinh anh ciia minh, nang eao tinh hieu qud trong boat ddng san xudt, sau dd tu nguyen lien kit vdi nhau cung nhu vdi cdc td chiic nghien ciiu phat trien. Nha nude chi ddng vai trd hd trg va theo chan boat ddng ciia nhdm lien kit nay. Chinh vi thi, nhOng CLKN td chiic theo md hinh nay thudng cd tinh tu chii rit Idn. Do dd, cdc chinh sdch ciing dugc hoach dinh theo nhu ciu vd chiin luge ciia chinh doanh nghiep hon Id tir nhiing can thiep ciia nhd nude hay chinh quyin dia phucmg.
3. Ket luan va mot so bai hoc Itinh nghiem Thdng qua phan tieh cdc chinh sdch CLKN d chdu Au, cd thi nit ra mdt sd bdi hpc kinh nghiem cho qud trinh hoach dinh va triin khai cdc chinh sdch CLKN nhu sau:
Thir nhdt, chinh phii cdc nude chii trpng va khuyin khich viec xay dung vd thue thi cdc ehinh sach "tir dudi len", vdi sir tham gia ciia cac cdng ty tu nhan vd cac ben lien quan tai dia phuang. Mdt trong sd nhung dac diim ndi bat nhit trong cac chinh sach CLKN d chau Au la su ket hpp chdt che, linh ddng giua each tiip can "lu tren xudng" va "tir dudi len" trong qud trinh ban hanh vd thirc thi chi'nh sach CLKN.
Viec coi trpng va phdt huy vai trd ciia chinh quyin dia phuang vd cac cdng ty tu nhan khi thiit ki va triin khai cac chinh sach CLKN cua
EU va cua cac qudc gia trong khu vuc d§ tao ra hieu qua ro ret ddi vdi su phat triin cua cdc eiim cung nhu vdi tdng trudng kinh ti d dia phuong va qudc gia. Sir tham gia cua dia phucmg va doanh nghiep giiip can bdng va hdi hda lgi ich ciia dia phucmg vdi nguyen vgng ciia nha nude, dong thdi, cac chinh sach se phii hop hon vdi nhiing dde thu va dinh hudng phdt triin, dinh hudng chinh tri cua timg vung. Ben canh do, cdc chuang trinh vd sang kien qudc gia ddi voi CLKN can dugc thiet ke ddng nhdt vdi cac chien luge CLKN cua khu vuc, ciing nhu giuB cdc chinh sach cap viing can dam bdo su ddng bd vdi cac chinh sdch d cap do qudc gia.
Tha hai, nhd nude phdi hgp chat che vdi chinh quyen d cde dia phucmg tien hdnh dinh vj, lap ban dd, ddnh gia boat dpng ciia cdc CLKN va cdng bd rpng rai thdng tin ve cac cum. Day la nhiem vu quan trgng khi xay dung cdc chien luge phdt trien CLKN cip vung va qudc gia, cung nhu la tiin de co ban cho viec hinh thanh va md rpng mang ludi kit ndi giira cac CLKN lien vung vd xuyen qudc gia. Dac biet, cin thiic diy viec hinh thdnh nhung mang ludi kit nii giiia doanh nghiep vdi cdc td chirc nghien ciiu, khuyen khich thuang mai hda cac sdn phdm nghien ciiu, va md rdng pham vi ciia nhiing mang ludi ndy.
Thu ba, triin khai va ddm bao cdc chinh sach kinh te vT md tao diiu kien thudn lgi cho viec thue thi chinh sach CLKN va cho su phdt triin cua cdc CLKN, dac biet la cac SMEs trong cum. Ngoai ra, cac chinh sdch nay eung cSn dam bdo CLKN thue su Id cdng cu thiic diy nang lire canh tranh, ddi mdi vd tang trudng. Do dd, chinh phii thue thi nhirng chinh sdch vT mo lien quan tdi CLKN nhu chinh sach ddi mdi, phdt trien ngudn nhan lire, thu hut FDI, phat tnen SMEs... Rd rang la cdc chinh sach cua nha nude la each hieu qud nhit di tao ra mot moi trudng lanh manh cho sir phdt triin cua cac cum, vi the cin ddm bao viec thiit ki chinh 20- - NhOng vin di KINH T t VA CHINH TRj THt GIOI S6 6(230) 2015
Lg Thj Ai Lam - Nguyen HSng Nga Chinh sach cgm lien kgt ngdnh ciia ciia EU sdch phai thue ti, phu hgp vdi dde diim ciia cua doanh nghiep. Nha nude va chinh quyen dia timg dia phuang vd eua qudc gia ciing nhu cin phucmg, mOt mdt, khuyin khich bdng tai ehinh lien tuc dieu chinh nhGng chinh sdch ndy di kip hodc cdc co chi chinh sach thuan lgi de tdng tinh thdi thich iing vdi nhiing bien ddng d dia hieu qua hoat dpng doanh nghiep. NIdt khdc, phuang va qudc gia. doanh nghiep eiing ty cai td, dam bao chuyen Thir tu, nha nude, chinh quyin dia phuong mdn hda sdn xuit, thu hiit lire lugng lao ttdng cung nhu ban than cac doanh nghiep chii trgng tnnh do cao va kmh doanh bin vung (dam bdo tdi nhimg cdi each trong hoat dpng kinh doanh cac yiu td vi mdi trudng va trdch nhiem xa hdi)»
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Chinh sach cgm lien ket nganh cua cua EU l e Thj Ai Lam - Nguyen Hong Nga
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- NhCing vin di KINH Jt \lK CHiNH TR[ T H i Gl&l S6 6(230) 2015
