Vai tro cua khoa hoc xa hoi trong hoach dinh chinh sach quan ly va sfr dung d§t dai
Dang Thj Phuffng'
' Vi^n Tii di^n hpc va Bach khoa thu Vift Nam, Vien Hin lam Khoa hgc xa hpi Viet Nam.
Email: [email protected]
Nhan ng&y 5 thfing 2 nkm 2019. Chip nhan d3ng ngay 7 thang 6 nam 2019.
Tom tat: KJioa hpc xa hoi la mpt ITnh vyc tri thitc dac thii, nghien ciiu tim hidu vd con ngudi va xa hgi nham nam bat cac quy luat xa hgi. Cac quy luat xa hpi vira mang tinh khach quan vira mang tinh chii quan, co vai trd quan trpng dd hoach djnh cac chinh sach, chii truang, dudng I6i ciia Dang va phap lu^t ctia Nha nudc. Vai trd cua khoa hpc xa hpi ngay cang dugc khing dinh trong vi?c hoach djnh dirdng loi, chfnh sach phat tridn dit nudc ndi chung, cung nhu dudng loi chinh sach quan li va sit dung dat dai ndi rieng. Tuy nhien, hi?n tai hieu qua cac cong trinh nghien cim ciia khoa hpc xa hgi chua cao, tinh dy bao chua dat. Dieu do ddi hdi c6 nhiing giai phap thich hgp di nang cao hon nira vai tro ciia khoa hpc xa hpi hien nay.
Tir khoa: Vai trd ciia khoa hpc xa hgi, hogch djnh chinh sach, quan ly va sii dung dit dai.
Phan loai nganh: Luat hpc
Abstract: Social sciences are a particular field of knowledge, which studies humans and society to grasp the laws of society. The laws are both objective and subjective, playing an important role in planning the Party's policies and guidelines and the State's legislation. The role of social sciences has been increasingly afTirmed in planning policies and guidelines for national development in general, as well as those for land management and use in particular. However, currently, the efTectiveness of research projects of social sciences is not yet high, and that of their forecasts is not yet as needed.
That requires appropriate solutions to enhance the role of social sciences further today.
Keywords: Role of social sciences, policy making, land management and use.
Subject classification: Jurisprudence
I.Mffdau hge ngudi Anh, William Petty (1623-1687) ed mdt luan didm ndi tidng "lao ddng la cha, Dit dai la tai san qudc gia cd vai yd quan dit la me ciia eai vat ehat". Trong Luat Dat trpng ddi vdi ddi sdng xa hdi. Nha kinh td dai 1993 eung ed ghi "Dit dai la tai nguyen 59
Khoahpcxahoi VietNam, so 8 - 2019 qudc gia vd cling quy gia, la tu lidu san xuat dac bidt, la thanh phan quan trgng hang dau cua mdi trudng sdng, la dia ban phan bd cae khu dan eu, xay dung cac ea sd kinh te, van hda, xa hdi, an ninh va qudc phdng... Trai qua nhidu thd he, nhan dan ta da tdn bao nhieu cdng siic, xuong mau mdi tao lap, bao ve dugc dat dai nhu ngay nay".
Dat dai hidn nay khdng nhiing cd vai trd vd eiing to ldn trong ddi sdng xa hdi ma la mpt tai san ldn cua mdi ngudi, mdi gia dinh va mdi qudc gia. Tir thdi xa xua eac eupc xam lang eua cac nudc ldn vdi cae nude nhd ddu tir muc dieh md rdng bien cuong bd eoi.
Ngay nay, vai trd ciia dat dai ddi vdi mdi qudc gia va mdi gia dinh va mdi ngudi ngay cang trd ldn vd cung quan trpng. Quy dat thi ed gidi han, mdt van dd dat ra la phai bao tdn va giir gin ngudn tai nguydn thien nhien cd gidi ban do.
Khoa hge xa hpi vdi tu each la mgt khoa hge dae thii, cd vai trd quan trpng trong vide hoach dinb chinh sach, chu truong, dudng ldi eua Dang va phap luat cua Nha nude vd quan If va sir dung dat dai. Bai vidt phan tfch vai trd cua khoa hpc xa hdi trong hoach dinh chfnh sach quan ly va su dung dat dai, bao gdm: cung cap cae luan cii khoa hge; ddi mdi tu duy; danh gia thyc tien; va dd xuat giai phap nang eao hidu qua quan ly va sir dung dat dai d Viet Nam hien nay.
2. Cung cap cac luan cu khoa hpc cho viec hoach djnh duong loi, chii truong, chfnh sach ciia Dang va Nha nudc ve quan ly va sir dung dat dai
Khoa hpc xa hdi nghien euu ca sd ly luan, thuc trang chfnh sach quan ly va su dung dat dai Clia Dang va Nha nude trong timg thdi ki, nhung uu didm va ban ehe, tim ra nhiing nguyen nhan eua uu diem va han ehe. Tir do, gdp phin eung cap eac luan cii khoa hpc de
Dang va Nha nude hoach dinh chfnh sach quan If va sii dung dit dai phii hgp vdi timg thdi ki.
6 Viet Nam, thdi ki phong kidn, sd huu dat dai gdm cd rudng cdng dien, edng thd va mdng tu - dat dai thuc chit thudc sd hiiu nha nude dai didn la nha vua. Dae diem chung d eac nudc phong kidn phuong Ddng (Trung Qudc, An Do, Viet Nam...) dit dai thudc sd hiiu nha nude ma dai dien la nha vua. Nha nudc duy tri hoat ddng bd may, tra luong, cap thudng bdng lge cho quan lai bang mgng dat (ehd do ldc didn). Ldc didn la vide vua dai dien cho quyen lue cua nha nudc cap rupng dat cho tang Idp quan lai cap cao trong tridu va eae hoang than qude thfch.
Rupng cong didn gdm hai loai: edng dien thudc sd hiru nha nudc va edng didn thudc sd hiru xa thdn. Rupng cdng thudc sd hiiu nha nudc cd rudng qudc khd (rupng nha nudc trye tiep kinh doanh) va rugng cdng diing dd phan phong [1, tr.l206].
Rupng cdng xa thdn chii ydu diing de nudi binh linh va thuc hidn chinh sach "ngu binh u ndng". Rupng cdng xa thdn thude sd hiru trong pham vi xa thdn. Rudng edng xa thdn khdng thupc sd hiiu ca nhan, cac thanh vidn trong xa thon thay phien nhau cay ciy.
Rupng chi ehia cho nhirng ngudi thidu mdng chir khdng chia cho ngudi cd nhidu mgng.
Nha nudc quan ly chat che vide su dung rupng edng, yanh vide bd hoang. Luat phap cam ban mpng edng.
Nha Ly da tien hanh do dac va xac lap chii quyen ve mpng dit tir khi gianh dugc ehinh quydn. Nha L y c o n g nhan va bao hd vide mua ban rudng dit hgp phap "ban doan rudng hoang, rudng thuc ed van khe thi khdng dugc ddi lai nua" Hoae cd ke tranh nhau raong ao, dimg khf giai danh ngudi ehdt hay bi thuang, ciing bi 80 truang, xu tgi do, lay rupng ao tra cho ngudi chdt hoac bi thuang" [15, tr.290]. Nam Thieu Minh thii 6 (1145), chidu rang: "Nhimg ke tranh 60
Bang Thj Phugng nhau mdng ao cua cai khdng dugc nhd
ngudi quydn the, lam trai thi hi 80 trugng, xic tpi do". Nha Tran dac bidt quan tam ddn vin de quan ly dit dai, md rdng khai hoang, coi trpng vide xay dyng cae edng trinh thiiy lgi. Dae bidt nha Tran eu hai vien quan Chanh sii va Phd sii ddn ddc vide khai khan dit dai eua quan dan.
Nha Le tien hanh thdng kd, lam sd va phan hang mdng dat tir sau khang chidn ching quan Minh thang lgi. "Mua thu nam do, nha Le ehfnh thiic ra ldnh cbo cac dia phucmg thdng kd tdng sd raong dat eua eae quan y ngach eii, eua eac thd gia trieu trudc, cua nhan dan tuyet ty cung la raong dat eua nguy quan, cua ITnh trdn... han ddn thang tu nam thi dang nop... Cudi nam 1428, nha Ld lai ha lenh cho cae phu huydn lam sd rugng, so hp: chi huy eho cae phii, huydn, tran. Id den noi kham xet eac eham bai, mdng dat va cac md vang bac... cung la eac hang rupng dat eiia eae thd gia va nhan dan tuyet tu, binh trdn ddu sung lam cua cdng, han den nam Ky dau (1429), trang tuan thang 2 ttinh ldn" [15, tr.64-65].
Phap luat nha Le quy dinh chd do td thud cho timg loai rudng dat, cam ban raong cong. Dieu 342 Luat Hdng Diic quy dinh cam dan khdng dugc ban rugng cua cdng cap cho hay rupng khau phan. Chi'nh sach quan didn duge nha 1 ^ ban hanh vao ddi Hong Diic (1470-1497), quy dinh vide do dac phan chia rudng dat 6 nam mdt lan.
Ddn the ky XVH-XVin, kinh td hang hda phat hien manh anh hudng ddn qua yinh phan hda rudng dat. Vide mua ban mpng dat da trd ndn phd bien. Nhtmg nha nudc phong kien vin duy yi ehe do cdng didn, cim mua ban mdng cdng va bat tra lai mdng cdng da mua trong trudng hgp ed thd. Chiia Trinh ban hanh Chfnh sach quan dien nam 1711 gom ed 10 didu va mdt ban quy dinh cu thd ve sd phan cap eho cac hang. Thdi han quan
"ed vide quan biic bach". Rudng dit cdng lang xa thai ky nay khdng cdn la cho dua vd kinh td cho nhan dan lao dgng, va eung khdng la ngudn lgi gan bd cude song ciia hg vdi lang xa. Duge chia mdt vai sao, mdt vai thudc rudng cdng phai chju du loai suu thud. Che dp sd hiru tu nhan vd rudng dat giai doan nay dat den dinh eao. Ciing vdi dd la mdt bd phan dia ehii phong kidn cd dac quydn dac lgi, khdng phai chiu bit ky nghTa vu nao ddi vdi nha nudc. Tinh trang sd hiiu tu nhan vd mdng dat thyc hidn theo hudng tuyet ddi hda, hoan toan tach nhiing ngudi ed raong va nhiing ngudi khdng cd raong.
Nhung raong dat thupc sd hiiu tu nhan thudng mang tfnh chat phan tan.
The ky XDC, cimg vdi su ton tai ciia cac tridu dai vua Gia Long (1802-1819), Minh Mdnh (1820-1840), Thieu Tri (1841-1848), Tu Diic (1849 trd di), chfnh sach mdng dat phat tridn theo eac giai doan lich sir. Rugng dat giai doan nay dd hoang hda nhidu. Ndng dan luu tan khap noi, dac bidt tir nan luu tan ca lang bd di, vung ta ngan sdng_ Hdng cd 372 xa thdn phidu tan. Rudng dat ddi vdi ndng dan, theo nhan xet eiia ngudi nudc ngoai: "Rudng dat chia rat nhd, nhung sd gia dinh khdng raong dat rat nhieu, hinh thanh sd dan ngoai sd dinh d cae lang... ndng daii vd san nghidp rat nhieu... khdng thiy ed chd dp cho thue raong ma ehi thay chd dp ITnh canh vdi eac ta didn" [21, tr.244]. _
Ddn cudi the ky XDC, Phap bit diu khai thae thupc dia d nudc ta, ehia nudc ta thanh ba Ky (Bic Ky, Trung Ky va Nam Ky) vdi ba ehd do cai trj khae nhau ciing song song tdn tai. Mot he thong quan ly dit dai tir trang uong den dia phuong dugc thanh l|p gdm ed: Sd dia ehinh thudc Thdng sii Bae Ky, Kham sir Trang Ky va Thdng dde Nam Ky; Ty dia ehfnh; nhan vien dia ehfnh la trudng ba d B i c Ky, huong bp thudc Nam Ky. Ba ehe do quan ly dat dai song song tdn tai: Chd do didn thd va quan thu dia chfnh
Khoa hpc xa hoi Viet Nam, so 8 - 2019 tai Bac Ky, chd dp didn thd tai Nam Ky, va ehd dp quan thu dia chfnh tai Trang Ky.
Dudi tbdi Phap thudc, che do cdng didn, cdng thd van tdn tai. Kinh td hang hda phat trien dan ddn sy phan hda giau ngheo, mpt bd phan ndng dan bi pha san "khi kinh te khiing hoang, dan cay nhidu noi phai earn dg rupng cho nha giau, rdi ddn han kbdng tra ng dugc phai ban doan cho chii ng vdi mdt gia rat re. Rudng dat cang tap tmng vao tay dia chu hay nha ndng phii ngan hang"
[15, tr.63-64].
Rugng tu dien tdn tai trong thdi phong kien gdm cd: dat d, dat "ban thdn dien thd", mdng hau, rugng hucmg hda, raong gid, raong chiia. Rudng tu md rpng khi giai cap dia chu mdi ndi Idn, diing tidn mua raong edng (dien trang, ddn dien...).
Cd thd ndi, trong thdi phong kidn Viet Nam, chd dp cdng didn cd vai trd quan trpng trong vide duy tri bd may nha nudc phong kidn. Phap luat bao ve va hgp li hda vide sd huu dat dai cua dia chii. Nhu quy dinh viec mua ban, cam ed, thira ke rudng dat (mua ban raong dat chi duge thyc hidn khi hai ben cam ket eiing kf vao mgt hgp ddng; rudng dit da ban dirt thi khdng dugc ddi lai; thdi ban cam cd raong dat tdi da la 30 nam, qua han khdng dugc chupc lai nua). Nhidu tridu dai ciing ban hanh cae chinh sach nham phat tridn san xuat ndng nghidp, md rgng viec khai hoang, cham lo edng tae thiiy Igi. Nam 1471, Le Thanh Tdng cho lap ban do hanh chinh de khang dinh chii quyen, sau khi md rdng bd coi vd phia nam.
Cach mang thang Tam dianh cdng, vdi myc tidu "ngudi cay cd raong", Hidn phap nam 1946 quy djnh "Quydn sd hiiu tai san cua edng dan Viet Nam dugc bao dam" [18].
Luat Cai each raong dat la co sd phap Ii dd thye hidn khau hidu ngudi cay cd raong.
Hidn pliap nam 1959, mdt lan niia khang djnh quan diem eua Dang va a ha nude bao hd quydn sd huu raong dat ciia ndng dan
"a ha nude ehidu theo phap Iuat bao hd quyen sd hiiu vd raong dat va cac tu lieu san xuat khac ciia ndng dan" [18].
Sau cai each mdng dit, mien Bae tidn hanh hgp tac hda ndng nghiep. Theo Nghi quydt cua Hgi nghi Trung uong lan thir sau Clia Dang "Rudng dit cua xa vidn, vd nguyen tae phai dua toan bd vao hgp tae xa va thdng nhat sii dung; nhung chidu ed sinh boat ridng cua xa vien va nham sic dung vdn lao ddng eiia ndng dan trong lue nhan rdi, Nha nude dd lai eho xa vidn mdt sd dat khdng qua 5% didn tfch binh quan eiia mdi ngudi trong xa dung dd trdng rau, trdng cay an qua, chan nudi" [ I I , tr.325].
Hidn phap nam 1959 quy dinh 3 hinh thice sd hiiu dat dai, sd hihi tu nhan, sd hiiu toan dan va sd hihi tap thd. Thye td cho thay, quy dinh sd hiiu tap thd ddi vdi dat dai gay lang phi, giam hidu qua sir dung dat. Hidn phap nam 1980 ra ddi, kd thira va phat huy nhirng thanh tyu eua Hidn phap nam 1946 va Hidn phap nam 1959, quy dinh thidt lap mdt hinh thiic sd hiiu dat dai duy nhit la sd huu toan dan ve dat dai. "Dat dai, rirng mii, sdng hd, ham md, tai nguyen thidn nhidn trong long dat... ddu tbudc sd hiiu toan dan" [18].
Tbd ehe hda nhiing quy dinh tai Hidn phap nam 1980, Luat D i t dai nam 1987 quy dinh: "Dit dai thupc sd hiiu toan dan, do Nha nudc thdng nhit quan ly" [20, 1987].
Trong giai doan nay, khoa hpc xa hgi cd vai tro quan trpng, tao nhirng budc chuydn sau sac trong tu duy If luan, ddng gdp chung vao thanh qua each mang. Khoa hoc xa hpi da cd nhiing nghien ciiu, tdng ket danh gia vide tridn khai thuc hien ehfnh sach dat dai trong lich sir ciing nhu vide thye hidn khiu hidu "ngudi cay cd raong".
Nhung kdt qua nghidn ctiu, danh gia thue tk nay eua khoa hgc xa hdi la nhiing ca sd cho cac ehfnh sach dat dai trong giai doan tiep theo.
62
Bang Thj Phupng 3. Doi moi tir duy, hoach dinh dudng loi,
chu truong chmh sach ciia Dang va chinh sach cua Nha nirdc ve quan ly va s u dung dat dai
Nghi quydt Dai hdi Dang toan qude lin thtr IX khing dinh: "Hinh thanh va phat tridn thi tnrdng bat ddng san, bao gdm ea quyen sir dung dat theo quy dinh eua phap luat; timg budc md thi trudng bat dgng san eho ngudi nudc ngoai tham gia dau tu" [10, tr.l01].
Giai doan 1996-2000, Nha nude giao cho cae td chiic khoang 260.000 ha dit chuyen diing dd xay dyng va phat tridn ha tang. Nha nudc giao va cho thud 25.000 ha dat cho cac td ehiic, ea nhan dd xay dung nha d va phat tridn do thi. Dien tfch nha d do thj tang tir 4m^ Idn SmVngudi.
Luat Dat dai nam 1993 cd nhirng quy dinh tao tidn dd eho ndn kinh td hang hda phat trien. Dd la sy edng nhan thj trudng bat dpng san, quy djnh gia dat, quy djnh nam loai quydn eho hd gia dinh va ea nhan Sli dung dal (quyen ehuyen ddi, chuydn nhugng, eho thud, thira ke va thd chip quyen sir dung dat).
Luat Dat dai nam 2003 quy dinh: "Dit dai thupc sd hiiu toan dan do Nha nude dai dien chii sd hiiu". Hidn phap nam 2013 tiep tuc khang dinh "Dat dai la tai nguyen dac biet qude gia, ngudn lye quan trgng phat trien dat nude, duge quan ly theo phap luat.
To chiic, ca nhan dugc Nha nude giao dat, cho thud dat, cdng nhan quydn sir dung dat.
Ngudi Sli dung dat duge ehuydn quyen sir dung dat, thuc hien cac quydn va nghTa vu theo quy djnh cua phap Iuat. Quyen su dung dat dugc phap luat bao hg" [ 18].
Ngudi su dyng dat dugc Nha nude trao cho quyen sir dung dat. Quydn sd hiiu gdm CO quydn ehjem hiru, quyen su dung va quyen dinh doat. Nha nudc la dai didn chu sd hihi dat dai, ve nguyen tie Nha nude se CO day du ba quyen chidm hiru, sir dung va
dinh doat ddi vdi dat dai. Nhung dit dai la mpt loai tai san dac bidt, Nha nudc khdng thyc hidn quydn ddi vdi tai san eua minh mdt each thdng thudng, Nha nudc thuc hidn quydn sd him ddi vdi tai san dit dai mpt each dae bidt bang vide ra eae quydt dinh vd quy hoach,^kd hoach sir dung dit, giao dit, cho thud dit v.v.. Chu the thay mat eho Nha nudc thye bidn quydn sd hiiu la Qude hdi, Chfnh phii, Hdi ddng nhSn dan eac cip, Uy ban nhan dan eac cap. Ngudi true tidp thye hien quyen sd hiru vd dat dai ciia Nha nude la cae cdng chiic, vidn chiie Nha nude. Nhu vay cd thd khang dinh, Nha nudc la mgt loai ehii thd dae bidt va thye hidn ddi vdi mdt loai tai san dac biet (dat dai). Dat dai la mpt phan eua lanh thd qudc gia va thudc chii quydn qude gia. Quydn cua Nha nudc ddi vdi lanh thd qudc gia vugt ngoai quyen sd hiru thdng thudng (gdm quyen chidm hiru, sir dung va dinh doat). Vide quy djnh dat dai thudc sd huu toan dan va Nha nudc la dai didn chu sd hUu la hoan toan phii hgp vdi didu kidn thuc td eiia luat phap Viet Nam va qude te trong vide bao vd toan ven chii quydn va lanh thd qude gia. Chfnh nhiing quy djnh nhu thd da tao cho Nha nude ed toan quydn vdi lanh thd qude gia, ed the quydt djnh mpi bien phap can thidt dd bao ve tirng tac dat thieng lidng cua Td qude.
Nhiing thay ddi can ban vd tu duy ddi vdi van de sd hiru, quan li va sii dung dat, the hidn trong Van kien Hgi nghj Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang, bang quy dinh tai Hidn phap va Luat Dat dai. Khoa hpc xa hdi da gdp phin khang dinh tfnh diing dan ciia dudng Idi, chu truong cua Dang va ehinh sach eua Nha nudc trong quan If va sii dung dit dai. Khoa hpe xa hdi ciing cd vai trd quan trpng khing djnh quydt tam ddi mdi cua Dang va Nha nudc: "Phat huy nhirng thanh tyu ma each mang Viet Nam da gianh duge trong may chuc nam qua la sua chiia
Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam, so 8 - 2019 nhiing khuydt diem, sai lam da mac phai trudc day, la qua trinh bd nhirng gi kim bam va can trd sy phat trien, td chiic lai xa hgi, dua vao co ehe van hanh eua xa hpi mdt he thdng ddng bp cac ydu td vat chat va tinh thin, tao ddng luc va sue manh cbo sy phat tridn vugt bae" [14, tr.l46].
Khi muc tieu xay dyng dat nudc, phat Uidn kinh td chuydn tir kinh td ke hoach hda tap tmng, bao cip sang xay dung thd chd kinh td thi tradng dinh hudng xa hpi chit nghTa, ddn ddn cac chfnh sach, chii truong, dudng loi cua Dang va Nha nudc phai cd nbung thay doi, chi dao mang tfnh dinh_ hudng. Nghi quydt Dai hdi Dang toan qudc lan thii DC khing dinh: "Hinh thanh va phat tridn thi midng bit ddng san, bao gdm ca quydn sii dyng dit tbeo quy dinh eua pbap luat; tiing budc md thj tradng bat ddng san eho ngudi nude ngoai tham gia dau tu" [10, tr.lOl].
4. Danh gia thyc tien hoat dong quan ly dat dai trong nen kinh te thj trircmg dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia
^ Cac cdng trinh nghien cuu ciia khoa hpc xa hdi ciing chi ra nhiing thanh tyu, han chd va nguydn nhan cua eo ehe quan If dat dai khi tidn hanh thue hidn ehinh sach "ngudi cay cd raong", chfnh sach "hgp tac hda san xuat ndng nghiep". Nhirng chinh sach nay dugc tridn khai thuc hien trong cac giai doan vira qua la hoan toan phii hgp vdi quy luat ciia khoa hgc xa hdi. Nhung trong giai doan cdng nghidp hda, hien dai hda dat nudc, xay dyng ndn kinh td thi trudng djnh hudng xa hgi chil nghTa thi nhiing ehinh sach quan li va sir dung dit dai trong ndn kinh td kd hoach hda tap trung, bao cap khdng cdn phti hgp.
Thyc td, ngudi sir dung dat hgp phap dugc Nha nudc cip giiy ehiing nhan quyen sir dung dit. Liic do, ngudi sit dung dat trd
thanh cbii sir dung hgp phap manh dat eua minh va duge thyc hidn cac quydn nhu da neu d tren. Ivfhiing quyen dd da tao eho ehii su dung dit trd thanh chu sd hiiu manh dat cua minh. Quydn chiem hiiu va djnh doat cua Nha nudc ddi vdi dit dai khdng cd tinh kha thi. Nha nudc la ehu sd huu dat dai, nhtmg khi thuc hien thu hdi dat vi muc dfch an ninh qudc phdng, Nha nudc van phai thda thuan bdi thudng eho ngudi sir dung dat theo gia thi trudng.
Thuc hidn thu hdi dit, Nha nude phai ddn bii mpt khoan kinh phf ldn, nhung nhiing hp gia dinh, ea nhan, td chiic la ehii eiia cae manh dit lidn kd se la ngudi dugc hudng lgi nhit trong dy an quy hoach eua Nha nudc.
Luat D i t dai quy dinh: Nha nudc thyc hien didu tidt phin gia tri tang them tir dat ma khdng do diu tu eiia ngudi sir dung dat mang lai. l ^ u n g co chd nay van chi d trdn giiy Id, chua dugc tridn khai thye hidn. Xay dyng CO chd didu tiet phan gia trj tang them tir dit trong nhiing tradng hgp nay, se tao duge mgt ngudn thu bu dap eho ridn ddn bii giai phdng mat bang.
- Vd he thdng eac co quan quan ly nha nudc vd dat dai.
Ca quan quan ly dat dai ngay cang hoan thidn va phan dinh ro trach nhidm. Tdng cue dia chinh thanh lap nam 1994, theo Nghi dinh cua Chfnh phii. Tdng Cue Dia chinh la CO quan true thudc chfnh phu, tai cac tinh cd cac Sd Dja chi'nh thude Uy ban nhan dan cip tinh, Phdng Dia chfnh thupc Uy ban nhan dan cap huydn va can bp dja chfnh thudc Uy ban nhan dan cap xa. Td ehiic bd may nganh Dia chfnh tir 1994-2002 theo Bao eao tong k k nganh dia ehfnh nam 2002: (1) Tdng cue Dia chfnh tai Trang uong ed 2.957 ngudi, cd tong cue tradng va phd tdng cue trudng, 7 don vi sy nghidp, 7 don vi quan ly Nha nudc, 6 don vi san xuat kinh doanh. (2) Sd Dja chi'nh cd 4.340 ngudi, cd giam ddc va phd giam ddc, 2 dan vi su nghidp, 5 don vi quan ly nha nudc
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Dang Thi Phugng Phong dja chi'nh ed 3.100 ngudi; (3) Cap xa
cd 10.508 can bd dia chinh.
Bp Tai Nguyen va Mdi tmdng thanh lap nam 2002 trdn eo sd hgp nhat Tdng cue Dia chfnh, Tdng cue Khf tugng - Thuy van va cac td chiic thye hidn chuc nang td chire quan If nha nude vd tai nguyen nude (thude Bp Ndng nghidp va Phat trien ndng thdn), tai nguyen khoang san (thudc Bg Cdng nghiep) va mdi tmdng (thude Bp Khoa hgc - Cdng nghe va Mdi tradng). Bd Tai Nguydn va Moi trudng cd ehiic nang quan ly nha nudc ve tai nguydn dat, tai nguyen nudc, tai nguyen khoang san, mdi tnrdng, khi tugng thiiy van va do dac ban dd trong pham vi ca nudc. Nam 2008, Chfnh phit ban hanh Quydt djnh sd 134/2008/QD-TTg ngay 02 thang 10 nam 2008 quy djnh chiie nang nhidm vy va quyen ban ciia Bp Tai nguyen va Mdi tnrdng, trong do quy dinh, Tdng cue Quan Iy Dat dai thudc Bd Tai nguydn va Mdi trudng gom 12 don vi true thude cd chiic nang tham muu, giiip Bd trudng Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng quan Iy nha nude vd dat dai trong pham vi ca nudc.
Luc lugng can bd ciia nganh tai nguydn va mdi tmdng hidn tai ed tren 33.000 ngudi. Trong do, sd can bg, edng chiic, vidn chiic true tidp lam cdng tac quan ly dat dai (chia theo eae cap) nhu sau: Trung uong ed tren 450 ngudi (dai hgc va trdn dai hgc 81%, cao dang va trung hge chuyen nghidp 19%); cap tinh cd tren 6.000 ngudi (dai hgc va trdn dai hgc 72%, cao dang va trung hgc chuyen nghiep 28%); cap huyen cd trdn 12.000 ngudi (dai hgc va trdn dai hpe 67%, cao dang va trung hpe chuydn nghidp 33%);
cip xa, phudng, thi trin ed tren 11.000 can bp dia ehfnh, vdi gan 7 3 % da qua eac khoa dao tao chfnh quy, ban chfnh quy (dai hgc 3,4%, tmng hpc chuydn nghiep 36,1%; so cap 60,5%); ngoai ra cdn hang nghin ngudi 0 cae doanh nghiep, don vi sy nghidp, td chiic khac dang phdi hgp hoat dgng vdi
nganh vd do dac - ban dd, quy hoach (xay dvmg), giai quydt tranh chap khieu nai, td eao vd dit dai (Thanh tra Chfnh phu), xii ly vi pham ve phap luat dit dai (Kiem sat, Toa an) va cae hoat ddng kinh td, dieh vu khac.
- Khidu nai va giai quyet khieu nai.
He thdng phap luat vd khidu nai td cao, to tung hanh ehinh, td tung dan su, quy djnh vd giai quyet tranh chap dit dai tai Luat Dit dai nam 2013 da ed nhieu ddi mdi: quy djnh md rgng quyen eho ngudi dan duge khieu nai den ca quan hanh chinh va tda an;
trong tmdng hgp co quan hanh chinh da cd quyet dinh giai quyet cudi eiing ma duong sy van chua thda dang, thi ehi duge khieu kidn ra tda an, khdng cd co quan nao cd tham quydn giai quyet. Vd cdng tae tidp nhan va giai quyet khidu nai td eao va tranh chap vd dat dai, Bd Tai Nguydn va Mdi tradng da tiep nhan 10.137 don thu vao nam 2005, ddn nam 2011 giam xudng edn 5.298 don thu. Ciing tir nam 2014 ddn 2011, Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi tradng da tidp nhan 59.751 lugt don thu cua 29.671 vu vide khieu nai, td eao vd dat dai, trong do khidu nai hanh chfnh trong quan ly dat dai la 17.711 vu (chidm 58,59%), khidu nai quydt dinh hanh chfnh trong giai quydt tranh chip dit dai 5.966 vy (chidm 20,11%), ddi lai dit eu 4.69 vu (chidm 15,63%) va 1.355 vy vide td cao (chidm 4,75%) [4]_.
Thue td nhiing khidu nai, td cao lidn quan ddn dang ky quydn sir dung dat rat nhieu, vi du: theo kdt luan ciia Thanh tra i ha nudc, trong tat ca cac vy khidu nai dat dai tai Duang Ndi ngudi dan da khdng dang ky ehuyen muc dich sir dung dat dieh vu, ndn khi ddn bii giai phdng mat bang khdng cd can cii dd tinh phan dat djch vy theo quy dinh.
Tranh chap hgp ddng ehuydn nhugng quydn sir dung dit, thica kd quydn su dung dit, lien quan den hgp ddng thd chap quydn
Khoa hpc xa hoi Viet Nam, so 8 - 2019 su: dung dat la nhiing loai tranh chap lien quan ddn dang ky bidn ddng dat dai. Vi du:
nam 2006 thu ly 3.254 vu va giai quydt duge 2.201 vu; nam 2007 thy ly 5.358 vu, giai quydt duge 3.896 vu. Tranh chap vd thira kd quydn sir dung dat: nam 2006 thy ly 953, vu giai quydt dugc 524 vu; nam 2007 thu ly 1.272 vu, giai quydt dugc 800 vu.
Tranh chap lien quan den hgp ddng thd chap quydn sii dung dat: nam 2006 thu ly 413 vu, giai quyet duge 309 vu; nam 2007 thu ly 555 vu, giai quydt 409 vy.
5. De xuat giai p h a p nang cao hieu qua quan ly dat dai trong nen kinh te thi truong dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia Qua kdt qua nghidn cuu tdng kdt danh gia thyc trang quan ly va sir dung dat dai, khoa hgc xa hgi da de xuat eac kien nghi trong vide hoach dinh chi'nh sach, dudng ldi ehu truang trong quan ly va sii dung dung dat dai. Nhirng kidn nghi tap tmng vao nhiing van dd chi'nh:
Thu nhdt, hoan thien he thdng phap luat dat dai theo hudng cdng khai, minh bach, hidu lye hidu qua. Cai each cae thu tuc hanh chfnh trong quan ly va sir dung dat dai phai duge cdng khai va thyc hidn theo tnnh ty, thil tue luat dinh.
TTiii- hai, nang cao nang lye cua ddi ngii thue hidn thii tue hanh chfnh trong quan ly va sir dung dat dai; nang cao tinh than trach nhiem trong edng tae va dao dire tu each nghe nghidp ciia can bd dja chfnh cac cap;
bdi dudng nang cao nghidp vu chuyen mdn cho cae can bd dia chfnh tren ca nudc; eo quy ehd cu thd va tieu chuan hda vd nghidp vu can bd dja ehfnh.
Thu ba, xay dung mdt he thdng dang ky dit dai hidn dai, dugc thyc hidn bdi mdt he thong eo quan la Van ph^ng dang ky dat
dai; hoan thanh vide thanh lap Van phdng dang ky dat dai mpt cap tren toan qudc. Cae Van phdng dang ky dit dugc phan cap thye hidn thii tuc dang ky dit dai, xay dung, quan ly, cap nhat, chinh ly hd so dia chfnh va xay dyng co sd du lieu dat dai. Van phdng dang ky dit dai se dugc x3y dung thanh he thdng eo quan duy nhat cd chiie nang dang ky dat dai hidn dai dugc sd hda, chuan hda co sd dii lieu dat dai tai eae dia phuong. Thye hien diing phan cap quan ly, sap xdp lai hd so dja chfnh theo md hinh mdi, thuan tidn cho vide tra ciiu, cap nhat ehinh ly thudng xuyen. Xay dyng quy trinh dang ky dat dai hidn dai duge thue hien tai Van phdng dang ky dat dal; xay dung md hinh Van phdng dang ky dat dai mdt cap la mdt budc ehuyen bidn quan trgng trong cdng tae quan ly dat dai. Vide hoan thidn vide xay dyng md hinh Van phdng dang ky dat dai mdt cap trdn toan qudc ddi hdi sy nd luc cua tat ea cae cap, eac nganh, nhat la su ehi dao quydt liet, chuan bj edng phu ctia nganh tai nguydn va mdi tmdng. Ben eanh do, vide hoan thidn hanh lang phap ly, hoan thien co chd boat ddng eiia Van phdng dang ky dat dai mgt cap, hoan thidn eo chd hoat dgng tai chi'nh la mdt cdng vide khdng ehi eiia nganh tai nguyen mdi trudng, ma cdn la cdng vide eua nhidu bg nganh lidn quan.
Thu tu, day nhanh cdng tac c i p giiy chiing nhan quyen sir dung dit, xay dung hd so dia chi'nh va xay dung thdng rin dit dai; toan bd nhiing thdng tin vd dang ky dit dai sau khi dugc co quan nha nudc cd thim quydn duyet se dugc luu giii tai hd so dia chfnh, he thdng ban dd dia chfnh chi'nh x i c la CO sd dd Nha nude cip giiy chiing nhan quyen su dyng dat, la co sd de giai quydt tranh chip khi cd tranh chip xay ra, la phuong tidn giup Nha nude thuc hidn' tdt cdng tac quy hoach, kd hoach sii dung dit 66
D a n g Thi P h u g n g
6.Ketlu9n
Trong cdng eudc ddi mdi, khoa hge xa hdi va nhan van gdp phin quan trpng trong vide cung cip luan eii khoa hge eho vide hoach dinh dudng ldi, chu tmong eua Dang, chinh sach va phap luat cua Nha nude. Khoa hgc xa hoi ngay cang khang dinh dugc vi thd ciia minh trong vide hoach dinh dudng ldi, chinh sach phat tridn dit nudc ndi ehung, ciing nhu dudng ldi cliinh sach quan li va su dung dit dai ndi ridng. Tuy nhidn, hidn tai hidu qua cae cdng trinh nghidn eiiu cua khoa hpc xa hgi chua eao, thidu tinh dy bao. Trade ddi hdi eiia thyc tidn, can phai nang cao nang lyc nghidn eiiu eiia can bg lam cdng tac nghidn ciiu khoa hge xa hdi.
Dd phat huy dugc nhiing ddng gdp cua khoa hpc xa hgi thi can sy quan tam han niia cua Dang, Nha nudc va toan xa hdi ddi vdi su nghiep nghien cim khoa hge. Mgt mat, cin cd sy dau tu thich dang cho nghien cuu ehuydn sau va trpng didm. Mat khde, cin quan tam hon nua ddn ddi sdng eua ddi ngu can bd nghidn ciiu khoa hgc.
Tai lieu tham khao
[I] Bko Duy Anh (2004), Tu diin Hdn Viet, Nxb Khoa hgc x3 hpi, H^ Ngi.
[2] Nguyln Dinh B6ng (2012), Qudn ly ddt dai &
VietNam (1945-2010), Nxb Chinh tri quic gia, m N p i .
[3] BO Tai nguyen va Moi tni6ng (2012), Bdo cdo si 193/BC~BTNMT ngdy 06/9/2012 vi tinh hinh thi hdnh Ludt Ddt dai ndm 2003 vd dinh huang sua ddi Lugt Ddt dai ndm 2003. H^ Ngi.
[4] Bg Tai nguyen v^ Moi trucmg (2012), Bdo cdo sd 304/BC-CP ngdy 26 thdng 10 ndm 2012 vi vi?c thuc hien chinh sdch, phdp lugl trong gidi quyit khiiu ngi, to cdo cita cong ddn doi v&i cdc quyit dinh hdnh chinh vi ddt dai, Ha Ngi.
[5] Bg T^i nguyen va Moi truang (2013), Tinh hinh thdnh Igp, nhdn luc, thiit bi, ky thudt Phong ddng ky ddt dai trong ed nu&c. Ha Noi.
[6] Eg Tai nguyen va Moi tmong (2014), Bdo cdo Tinh hinh qudn ly nhd nu&c vi ddt dai ciia cd nu&c ndm 2014, Ha Ngi.
[7] Dang Cgng san Viet Nam (1986), Vdn iden Dgi hoi dgi biiu todn quoc ldn thii VL Nxb Chinh trj q u i c gia. Ha Ngi.
[8] Dang Cgng san Viet Nam (1991), Vdn kien Dgi hdi dgi bieu todn qudc Idn thit Vll, Nxb Chfnh tri quoc gia, Ha NOi.
[9] Dang C^ng san Vi?t Nam (1996), Vdn kiin Dgi hpi dgi biiu todn quoc ldn thic VIU, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha Ngi.
[10] Dang Cgng san Viet Nam (2001), Vdn kien Dgi hpi dgi biiu todn qudc ldn thti IX, Nxb Chi'nh trj quic gia, Ha Ngi.
[11] Dang Cgng san Viet Nam (2002), Vdn ki?n Ddng loan lap. t.20, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia.
Ha Ngi.
[12] Dang C6ng san Viet Nara (2006), Vdn ki?n Dgi hgi dgi bieu todn qudc Idn thuX. Nxb Chinh tri Quic gia. Ha Ngi.
[13] Dang Cgng san Viet Nam (2011) Vdn kiin Dgi hoi dgi biiu todn quoc ldn thuXI, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia. Ha Ngi.
[14] Trin Nham (2004), Tu duy ly ludn vdi sir nghiep ddi m&i, Nxb Chinh tri quic gia. Ha Ngi.
[15] Nguyen H6ng Phong (1959), Xd thon Viit Nam. Nxb Van Sii Dja, Ha Noi.
[16] D3ng Thi Phugng (2016), Ddng ky quyin su dung ddt theo phdp ludt Viet Nam hiin nay, Luin in tiSn sT luat hoc, Hgc vien Khoa hgc xa hgi.
[17] Quic hgi (2005), Bd lugt ddn su, Ha Noi.
[18] Quic hgi, Hiin phdp nu&c Cpng hoa Xa hpi Chil nghta Vi^l Nam ndm 1946. ndm 1959, ndm 1980, ndm 1992, ndm 2013, H^N6i.
[19] Quic hgi (1953), Ludt Cdi each rudng ddt.
Ha NOi.
[20] Quic hpl Ludt Dat dai ndm 1987, nam 1993.
ndm 2013, Uk Ngi.
[21] E. Luro (1878), Lepays d'Annam, Paris.
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