x u HirdNG TO CHirC TRUNG TAM HANH CHINH - CHINH TRI TREN THE GlCil vA 6 VIET NAM
PGS.TS.KTS Doan Minh Khdi
XU H\jCtNG T 6 CHCTC TRUNG T A M H A N H C H I N H - CHlNH TR| HlfN NAY TR^N THfi Gl6f|.
1.Xu hu^ng cd di4n - g\& tr| d) sSn Trong moi thdi d^\, d kh^p mpi nai trSn th4 gidi, c^c ca quan 6kii nSo nhS nude, cdc trung tam h&nh chlnh - chlnh trj (HCCT) d^u d6ng mOt vai tr6 hit sdc quan trpng, nhu ph^n DO cOa Dfi Thj, Trong ljch sd, phlin D6 111 nhung khu vye dupe bao bpc bdi h$ th6ng hdo thSnh kiSn c6, dupe x§y dyng d nhljng vj trf trung tam vdi dja hlnh cao rlio. t^m nhin thoang dgi.
Ngay nay, d chau Au, cac cfing trinh nay van dijfdc bSo t6n nguyfen vpn, giu nguyfen hinh thdc, chi sda sang n^i thlit va bi4n d6i chue nang di trd thdnh cdc trung tam HCCT cua qu6c gia, tinh, thanh ph6. Nhu viy, vi#c sd dung nhO'ng di san c6 gia tri vdo chdc nang HCCT Id mOt bdi hgc da c6 td trong ljch sd, vda ti6t ki$m ngdn saeh nhd nude vdo xdy dyng nhiJng cfing trinh d6i h6i ehi phf cyc Idn, l^i vua bdo t6n du^c cdc di sdn kh6ng chi id c6ng trinh kiSn tnje md cd vj trl khu vye gid trj cGa mfii dja phuang. Xin dilm qua mfit vdi trung tdm HCCT C6 diSn trdn th4 gidi.
Di§n Kremli, Nga - Day Id trung tdm dja ly vd ljch sd cCia Moskva, nSm bfin trdi bd s6ng Moskva, tpa Igc tgi dfii Bonavitski, Id mOt trong nhi/ng thdnh phSn c6 nh^t eua thdnh ph6. hien nay, d6 Id nai Idm vi$e cua cdc ca quan t6i cao nhdt eCia chlnh quyln Nga vd Id mOt trong nhdng kiln tnie ljch sd - ngh§ thudt chfnh cua qu6c gia ndy.
Toa Thi chinh Paris chinh la trung tam hanh chfnh cua Paris ti> t h i ky 14, 6ii(?c gpi Id T6a nh^
"maison des piliers". Vdo the ki 16 no 6uq/c thay the bang mgt cung di|n do Boccador thilt k l , dui?c gii> nguyen mat tn/dc theo phong each Phye Hung, Tuy nhien, d i n nam 1871, nd bj ngu-di cCia C6ng xa Paris dot chdy. Td nam 1874 -1882, toa nhd mdi du'pc xdy dyng theo thilt k l cua 2 KTS Id Theodore Ballu vd £doard Deperthes lUlgc dij vgy, m$t tnjdc cOa cfing trinh theo l6i Phye Hyng lai dupe xay lai nhu cu, vd dupe bao ton cho tdi tgn ngdy nay.
Tda Ihl chinh Paris
Tuang dong vdi Toa thj chfnh Pans, T6a thi chfnh thdnh ph6 Lyon ciJng sd dyng toa nha cu, Id dinh thy co vdi phong each kien trije thdi ky PhtJc hu-ng. Tuy nhien, diem khac biet Id: Cong trinh ndy k i t hpp vdi cac t6a nha bao quanh lao thdnh mflt quan the kien true, vdi mot qudng trudng ehung cho cdc toa nha. Day ta mpt khong gian eong epng rat ed ^ nghTa cho sinh hoat efing d6ng. Bu6i tfli, khi h i t gid lam vi§c thi khong gian HCCT Idp tdc bien doi thanh khong gian van hoa xa hpi nhd he thong chieu sang linh hoat va hap ddn Hieu dng chilu sang dpc ddo cua Lyon da bien mot toa nhd trang, uy nghi trong anh sdng ban ngay thdnh mot toa nhd Ipng Ily mau sac vao ban dem.
Ngu'di dan cd the t i l p can toa nhd, va sd dung khfing gian trong. ke ca khong gian t i l n sanh vdo cac mtjc dieh tham quan, thudng ngoan, vui chat gidi trf. Dieu do khong ehi eo tac dung tilt kiem khong gian md con 1dm cho toa nha trd nen thdn thiSn, gan gui vdi cpng dfing
Kieu kiln true ndy cung khiln ngudi ta lien tudng tdi toa nha UBND TP HCM ciJa Viet Nam. Mac du c6 quy mfl khong Idn nhung no v i n tao ndn sy sang trpng vd n l i bdt cua cdc cflng trinh co gia tri Ijch sd - vfin lufln duac coi Id y l u t6 b^t biln trong qua trinh phdt trien do thi. Tuy
nhien, viec sd diing cdc toa nha ndy vao chdc nang HCCT eung khong tranh khot nhdng kho khan trong to chdc eac bp may lam vi#c, Viec sd dung cac toa nha se gay kho khan trong to hap tap trung cac khoi chdc nang. V l kien true, do phai bao ton kien true di san nen viec eai tgo khflng gian sd dung cung khflng dan gian.
2. Xu hirdng hien dai
Ton tai song song vdi xu hu-dng co diln eCia trung tam HCCT la xu hudng hien dai. Theo xu hudng nay, cac toa nha dupe xay dung tren nhijng khu dat mdi theo phong each mdi
Tdp trung cdc ca quan trong mpt toa nha cao tang hien dai la bieu hien cua xu hudng hap khoi co dac tap trung, mang tinh bilu tuang vd hoanh trang, nhu frudng hpp cua Toa thj chfnh Tokyo, Ben cgnh dfi Id nhung eong trinh mang lat cam giae than thidn, cdi md vdi ngudi dan.
CO quy mfi vt>a phai vd kieu kiln trtjc than thtpn. Ngudi sd dung cung nhu ddn dia phuang cfi the tilp can gan vdi cflng trinh vdi cdc hoat dflng khong chi HCCT. Do id trudng hpp ciJa Toa nha hanh chinh Yusuhara eua Nhgt
Tda nhd hdnh chinh Yusuhi
XU HU-dNG T 6 CHirC TRUNG T A M H A N H C H I N H - CHlNH TRj HlfN NAY 6f VIETNAM
(Phan tfch 15 cflng trinh dien hinh dupe khdo sdt bdt Vipn Kien true Hfit KTS Vi#t Nam)
1. Tip k i l u bo tri Phi t$p trung tdi hinh thdc T^p trung theo Tuyen.
Tardc ndm 2011, khi chua efl ehu tOFang hinh thanh cac tnjng tam HCCT tdp trung, thi cdc tfia nha cua bp may lanh dgo etJa tinh ve mat Dang, Chlnh quyln, Hfli ding nhan dan, khoi mat trgn, cac sd ban ngdnh,.. d i u phdn tdn ri§ng Id d cac vt tri quan trpng trong trung tdm dfl thj. Kilu ndy cfi uu dilm Id tdn di,ing dupe cac tfia nhd cfing san. dae bi§t Id edc cfing trinh cfi gid tri dt san. Nhuae diem la ton dat vd khfl eho sy lidn h$ cua ngudi ddn phdi tdi "nhieu eda" trong cdc ca quan HCCT etJa tinh.
Trong qua trinh phdt triln do thj, d mflt so tinh, thdnh p h i dd hinh thdnh cdc tuyen dudng bo tri tdp tnjng cac ca quan. Nhu' vdy, da cfl sy chuyen hfia dan xu hudng phi tgp tnjng thdnh tap tnjng theo tuyIn (td Diem thanh TuyIn) Cho diJ edc ca quan van tach biet trong cac tfla nhd dan le, nhung viec quy tu cdc tfla nhd dfi tren mfit tuyIn dudng pho la mpt sy thay doi Ifl'n v l sy tap tmng dudi goe dp quy hoaeh va thiet ke do thj.
B • \m ]wr _L
Kieu bo tri phi lap irung vd hinh thdc Tdp trung theo Tuyen
2. Ti> kieu bo tri tap trung theo Tuyen tdi hinh thdc bo tri tap trung thdnh Khu vu-c
Thyc hien chu tRpang eiia ThtJ tudng Chinh phu v l viee hinh thanh cac trung tam HCCT, k l td nam 2011 da hinh thanh cac khu vuc danh riflng cho xay dyng cac bfi may HCCT cua tfnh, thanh. Day eung la mot sy chuyen hfia thd hai (td TuyIn thdnh Di§n), Viec quy hoach cac ca quan trong bfi phan chdc nang tren cung mpt khu dat cfi 3 kieu - hinh thuc:
Kieu thii hai, Cdc cdng trinh ket noi lien hodn trong mot quan the kiin It
Kieuthunh&t. Cdc eong trinh phai Xu htr&ng thic nhat (Phdn tdn)
Xu hudng th& nhit: Phin lin
Xu hudng ndy dupe phdt tnln d mflt so tinh, thdnh pho phfa Bdc nhu Bac Ninh, Hdi Duang, Lai Chdu, Cao Bang, San La.,. Trong dfi, tren mgt bang khu dit dupe quy hoach phdn Ifi cho eac cfing trinh cu the, kilu quy hoach ndy cho phdp tgo dyng nhirng eong trinh su dung ehung va khflng gian chung nhu Hfit tnjdng, qudng trudng tmng tam dong that lai tgo cho moi cflng trinh mpt khflng gian rieng eua minh, Kieu nay co uu dilm la cdc bfi phan chdc nang cfi t h i to chue cac luu tuyIn rieng, khong gian rieng vd bfi mgt rieng. "Trong cdi chung van cfi cai rieng" - dfi Id mot quan nipm rlt ddc trung ctJa khu vye phfa Bac. Dong thdi vdi dieu ki^n khi hgu nong I m thi kieu quy hogch ndy cho phep tang cudng cdy xanh mdt nude, lam eho mfli trudng thong thodng han.
Xu hudng thd hai: Phan tan - Hap khdi
Xu hudng ndy dang dupe trien khai khd mgnh d cac tinh phfa Nam dudi dgng mfit quin the kiln triic dupe hinh thanh bdi sy kit n6i eua cdc blok, trong dfi mli block Id mpt bfi phgn chue ndng, d l tgo nen mpt ting the hdi hfla, dfl Id tardng hpp cua trung tdm hanh ehinh tinh Bd Ria - Vung Tdu, trung tdm HCCT tfnh Ninh Thuan, Da Lat
Kilu t l hpp ndy cfl uu dilm Id tgo dupe sy lien hodn trong day chuyin chdc nang cua cdc bfi phdn, tao duae mfit khfing gian tong t h i vdi cdc di§n tich khflng gian eflng epng, cdnh quan vd hg tang dupe tgp trung, Vi vdy nfi cfi v§ nhu Id m$t xu hudng dupe cpng dong sd dyng ddnh gia eao.
Trung tam HCCT Ba Ria, Vung Tau duac t l hap theo mpt hinh chu nhgt md. Tgi gflc md bfi tri hfii trudng trung tam, d khong gian trung tam b l trf mfit ho nude, day id khfing gian thien nhidn kit noi cac tfla nha Cdc thf du trong lich sd cho thiy, khfing gian trung tdm thudng la Qudng trudng. Trong trudng hpp cua Vung Tau, do Id mgt nude, Dieu do CO uu diem trong eai thi^n mfli trudng, dem lai sy yen tinh vd tign nghi cho khflng gian lam viee, nhung ro rang Id gdy hgn c h i cho sinh hogt cpng dong,
Trudng hpp eua Dd Lgt cho thay eac toa nha dupe t l hpp theo mfit tuyen. Bin tfia nhd cao 9 tang va mpt tfla nha thap han dupe k i t not vat nhau mpt each lifin hodn, hudng tdi sy tap trung cao. Tuy nhien, theo danh gia cua edc KTS dja phuang, toa nha nay da Idm dot bien canh quan thien nhien von rat trd linh cua Od Igt.
Xu hudng thu- ba. Hop khdi cic bd phan eh&c ning tmng mdt tda nha da chO'c rang
Ody id hinh thdc to chdc hap nhit eac ea quan quan V/ nha nuo'c d p tinh vdo mflt toa nhd. Cfi the la mot toa nhd eao tang nhu Trung hanh chinh thdnh phfl Dd Nang, efl the Id toa thap doi nhu Binh Duang, vdi hinh thuc hap khot hay hpp nhat cdc chdc nang quan 1^, tat ca edc trung tdm nay diu cfl ehi phf dau l u rat eao va quy mo Idn. Kilu ndy co uu dilm Id tgo ra mfit sy thong nhat va tap trung d muc dfl eao trong mfit toa nhd, Cdc bfi phan chdc nang duac hen he vdi nhau theo chieu
f-r - \,j^m 111 ^ f f
Trung Idm HCCT thdnh phd Bd Ria, Viing Tdu
thing ddng, d i lien he vd ket noi trong cflng viec. Day la mfit xu hudng hien dgi ciJa mot trung tdm HCCT, cfi I h l lao nen mfit bp mat, mpt bilu tupng cho thanh pho
3. Mot so van de can trao doi
- Ve Quy mfl xay dyng: Nhin chung chua efi cflng thuc linh toan xde djnh quy mfi eua mfit trung tam hdnh chinh eho phtj hpp vdi quy hogch chung, phu hap vdi quy mfl ddn s l vd trinh dp phat t n l n kinh te xa hot etJa dja phuang. Di$n tieh sdn xay dung hien nay duac du phflng qua Idn ddn d i n thda difin tfch sd dyng eung nhu Idm lang vfin d i u tu.
- v l viee lya chpn giai phap Quy hoach ktin true phit hpp, trudc hit c i n phai cdn ed vdo vj tri dja dilm, dgc diem dja ly, nhan van, canh quan kien true, ngu canh dja phuang, ban sdc van hoa. To chdc efing nang su dung la not dung quan trpng eua yeu c l u kiln true. Can chCi trpng tdi 2 doi luang sd dung: Doi tuang thd nhit la Ngudi lam viec - ehu nhan cua cflng Irinh, ehuc ndng eCia ho la tiep dan, hpi hop va lam viec dpc ldp - Chinh vi vdy khfing gian fdm vi^c eua hp vda md, thdn thien, lai vda phai dong, an loan va yen ITnh. Nhung cam xCie c i n thiet Id su thoai mdi, khong bj ap lire, to chdc giao thong di lai vd lien h$ giua eac bp phdn can phai ro rdng, khong bj chong chdo, Ngudi dan la doi tupng thu hai can phai quan tam. Hp can phai dupe tilp cgn cflng trinh d l dang vd than Ihipn
- Trung tdm HCCT lieu cfi the bien d l i linh hogt thanh khfing gian van hfia xa hpi cho cfing ding dan eu dupe khong? Tren the gidt, ngoai gid
Idm vide, su uy nghi sang trpng cua mpt khflng gian HCCT se chuyen hoa thdnh sy thdn mgt gan giji cCia mfil khfing gian van hoa - xa hfii. Nhu vgy, quang trudng hdnh ehinh se dong thdi Id quang trudng van hoa - xd hfli. Tilt kiem vd linh hogt hoa khflng gian su dung la mflt xu hudng cua kiln true hign dgi.
- Hinh thue vd linh bieu tuang cua tfia nha HCCT tdp trung la van d l dupe quan tam doi vdi ca quan dau nao eua Tinh. Mpt thdnh pho cfi the xay dyng bilu tupng t d mfit cflng trinh kien true dac trung. Cfi I h l Id mfit efing trinh van hoa nhu Nha hdi Ldn d Paris, Khue Van Cdc d Ha Npi, cfl t h i Id mfit cfing trinh thuang mgi nhu Cha B i n Thanh d TP HCM, toa thdp dfii d Kuala lumpura, Malaysia,,, Trung tdm HCCT la mpt trong cae the logi kien trtic cfi t h i tgo nen mflt bfi mgt mdi cua mpt dia phuang, Tuy nhien khodng cdeh giua tinh bilu tupng vd tfnh hinh thue cfi mpt gidi han mong manh Sy chu trpng qud mdc vdo tfnh bieu tupng, dfli khi lam hdi Ifing chu d i u l u nhung Igi eo v i n de ve cflng ndng hogc van hfla kien trCic.
- v l van d l bdo tri cflng trinh trong qud trinh sd dung: Mot so trung tam hdnh ehinh khi dua vao sd dung con gap nhilu bat cdp trong khau quan 15;-, khai thac sd dyng dgc biet la trong cflng tac chi phi vdn hanh efing trinh l l n kem. V i n de tiet kiem nang lupng va su dtJng ndng lupng CO ht$u qud se hen quan tdi giai phap kiln triJc thfing minh.
- Mac du efin nhilu dieu ein phai lugn bdn, song theo toi vide xay dyng tnjng lam HCCT tgp trung la mfit xu hudng dung ddn De xu hudng dung dan dfi phat huy higu qua tich eye vd toan dien, rat can phin dong gop khflng nho ciJa gidi kiln triJc ehijng fa.n
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