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CHIEN THANG OIEN BIEN PHU GOP PHAN LAM THAY Odl DIEN MAO D M - CHJNH TRj THE GIOTI Nlhl SAU THE KY XX
BtJI DiNH THANH'
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hien thSng Dien Bien Phu da k^t thiic t h i n g Idi cu6c khang chiSh 9 n&m cua n h a n dSn Vi§t Nam chong thilc dan Ph&p xam lifdc. 60 n i m da qua tuf ngay diln r a sil kign dUdc n h a thc3 TS* HQu vinh danh 'ICtng lay nfim chau, chlih dong dia ciu". Tuf d6 d^n nay da c6 bi^t bao blii bao, hoi k^, phim anh, c6ng trinh nghien ciiu sii ki§n do ve qu§n sU, chinh tri, lich sti, van hoc, ngoEii giao... vdi nhi3ng chu d^ phong ph\i ve hinh thCfc, sau s^c ve noi dung du^c xua't ban 3 Viet Nam vli cac nifdc tr§n thS^gi6i. Sil idng dong cua thdi gian sau 60 nam v i n khong I&m can kigt nguon cam hiing v4 chien tich lich SL( do.
D I C6 dUdc n h a n thiJe sau s5c v^ chu ti n^y, t6i nghi khong th^ chi b^ng long vdi vi$c nghien ctiu ban thSn chi^n dich Ijch sii dd vdi moi k hi a canh cua nd, tuy r^ng di§^u nSy r^t c i n thiSt v^ quan trong. Hy vong vdi stl p h a t trien cua mon khoa hoc lich SIJC, se c6 nhQng ngu6n tif li@u mdi, nhilng phiJcJng phap mdi, nhfing t u duy mdi trong cac nghien cfiu ky ni$m 60 nSm chi^n th^ng Di$n Bien Phu. B^i vi^t cua toi muSh dudc ti^p clin chu d l d6 tren mpt khia canh con it du^c d l c^p den, d6 l i : ^ nghia va gia tri cua n6 v% mSt tdc ddng d6i
v6i sTi thay doi bo mat dia - chinh tri.
Kh6ng chi 6 Viet Nam ma con tren m6t kh6ng gian rpng 16n cua thg* gidi trong nuta sau thg* ky XX.
That ra cung khong c6 gi mdi v l phudng phap tiep cSn do.
Vao nhiing nam 40 cua t h ^ ky trUdc, hoc gia uyen bac Dao Duy Anh da bi§n scan c6ng trinh vdi noi dung phong phii ve Bat nude Viet Nam qua cdc ddi. Cach dSy g^n 30 nam, n h a sit hoc kigm hpa si ngutdi Phap Philippe Franchini trong c6ng trinh nghi§n ctiu cua minh (1) cung da van dung phUdng phap dia - chfnh tri k^t hdp vdi dia - kinh te di tim h i l u lich sii Viet Nam.
Dua tren quan diem dd, ong da khai quat thanh ba n h a n t6 c6 tinh chSit chi phoi qua trinh lich avi Vi$t Nam trong moi quan h€ vdi phadng Tay tuC thdi co dai d€ii thdi can dai va hifn dai. Nhdn td" thtjt nha't la sU giao liiu thUdng mai theo con dildng mua ban ta lua va cac hildng li§u qu^ n^i tigng trong lich s i . Nhan to thii hai la sti xam nhap cua cdy t h a n h gid dao Thien chila, btfdc md dudng cho n h a n to thuc ba la sU xam lUdc cua d^ qudc Phap vdi "chinh sach phao ham" d l danh chi^m Vi§t Nam, bi^n mdt dSl nildc doc lap, cd chu quyin thanh
• PGS. Vi^n Stl hoc
Rghien eihi Ljeh si5r. s6 4.2QW mot thuoc dia cua Phap. Tuy nhiSn, each
lap luSn cua ong con ddn gian, dfic biet la chua phan tich dildc sau sac boi canh lich svi cua sii hinh t h a n h va phat trien cua chu nghia thtic dan tildng ilng vdi di§n mao dia - chinh tri cua nd ciing vdi boi canh lich svE cua xa hoi - chinh tri cua Viet Nam thdi dai do dan den tinh hinh de ma't niJdc vao tay quSn xam ludc.
Noi dung bai viet nay gom 2 diem:
- Gan chiS'n thdng Di^n Bi§n Phu vdi qua trinh hinh thanh, phat triSn va suy vong cua ch§' d6 thUc dan.
- Y nghia va gia tri Uch sii cua chien thang Di§n Bien Phu vdi sii thay doi dien mao dia - chinh tri th§' gidi ntta sau the ky XX.
1. C h i e n t h a n g D i e n Bien P h u v a bo'i c a n h lich sit h i n h t h a n h , p h a t t r i ^ n va suy v o n g c u a c h u n g h i a thi^c d a n
Sii ra ddi cua chu nghia thilc dSn la k^t qua tift yg'u cua sti phat trien chu nghia tii ban. Tren biidc diidng phat trien, Idi dung ifu the ve cac mat hlc ludng quan s\l, kinh te, khoa hoc, ky thuat, cac niidc til ban phat trien thi nhau di tim "cac mien da't hiia", nhQng ndi cd nguon tai nguy§n doi dao chiJa khai thac, nhi3ng ngu6n nhan liic re mat, nhiing thi triidng tieu thu cac san ph^m thiia g' cua chu nghia tii ban. Khong con cd ndi nao td't hdn la nhQng lanh tho cua cac dan toe va cac quoc gia cham phat trig'n, lac hau v^ kinh te', yeu k6m ve kha nang t u bao ve n^u hi nJdc ngoii xSm chi^m. Do la nhQng moi ngon cho chu nghia tu ban tham tan doc ac.
Chu nghia thiic dan hoc lot cac dan toe bi chung xam lUde va thong tri dgh tan XLTdng tuy trong 400 nam. Mot da't nifdc rong Idn nhii An Do diidc xem nhii m6t tieu luc dia cung khong thoat khdi nanh vuot
cua thUc dSn d^ quoc Anh dUdng diidng til dac la mat trdi khong bao gid Ian tren cac lanh th^ do chiing thong tri. 6 chau Mj, cac dan tdc da do g i n nhii bi tuyet chung va vi$c bu6n ban no Id da den da dem l^i cho bon thde dan mot nguon Idi nhuSn tha'm difdm mau va niidc mat. Dd la thdi dai "huy hoang" cua chu nghia thiic dan.
Bflc tranh toan canh dia - chinh tri th^ gidi vao cud'i the ky XIX la 8 p h i n 10 dan so th^
gidi bao gom cac nifdc thudc dia va phu thuoc bi dat difdi siJ thong tri cua chu nghia de quo'c va ch^ dd thiic dan.
Trong tac pham Le Proces de la colonisation francaise (Ban an ch^dd thUc dan Phap) xua't ban d Paris nam 1925, Nguyin ai Quoc da vach ro ban cha't cua no: "Do'i vdi n h a van cao quy nao muo'n vi^t lich s^ "huy hoang" cua c6ng eude khai thac thudc dia thi cuoc chien t r a n h goi la vi cong ly va chinh nghia se la mdt nguon tai li?u v6 tan. Trong mdt liic cao hfing hung bi§n, ong Albert S a r r a u t (nguygn Toan quy^n Phap d Dong Diidng) da ndi: "Phin Idn nhflng vi tildng linh vi dai da tCfng dUa chung ta d^n chien t h i n g va da difdc du luan niidc Phap ca tung nhflng chien cong ve vang khi ho diia ngpn cd eua chiing ta di khap da't A, trdi Phi, chinh la da diidc r6n luygn trong cuoc chien da'u d^ chinh phuc thuoc dia" (2). Qua t h a t nhtr vay.
Trong mot quy^n sach cd tinh cha't tong kS't qua trinh xam lifdc dd, xua't ban nam 1931 (3), Thong che Lyautey, mot trong nhflng ngiidi diidc xem nhii c6 cong Idn dSi vdi viec phat tri^n va cung co' he th8'ng thudc dia cua d§' quoc Phap da viet nhiing ddng md dau vdi Idi le huyenh hoang: 'Tjich SUE de quoc thuoc dia cua chiing ta tic 1870 cho den ngay nay la mot trong nhflng chiidng hiing hdn nha't cua ban anh hiing ca cua chiing ta".
ehjgn fh&ng Bien Bi6ii Phii..
Albert S a r r a u t diidc, xem nhu nha ly luan cua chu nghia thiic dan. Ong ta da h i t Idi ca tung vai trd to Idn cua chg" do thiic dan. "Cd bao nhieu ngifdi trong chung ta bi§'t mot each chinh xac nhiJng bien dd'i cd ban ma s^i kign thudc dia dem lai cho van menh cua cac dan tdc!
Nhang Ixlc lifdng boat ddng va tign bo Idn nha't trong bSh the ky qua lam dao Ion nhflng dieu kign chinh tri, kinh t ^ xa hdi, dao diic eua chau Au va the gidi. Ngiidi ta cd biet khong? Chu nghia tii ban Men dai, each mang cong nghiep, chu nghia dg' qud'c kinh t^, ta't ca dg'u bat nguon tii cong cuoc thUc dan. Trong qua trinh eua ng'n van minh hign dai, n h a n to* thiic dan da cd mdt vai trd khong t h i so sanh diidc. Nd da cd*
dinh van menh cua nhQng qudc gia Idn nha't, dat nen mdng cho sil hung manh eua chung" (4).
A. S a r r a u t ra siJtc de cao nhiem vu khai hda cua ngtfdi da tring vdi cac dan toe thudc dia: "Cd chiing tdc nao, den hoSc vang, bi^t den hda binh va an ninh trudc khi chiing ta d^n? Lich sH cua ho chi la mot ehudi dai tham khd'c cac cudc chig'n tranh, chem giet, ciidp bdc" (5). 6 n g ta trang trdn khang dinh: "Chu quy^n cua nifdc Phap d Ddng Difdng la cai khung hiing manh gifl vfing cho cac bd p h a n cua mot gian dao xay dUng. Khong cd chu quyen cua Phap.
Khong cd Ddng DiJdng" (6).
Doi d i u vdi A. S a r r a u t la lanh t u each mang Vidt Nam tre tudi Nguyen Ai Quoc.
Sau khi tie'p xiic vdi ban Luan ciidng chinh tri ciia Ldnin vd' cac dan toe thudc dia, Nguyin Ai Quoc da xem van kidn dd nhii mot cam nang t h ^ n ky cha'm diit cuoc khung hoang ve difdng Idi each mang Vigt Nam trong nhieu thap ky, md r a con dudng giai thoat ddng bao khoi canh bi dpa day, dau khd' va t r i l n vpng tiJdng lai sang sua
cua each mang Viet Nam. Tijf dd, Ngifdi tap trung tri tug va tinh liic vao vigc hoach dinh cac budc di cho cuoc da'u tranh each mang chSng thiie dan dg^ quo'c, gianh lai doc lap, tii do cho n h a n dan Viet Nam.
Ban an che do thUc dan Phap dUdc Giao sii, Vign si Nguyin Khanh Toan xem la Ciidng linh eua Phong trao giai phdng dan tdc trong thdi ky qua dp tii chu nghia t\i ban sang chu nghia xa hoi.
Dung 20 nam sau, vdi ban TuySn ngdn Doc lap ngay 2-9-1945, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da ciing vdi dan tdc Vigt Nam thi hanh ban an dd.
Nhiing tU tiidng chu yeu v^ each mang giai phdng dan tdc Vigt Nam diTdc hinh thanh va phat trien. Ngiidi khang dinh:
Chu nghia dan tdc hieu mot each dung dan vSn la mdt liic lildng chi^n da'u to Idn.
Ngiidi cd long tin tuyet do'i vao tinh t h i n yeu niidc va y chi chig'n da'u kien ciidng eua nhan dan Viet Nam. Ngay tii nam 1921, Nguydn Ai Quo'c da viet: "Ngiidi Ddng DUdng khdng che't. ^ i e u dang chii y d day la Nguyen Ai Quo'c ludn gdn van menh cua dan toe Viet Nam vdi dan tpc Lao va dan toe Campuchia ciing sdng va chi^n da'u chd'ng thiic dan Phap tren ban dao Ddng Difdng). Ngudi Ddng Difdng vSn song, sdng mai mai. Sii dau doc cd he thong cua bon t\i san thiic dan khdng the lam td lidt SLEC song, eang khdng the lam td lidt t a tudng each mang cua ngiidi Ddng Diidng. Ludng gid tii niide Nga thd thuyg'n dang thoi d^n giai doe cho ngiidi Ddng Diidng. Ngiidi Ddng Diidng khdng dUde hoc, diing th^, bang sach vd va bang diln van, nhiing ngiidi Ddng Diidng n h a n sii giao due bang each khac. Dau kho, nghdo ddi va sii dan ap tan bao la nhiing ngiidi thay duy nha't cua ho. Ngiidi Ddng Diidng, tien bo mdt each mau nhiem. Dang sau sii phuc tilng tieu
R g h i ^ cihi Lich sit. s6 4.2014 ciie, ngiidi Ddng Diidng da'u mdt eai gi dang
sdi sue, dang gao th§t va se biing nd mdt each ghe gdm khi thdi cd dd'n" (7).
Tren thiic t^, tii tiidng da'u tranh ehdng chu nghia thiie dan da hinh thanh kha sdm d Chu tich H 6 Chi Minh va Ngiidi da nhan thitc sau sac phai lien ket khdng nhiing vdi giai ca'p vd san d cac niide de qudc ma con phai lidn hidp chat che vdi cac dan tdc thudc dia mdi cd the gianh thdng Idi trong cuoc da'u tranh chd'ng chu nghia de qudc, xda bo chg' do thiic dan. Va khi da'u tranh giai phdng dan tdc diidc xem nhii mdt nhan to' phuc hdi va nang cao ph^m gia cua con ngiidi thi dd khdng cdn la vide ridng cua tiing dan tdc ma da trd thanh nghia vu chung cua ta't ca cac dan toe bi ap bite tren toan the gidi.
Trong bai Ach dp bUc khdng tie mot chung toe nao trdn bao Le Paria Q>}giidi ciing kho) sd' 17 thang 8-1923, Ngiidi vig't: "Ta't ca nhiing liet si eua giai ca'p cdng nhan d Lausanne cung n h a d Paris, nhiJng ngiidi d Le Havre cung nhii d Martinique deu la nan nhan cua mdt ke sat nhan: Chu nghia tii ban va hadng h6n cua nhiing ngiidi bi hy sinh nay bao gid cung tim tha'y ngu6n an ui d long tin cao nha't vao sii nghiep giai phdng nhiing anh em ciia ho hi ap biic khdng phan biet chung tpc hay xii sd".
Ngay nay, mac d i u g i n 90 nam da trdi qua, nhiing doc l?i nhiing bai ky tdn Nguyin Ai Qud'c trdn cac bao Ngiicfi ciing kho, Nhan dao, Thii tin quoc t&', Bifi sd'ng cong nhan. Sit th&t, Tap chi Cdng san, chiing ta v l n xiic ddng manh me trade tinh cam sau dam cua Ngadi dd'i vdi cdng nhSn, ndng dan, phu nii, nhflng ngadi lao ddng yeu nadc dang qulin quai dadi ach tho'ng tri eua chu nghia dd' quo'c va ch^ dp thiic dan, khdng phai chi ridng d Viet Nam, Td qudc than ydu ciia Ngiidi ma d ca Maroe, Tay
Phi, Syrie, Palestine, Dahomey, Madagasca, Martinique, Trung Qud'c, An D5, Soudan, Congo thudc Bi, Thd Nhi Kj vaM:y.
Nguyin Ai Quo'c khdng bo Id mot cd hdi nao de tuydn truyen, cd vu cho phong trao giai phdng dan toe ehdhg chu nghia thtic dan. Tfl trdn didn dan eua Dai hdi Tours thang 12-1920 t h a n h lap Dang Cong san Phap d^n Dai hdi Qud'c t ^ Cdng san l l n thfl 5 tii ngay 12 t h a n g 6 d^n ngay 8 thang 7 nam 1924, tieng ndi cua Ngadi ludn vang len nhjfn manh t a tfldng chii nghia quoc i&
vd san, ddi hoi cac Dang cdng san nhflng nadc phadng Tay phai het siic ung ho cac phong trao giai phdng dan tdc d cac niidc thuoc dia va phu thudc. Ngadi da'u tranh, phe phan nhiing quan diem coi nhe va'n dl dan tde va thudc dia trong cac dang do.
Trong khi cdn mot so khu3mh hadng chinh tri xem thSng Idi cua each mang giai phdng cac dan tdc thudc dia phu thudc vao thdng Idi eua each mang vd san d chinh qudc thi Nguyin Ai Quoc da neu Idn hinh tadng ndi ti^ng ve eon dia hai vdi, con chim hai canh, dat t i m quan trong cua each mang giai phdng dan tpc d cac nadc thuoc dia cung cd y nghia quyet dinh ngang vdi each mang vd san d chinh qud'c.
Dd la mdt co'ng high ciic k j to Idn vao \$
luan vd' va'n de dan tpc va each mang giai phdng dan tdc cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin, phat huy tinh n a n g ddng each mang cua cac dan tpc thudc dia, khdng bi ddng, ehd thdi. Ridng dd'i vdi Vidt Nam, chu nghia thiic dSn Phap tigh h a n h cd p h i n mudn hdn so vdi cac dan tpc khac sau hang th^ ky tham dd va quyet dinh hanh ddng khi trilu dinh nha N g u y i n lam vao tinh trang suy ygu nha't.
e a c h day g i n 50 nam, trong mot budi lam vide vdi Ban bidn tap bd Lich sii VHt
Chjgn thiing Bi6n Bien Phii...
Nam do Giao s a Nguyin Khanh Toan lam chu bign, Thii tadng Pham V5n Dong da dat cau hdi: Vi sao d l ma't nadc can udng n h a vSy? Vdi mdt ndi dung t a tadng tadng tii, Dai tadng Vo Nguyen Giap viet: " N i a t h ^ ky trade, n a m 1873 va nam 1882, Thanh pho' Ha Ndi vdi hdn niia van quan da nhanh ehdng tha't thu l i n thfl nha't trade hai tram quan Phap, l l n thfl hai trade nam t r a m quan Phap lam cho tdi suy nghi n h i l u trong nhflng nam day Sii d tradng Thang Long" (8). Tham chi, chi mdt ten Thigii liy Hautefeuille vdi mdt chi^n thuyen nhd va mot tieu dpi linh da chig^m dd dang tinh Ninh Binh. Hai nha lanh dao each mang Viet Nam khdng hen ma ciing cd cau tra Idi chinh xac: Ma't nadc khdng phai la dinh mdnh. Dd la ket qua cua g i n 2 the' ky cac tap doan phong kien trong nadc gay ndn tinh trang eat cfl, thdn tinh l l n nhau lam cho long dan ly tan, sCic manh tho'ng nha't cua dSn tde bi huy hoai. Di gianh la'y dia vi chinh thd'ng, cac tap doan phong kien deu diia vao "vien trd" cua ben ngoai (Le Chieu Thong clu vidn nha Thanh, Nguyin Anh c l u vien quan Xiem va thiic dSn P h l p ) .
Trieu dinh n h a Nguyen vdi nhan quan chinh tri can thi, khdng tha'y dapc nhflng bien ddi sau s i c ve dia - chinh tri da diln ra d chau A va thg' gidi, v l n k h a k h a gifl nhflng chinh sach ndi tri, ngoai giao bao thu, bac nhfldc, sd dan hdn sd dich. Trieu dinh nha Nguyin phai chiu trach nhigm trade dan tdc, trade lich s\t da khdng thiic hien dfldc nhiem vu gifl vflng doc lap, chu quyin, thdng nha't, toan ven lanh thd cua da't nadc.
Sii cha't chuEa cam hdn va tui nhue trong sud't 80 nam cua ca dan tdc da den Iiic bung nd c^ng vdi sii khdi day ddng mach lich svE lam song lai truyd'n thd'ng chig^n da'u ba't
khuSit cua cac thdi hao khi Ddng A, Lam Sdn, Tay Sdn sau 3000 ngay khang chig'n da dfla den mdt bieu tadng mdi eua chu nghia anh hiing Viet Nam: Didn Bidn Phu.
Thfla n h a n sii t h a t lich stt dd, cd le khdng cd gi tidu bieu bang Idi ai dieu s l u tham eua Thu tadng Phap Joseph Laniel trade Qudc hdi Phap sau ngay 7-5-1954:
"Trong lich st£ cua mdi dan tdc deu cd nhflng sii kidn cd tinh chS^t quygt dinh.
Nhflng ten g i n hd'n vdi chiing, ca rthiing ngay thang cung thg^, chaa dOng mot '^
nghia vadt qua ban than cac sii kidn dd.
Sang sua hay den tdi, trade m l t mpi ngadi, nhflng sii kien dd deu tadng trang cho sd phan tot hay xa'u eua nadc nha.
Didn Bidn P h u la mdt trong nhflng ten n h a th^. Ngay 7-5-1954, sau 55 ngay dem elm eii khid'n cho thg^ gidi phai kham phuc, cfl dilm cd t h u da bi ha. Hai thang nidi sau, Higp dinh Gendve dflde kji' kgt, dd la mdt tha't bai ngoai giao thgm vao tha't bai quan sii.
Didn Bien P h u - Geneve. Gifla hai ten do, gifla hai nhat k^ do la mot trong nhflng bade ngoat bi tham nha't ciia ddi song dan tpc chiing ta" (9).
2. T a c d o n g c u a D i e n Bidn P h u d ^ n s a b i ^ n d d i d i a - c h i n h t r i c u a t h ^ gidi nvfa s a u t h ^ k y XX
Chien t h i n g Didn Bidn Phu la san phIm eiia chig'n t r a n h each mang Viet Nam. Anh hadng va tac ddng eua nd khdng chi ddi vdi cuoc khang chien chd'ng Phap ma cdn d mdt pham vi khdng gian rdng Idn hdn, dae bidt la vdi sii thay ddi ciia bd mat dia - chinh tri thd' gidi vao nxia sau thd ky XX.
Chien t r a n h la mdt san ph^m cua lich sii trong qua trinh phat t r i l n cua xa hdi loai ngadi. Nguon gdc cua chign tranh la nhflng inau t h u a n ddi khang gifla cac Iflc Ifldng ddi dich nhau ve cac m&t quan sii,
Rghi6n cijru Lieh siJr. s6 4.2QU kinh t^, chinh tri, hd t a tadng, tranh cha'p
lanh thd, tdn giao, dan tdc... Tfl thdi La Ma cd dai da cd cau ngan ngfl: Si vis pacem, para bellum (Mud'n cd hda binh, hay c h u i n bi chig^n tranh).
Chign tranh da dem lai nhflng dau thadng, tang tdc, oan thii gifla eae qudc gia, dan tdc va loai ngadi ludn chay bong khat vong hda binh. Dieu dang buon la cho dd'n nay khat vpng dd v l n ehi la ade vpng. Tii ehii nghia t a ban phat trien len chii nghia dd' qudc vdi sii hinh t h a n h he thd'ng cac thudc dia va cae nadc phu thudc, gifla cac nadc dd qud'c phat t r i l n nha't da didn ra nhflng cuoc chien t r a n h nham chia lai thd gidi lam cho n h a n loai c i n lao phai hy sinh bidt bao xadng mau, chiu diing bid't bao dau kho, tui nhuc.
Tuy nhign, bidn chflng ciia lich sii cho tha'y cd chid'n tranh xam lade thi cung cd chidn tranh chd'ng xam lapc, cd chidn tranh phi nghia thi cung cd chien tranh chinh nghia, cd chid'n t r a n h phan each mang thi cung cd chid'n t r a n h each mang. N h a vay, ne'u cac dan tdc bi thd'ng tri bid't tan dung thdi ed bidn chien t r a n h de' qud'c thanh chidn tranh giai phong thi ve mdt mat n l o dd, chidn tranh de' qud'c cd t h i trd thanh ba dd eho each mang. Did'u do da dapc t h i hien ndi bat d Viet Nam.
Khi nd ra cudc Chien tranh the' gidi thfl Hai, Dang Cong san Viet Nam nhan dinh:
Ne'u sau Chien t r a n h thd gidi thfl Nha't, Lien bang Xd viet, Nha nadc xa hdi chu nghia d i u tidn ra ddi thi sau Chien tranh the gidi thfl Hai, se cd nhieu nadc xa hdi chii nghia xua't hidn. Liic nay, Bac Hd dang d Matxcdva. Nguyin Khanh Toan k l lai trong Hdi ky: Mot ngay mua thu nam 1940, Bac Hd den gap tdi va ndi: Thdi cd giai phdng dan tdc da den. Phai ga'p riit vd" nadc ngay. Bac vd trade. Chu thu xdp d l ve cang
sdm eang tdt. Chiing ta bidt sau khi v l nadc, Bac Hd da vach kd hoach tiing bade t£io thdi cd va ddn thdi cd d l giai phdng da't nadc: hpp Hdi nghi Trung adng Dang quyet dinh ehuyin hadng chien lape each mang;
tam thdi gac lai nhiem vu cai each ruong da't, tap trung vao nhiem vu giai phdng dan tdc, t h a n h lap Mat trSn Viet Minh vdi nhiem vu doan ket toan dan cung vdi cac nadc ddng minh chidn dl^u ehdng phat xit Dfle - ^ • Nhat, xay diing can cfl dia Vidt B I C , c h u i n bi liic Ifldng chinh tri va vu trang va khi N h a t d I u hang da kip thdi hpp Dai hdi qudc dan d Tan Trao (Tuydn Quang) phat lenh Tong khdi nghia gianh chinh quydn vdi tinh t h i n "dem sfle ta tii giai phdng cho ta", va quyd't tam "gianh cho dadc doc lap du phai dot chay ca day Tradng Sdn".
Cudc chay dua t h i n td'c vdi thdi gian de diing vao dia vi chu n h a n cua nadc nha khi ddn tid'p cac nadc ddng minh eudi cung da gianh dapc t h i n g Idi trgn t o l n qud'c.
Nha sii hoc Na Uy Stein Tennesson da nhan xdt ve Cach mang thang Tam nhfl sau: 'Trong lich sit hien dai Viet Nam, nhflng thdi diem 1945 va 1975 ndi Ign nhfl la nhflng bade ngoat Idn, danh da'u sii kdt thiic ciia mdt qua trinh dai chien tranh va bie'n dd'i xa hdi. Cach mang Vidt Nam khdng phai chi t h u i n tiiy trong bdi canh eiia Vigt Nam. Tuyen ngdn Ddc lap nam 1945 cua Viet Nam nam trong nhflng ngudn cam hiing chu yeu eua mot dfldng Idi da'u t r a n h Idn khac sau chidn tranh: dd \h qua trinh phi thiic dSn hda.
Trong cae cudc each mang cong san, each mang ciia nhflng ngadi Viet Nam nli Ign n h a la mot trong nhflng cudc cd sfle sd'ng va lam dao Idn nhidu nha't" (10).
Nha sii hoe My David Marr n h a n xdt:
"Mac d I u nhd hdn ve m a t quy md, cudc
Chien fo^ng B i ^ Bien Phfl..
each mang cua Vidt Nam e i n dfldc dat ngang hang vdi nhflng cudc each mang Phap, Nga, Trung Qudc ve cac mat mue dich va sii so sanh phe phan. Nd la minh chflng hang d I u cua mdt sii ndi day each mang tridt d l trong mdt khung canh thudc dia. Sii t h i m tha'u gifla chidn t r a n h va each mang trd ndn rd rdt: 1945 la m l n d I u cua mdt vd kich hCing trang, quanh co md rdng ra trdn 30 nam vdi nhflng anh hfldng cdn dd'n ca ngay nay trong xa hdi Vidt Nam"
(11).
Dac diem cd ban cua the gidi sau Chien tranh t h d gidi thfl Hai 11 cd sii bien ddi ra't Idn va sau s i c ve sii ca'u tao dia • chinh tri.
Mdt loat eae nadc xa hdi ehu nghia d Trung, Ddng Au va chau A r a ddi, dfla thd gidi chia thanh h a i phe: t a ban dd qudc va xa hoi chu nghia.
Chidn t h i n g Didn Bidn Phii da minh hpa het sfle noi bat mot trong nhflng dac dilm ciia thd' ky XX la qua trinh sup do ddn dap cua hd thdng thudc dia cua eae nfldc d^
qudc. Cao trao each mang va da'u tranh giai phdng dan tde 5 chau A, chau Phi va My Latinh sau Chidn t r a n h t h d gidi thfl Hai da diln ra trong nhflng bdi canh lich suE hoan toan khac trade. Luc n l y khdng phai la thdi ky m a chu nghia dd qud'c cdn dfldc mac sfle tung hoanh va "dadi phap 1^ cua sii ba chii toan t h d gidi h l u nhfl bupe dam ddng vd v l n eae dan tdc khdng phai mau da t r l n g ba't liic va n h i n nhue phai chiu khua't philc mdt each vinh viln" (12).
Ngay 1-11-1954, ngon Iiia chidn t h i n g Didn Bien P h u da vfldt qua cac dai luc va dai dadng den niii riing Aures nhdm len eude da'u t r a n h vu trang cua n h a n d i n Algdrie n h i m thoat khdi sii thd'ng tri eua thiic dan P h a p trong 124 nam.
Thieu ta Omar Oussedich, Bi t h a qud'c vu, Tradng phai doan quan sii Algdrie sang
tham Vidt Nam nam 1961 phat bieu:
"Khdng thd nao danh gia dfldc d l y du nhflng anh hadng eua Didn Bien Phu. That vay, Dien Bidn Phu da giup cho cac dan toe thudc dia h a n h didn n g i n g cao dIu. Didn Bien Phu la mdt trong nhflng n l n tang vflng c h i c cua Hdi nghi Bandoeing (Indonesia).
Ngon I^a Dien Bien Phu cdn vfldt ea Thai Binh Dfldng den tan ciia. ngd dd' qud'c My va tfl nui rflng Sierra Maestra cua da't nadc Cuba da xua't hien cudc da'u tranh each mang do lanh tu Fidel Castro lanh dao lam dao Ion tinK hinh d vilng bien Caribe va daa My Latinh v l n dapc xem n h a san sau an toan ciia My vao mot tinh thd' sue sdi each mang.
Bai bao ciia td The gidi ngoai giao t h i n g 1-1973 mang y nghia eua mdt ban tong ket:
"Ddi vdi ta't ca cae phong trao giai phdng dan tde trdn k h l p thd gidi, dfl 11 d chau Phi, chau A hay My Latinh, kinh nghiem cua Viet Nam se la mdt ngudn ed vu va mdt anh Ilia hy vpng. Ddi vdi nhflng ke chd'ng lai phong trao giai phdng dan tdc, kinh nghidm nay se la tid'ng chudng bao hieu tha't bai khdng t h i tranh khdi cua hp. Didu chic c h i n nha't la dd'i vdi the gidi thfl ba, Viet Nam se mai mai la hinh anh tfldng trflng cho y ehi chidn t h i n g , la ngfldi chflng minh tinh cha't chinh nghia cua cudc chid'n da'u vi ddc lap dan tde. Vidt Nam se dadc ghi lai n h a la gid phflt quyd't dinh trong lieh stI t h d k y chiing ta".
Cach mang Cuba danh gia cao y nghia lich sii cua Dien Bien Phu dd'i vdi phong trao giai phdng dan tpc, gdp p h I n quan trpng vao vide Lien hpp qud'c ra Nghi quyet nam 1960 cha'm dflt chd' dp thiic dan tren toan t h d gidi.
Trong bd'i canh lich stE mdi tren the gidi vao d I u nhflng nam 60 cua thd ky XX, My
10 Rghien ciir I'idi si!r. sd 4-20U r l t lo ngai ve anh hadng ngay cang tang
cua eae nadc xa hdi chu nghia va cua phong trao giai phdng dan tde trong dd Vidt Nam vfla la mdt nfldc xa hdi chu nghia, vfla la mdt chid'n si tien phong trong phong trao giai phdng dan toe.
Tong thd'ng My John F. Kennedy nhan dinh: "Qua nghien eflu, chiing ta tha'y r i n g each mang giai phdng dan tpc la mdt sii kien cd ban cua thdi dai chiing ta. Sfle manh to Idn nha't trdn the gidi, dd la long khao khat vadn len ddc lap dan tdc. Ngay nay eude chien da'u khdng phai dien ra d chau Au ma la d chau A, chau Phi va chau My Latinh" (13).
Trong phong trao dd, n h a tai lidu mat L i u nam gdc da vach ro: "Vidt Nam la ndi duy nha't tren thd gidi ma chinh quyen Kennedy phai dadng d I u vdi mdt cd' g i n g phat t r i l n ra't td't cua cong san nham danh dd mdt chinh phu than phadng Tay. Day la mdt thach thflc khdng the bd qua". Sau hdn 10 nam, hdi chflng Didn Bidn Phu v l n am anh cac nha lanh dao My. Kennedy cdn ndi rang: "Eisenhower da phai chiu nhflng hau qua chinh tri eua Didn Bien P h u va sii tdng cd nhflng ngfldi phadng Tay khdi Viet Nam nam 1954. Ngay nay, tdi khdng t h i cho ph^p (?) cd mot tha't bai n h a nam 1954 nfla" (14).
Tren thiic te', chinh sach dd cua My da bat dIu ngay tfl sau khi Chidn tranh the gidi thfl Hai ket thiic.
Mot ngay thang 5-1981, tdi (BDT) dadc ddng chi Nguyin Khanh Toan giao nhiem vu tiep ong Archimedes Patti, nguyen Tradng don vi tinh bao chidn lapc My O.S.S d Cdn Minh (Trung Qudc), ngfldi da ed quan hd vdi Chu tich Hd Chi Minh tfl trade Cach mang thang Tam.
Trong budi tiep, dng Patti da bay td long kinh trpng va sii cam phuc Chii tich Ho Chi
Minh. Cng n h a n x6t Hd Chi Minh la mdt nha lanh dao each mang ed ban linh chinh tri kidn dinh va khdn khdo, cd kidn thflc sau s i c va t i m nhin rdng Idn vd chinh tri thd gidi. Ong k l lai, bud'i tdi ngay 20-9- 1945, tdi ddn chao tfl biet Chii tich Ho Chi Minh d l v l My. Tdi da cd a'n tfldng s l u sic ve mdt n h a n xet cua Chu tich Ho Chi Minh m l tdi xem n h a mdt Idi tidn tri se dapc thflc hien 30 nSm sau. Chu tich Hd Chi Minh hdi tdi: Chinh sach cua My ddi vdi Viet Nam hidn nay nhfl the nao, cd gi thay ddi? Tdi tra Idi: Tfl sau khi Roosevelt ehdt, chaa cd mdt tuyen bd chinh thflc nao ve chu quyen cua Vidt Nam, nhflng v l n gifl thai dd khdng u n g hd cac ke' hoach cua P hl p chidm lai Ddng Dfldng. Chii tich Hd Chi Minh lie d I u va ndi: Chang ai mu m l khdng tha'y sii t h a t h i l n nhien la quan d^i Phap dapc My t r a n g bi va tid'p te, sdm mudn se xam chidm Lao, Campuchia, Trung Ky va ca B i c K;^ nfla. Nhii the, ho se phai trd bang mot gid dat.
Dd la cai gia m a cfldng qud'c sd 1 thd gidi phai t r a cho cudc chid'n tranh dai ngay nha't, tdn kdm nha't, vdi so binh si thadng vong Idn nha't trong lich sii chidn tranh cua My, k l ca so vdi Chidn t r a n h thd gidi thfl Hai. Sau 20 nam xam Iflde Viet Nam, My da ehudc la'y tha't bai cay ding, dac bi$t la tha't bai trong t r a n Didn Bidn Phu trdn khdng, phai ky Hiep dinh Paris thiia nh^n Ddc lap, Chii quyen, Thdng nhS^t, Toan v?n lanh thd cua Vidt Nam, cud'n ed vd nfldc.
T h i n g Idi cua Vidt Nam da tao ngn mdt didn mao dia - chinh tri mdi cd Idi eho cae liic Ifldng da'u t r a n h eho hda binh, dan chu, tidn bd xa hdi trdn toan the gidi.
Tfl Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945 va thanh lap nadc Vidt Nam Dan chii Cdng hda, ngay nay la Cdng hda Xa hdi Chii nghia
Chien ft&ig Bign Bian PhiS..
Vidt Nam ddn nay qua 70 nam, Viet Nam da chflng kie'n nhidu cudc doi thay cue didn dia - chinh tri d chau A va trdn thd gidi.
Trade nhflng ddi thay dd. Dang ta, dflng dIu la Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da biet tranh thii nhflng dieu kidn khach quan thuan Idi cua cue didn dd de lanh dao each mang tidn len, ddng thdi cung bidt k h i e phuc nhflng khd khan do cue didn khdng thuan Idi dem lai d l h a n chd tdn thCt va duy tri dfldc hoat ddng cua each mang.
Mot mat khac, b i n g nhflng chinh sach diing d i n v l h a n h ddng sang tao, each mang Vi$t Nam cung tac ddng tich cfle ddn cue didn dia - chinh tri theo hfldng tidn bp.
Chic c h i n la sii phat t r i l n cua lich siE se cdn d i n ddn nhieu ddi thay tren binh dien dia - chinh tri trong khu viic Ddng Nam A va thd gidi. Tfly theo ndi dung cua eae sii thay ddi dd, Viet Nam se phai cd nhflng dadng Id'i, ehu tradng, chinh sach flng phd thich hdp.
Trong hoat ddng each mang va lanh dao xay diing da't nadc, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh thadng van dung va giao due cho cln bd, dang vidn phadng cham DI bat bien iJtng van bien de xA ly cdng vide. Dd la mot each xiE ly cdng vide ra't linh hoat, mdm deo, sang tao, khdng may mdc, giao dieu (van bidn), n h a n g lai phai tuan theo nguyen t i c dieu khdng dadc phdp thay ddi (ba't bidn).
Nguydn tac dd ddi hdi phai ludn ludn dat Ipi ich tdi cao cua dan tpc len tren het. Ldi ich tdi cao dd dapc dflc gpn trong 10 chfl:
D O C L A P , CHtr QUYEN, THONG NHAT, TOAN VEN LANH T H 6
Nguyen t i e do phai dfldc tha'm n h u i n trong tfl tfldng, a'p ii trong tam nidm, quan tridt trong hanh ddng cua cdng dan da't Viet, tfl nhflng nha lanh dao dd'n can bd, dang vidn, chidn si, thadng dan. Thflc hidn didu dd cd t h i la each ky nidm cd y nghia thidt thflc va sau s i c 60 nam chidn t h i n g Dien Bien Phii.
CHU THICH
(1). Philippe Franchini: Les guerres d'lndochine {Nh&ng cuoc chien tranh d Ddng Dtidng). Nxb. Pyymadion, Pans, 1988, tr. 64-120.
(2). Le Proces de la colonisation francaise (Ban an chedd thUc ddn Phap). Nxb. Sii that, Uk N6i, 1960, tr. 48.
(3). Pierre Lyautey: L 'empire colonial franitais COe'gudc thUc ddn Phap). Edition de France, Paris, 1931, tr. 3.
(4), A. Sarraut: Grandeur et servitude coloniales (Vinh guang vd trdch nhiem thuoc dia).
Nxb. Sagittaire, Paris 1930, tr. 26.
(5). Nha tren.
(6). A. Sarraut. Sdd, tr. 125-126.
(7). H6 Chi Minh: Toan tap, tap 1. Nxb. Sii that, 1980, tr. 9-10.
(8). Vo NguySn Gipp; Chien dau trong vong vdy.
Nxb. Quan doi Nhfin dSn, Ha Noi, 1955, tr. 30.
(9). J. Laniel: Le drane in dochinas (Tham kich Dong Duong). Nxb; Plon - Paris, 1957, tr. 1.
(10). Stein Tennesson: The Vietnamese Revolution of 1945 • Roosevelt - De Gaulle and Ho Chi Minh in a World at war (Cdch mang ViSt Nam nam 1945 - Roosevelt - De Gaulle vd Ho Chi Minh trong thi gidi co chien tranh). Nxb. Sage - London.
New Delhi. 1991. tr. 425-426, 220, 412.
(11). David Marr; ViH Nam 1945 - The Quest for Power (Viet Nam 1945 - Su tim quyen lUc).
Nxb. D^i hoc Cali fomia. Berkeley, 1945, tr. 4-10, XXV, 4 vai-2-6.
(12). A. Sarraut. Sdd, tr. 59.
(13), A. Sehlesinger Jr. Les mille jours de Kennedy a la Maison Blanche (Mot ngdn ngay cua Kennedy d Nhd Trang). Nxb. De Noel, Paris, 1966, tr. 384.
(14). A. Sehlesinger Jr. Sdd, tr. 311.
