Hoat dong khai mo ciia ngiroi Hoa 6* Dang Ngoai:
Mot so tac dong toi xa hoi Dai Viet va Trung Hoa the ky XVH-XIX
Tran Xuan Thanhs
Tdm tat: Bdi viit dua ra mgt so nguyen nhdn nhdm ly gidi su xudt hien cdc hogt ddng khai md cua thuong nhdn vd lao dong nguai Hoa trong cdc md khoang san a viing thugng du Ddng Ngoai lir cuoi the ky XVII den nira ddu the ky XIX; phdn tich vd ddnh gid mgt so tdc dgng tir cdc hogt dgng khai md cua ngudi Hoa ddi vdi Dgi Viet vd Trung Hoa trong giai dogn nay.
Tir khda: Ngudi Hoa, Hoat dgng khai md. Dai Viet, Thd ky XVII-XIX
Abstract: The paper explains the occurrence of mineral mining activities of Chinese traders and laborers in the upland of Dang Ngoai from the end of the seventeenth century to the first half of the nineteenth century; analyzes and evaluates some impacts of Chinese mining activities on Dai Viet and China during this period.
Keywords: Overseas Chinese, Mining, Dai Viet, XVII-XIX Centuries
Ldi md
Nhirng yeu td ve vi tri dia ly, khong gian giao luu kinh te thuan Igi, nguon tai nguyen tho san ddi dao ciing nhu sy cdi md v^ mdi trudng chinh tri va kinh te cua chinh quydn Dai Viet trong cac the ky XVII-XIX la nhirng dgng lyc manh me cudn hut cac cgng ddng ngUdi Hoa d khu vuc Nam Trung Hoa vugt qua bien gidi, tran vao cae md khoang san d khu vye thugng du Dang Ngoai ciia Dai Viet. Hoat dgng khai md d day ciia ngudi Hoa dien ra mgt each manh me trong mgt thdi gian dai da tac dgng nhieu mat tdi xa hgi Dai Viet.
'•'ThS., NCS , Tnitmg Dai hgc Khoa hpc xS hgi va nhan van, D ^ hpc Qu6c gia Ha Noi;
Email: [email protected]
1. Ve su- xuat hien cac hoat ddng khai md cua ngirdi Hoa d Dang Ngoai
The ky XVII-XVIII, dudi thdi ky cua cac vua Le chiia Trinh, cac tran Tuyen Quang, Hung Hoa, Lang Son, Thai Nguyen, Cao Bang thugc Dang Ngoai dugc xem la khu vue cd vi tri quan trgng ciia Dai Viet, day ciing la vimg bien gidi tiep giao giiia Bic Viet Nam va Nam Trung Hoa. Sy phong phii va da dang ve vi tri dia ly, dja chat thd nhuong da khien khu vuc nay trd thanh mgt nguon cung cdp tai nguyen day X'lhm nang, duy tri su sinh ton va phat trien cua cac cgng ddng cu dan d day qua nhieu biin dgng cua lich su.
Tir diu the ky XV, ngay sau khi danh bai nha H6, tridu Minh da cho thiet lap cac
ThOng Hn Khoa hgc xfi h$l. sd u SOSO boat ddng khai khoang d Dai V'lct. Theo
nghien cim ciia Cao Himg Tnmg (2017:
170). xet theo gia\ td khai bao ciia cac phii huyen, d Dai Viet giai doan nay cd ldi 98 noi cd md vang: phii Thai Ngincn ^c 17 noi. phii Lang Son cd 4. chau Quang Oai cd 59. chau Gia Hiiy cd 5. chau Ninh Hda cd 3. chau Qiiy cd 1. chau Ngge Ma ed 6. chau Tra Lung ed 3,
Sau khi Dai Vi?t danh b^i nha Minh.
hoat dgng khai mo d khu vye chii > cu do trieu dinh nha Le quan ly. Md hinh quan ly boat dgng kinh le dac thii na\ sau dd tiep tyc dugc duy tri trong thdi ky Le - Trjnh. Chinh quyen cho phep cac quan lai trieu dinh, thd lii dja phuong va dac biei Id cdc thuong nhan ngudi Hoa Iham gia vao cac hoat dgng khai mo. Chinh sach nay t^o dieu ki?n cho hang van phu md ngudi Hoa boat dgng Iren khap pham \ i Dang Ngoai Theo Ngd Thi ST, Dang Ngoai thdi ky nay cd den 5. 6 van Hoa kieu, trong sd nay "phan Idn lam nghe khai md", da sd la thuong nhan va phu md d mien Van Nam, Quang Tay, Trieu Chau, Thieu Chau qua bien gidi den ngu d 6 tran Lang Son, Thai Nguyen, Tuyen Quang, Hung Hda, Cao Bang, An Quang (Dan theo: Phan Huy Le,
1963:56).
Ly giai \ e vice cac thuong nhan va phu md ngudi Hoa di dan xuong phia Nam, chiing tdi eho rang eac ylu td chinh tri va kinh te ddng vai gd la lye hut va lyc ddy trong eac qua trinh di dan nay. Trong dd, nhiing bien ddng va phuc tap \ e chinh tri, xa hgi trong long xa bdi Trung Hoa ddng vai trd la lyc da\. Nguge lai, ngudn tai nguyen ddi dao cua mien thugng du Dang Ngoai hay nh&ng edi md trong chinh saeh quan ly cua chinh quyen Dai Viet la sue hut manh me. Ben canh dd, ap lyc tir viec gia tang dan sd nhanh chdng tai Trung Hoa
trong cac the ky XVII-XIX' dan dcnsyg'^
tang nhu cau ddi \ m mgt sd kim I091 nn vang, b^c. ddng...
Cac nhdm phu md ngudi Hoa a thugng du Dang Ngoai ehu yCni cd nguon yoc tu Khai Hda (thugc Van Nam). Quang Tay va Hd Nam (Le Qu> Ddn. 2007: 389-390), uong dd cd ngudi Hda Thudng, nguo>
Niing, ngudi Rang vang, ngudi Tao. ngiroi Ngd Ngan... Nhimg ngudi Hda Thudng va ngudi Tao true tiep tham gia khai mo d Dang Ngoai. Nhimg ngudi Hoa Thudng nay "deu la ngudi Hd Nam. cd tai biet dugc khi sae vang, bac, sat, dong. di den dau hgp be ban, md phd xa. dao Id ndu quang, sieng nSng va lam viec quanh nam, an mac va cat tdc nhu ngudi phuong Bic, khong dem vg eon di theo" (Le Quy Ddn, 2007: 389). Hg
"thinh thoang trd ve que, dem theo sd vang bae da khai lay duac. Hg d xudng ddng Tu Long udc ba, bon ngan ngudi, ciing d ca Thai Nguyen, Lang Son, Hung Hda nua" (Le Quy Don, 2007: 389-390). Ngoai nhiing phu md cd ngudn gde tir Hd Nam,
"lai CO mgt hang phu md ngudi Trieu Chau, ciing hay lam viec khai khan, nhung tinh tinh tham lam hung han, hay trtuih cudp giet ngudi. Hang ngudi nay d Thai Nguyen rat nhieu, Tuyen Quang, Hung Hda khong cd" (Le Quy Ddn, 2007: 390).
Sang th6 ky XIX, trong cac ITnh vye nhu ddn dien hay khai thac md, ngudi Hoa nhan dugc su ung hg cua trieu Nguygj, Trong hoat ddng khai md, ngudi Hoa duac phep tuyen chgn va thue nhan cdng. Nh^
Nguyen ciing tieh cue su dung ngudi Hoa
'Theo David S. Landes (2001), dan so Trung Hog tir kho4ng 65-80 trieu d^n vao khoang nam 14% ^, tang dSn I6n 100-150 tri?u nSm 1650, len 200-250 tri^u nam 1750, lin trfin 300 incu v4o cu6i ih^ u XVin. v4 Mn 400 tri^u nSm 1850. ^
IfoatdOng hhat mo... 39 de phat tridn cac ngh£ diic ddng, luyen thep,
Igc dai vang, lam gom su(Chau Hai, 1994:
32-37), due tidn (Nguyen Van Dang, 2001:
36-38),... Nhd vay, eac nghe thu cdng dudi trieu Nguyen nhu due tien, luyen gang, lam gom va due ddng rat phat trien. Day dugc xem la su thanh eong cua viec van dung chinh saeh "Lai bach cdng" (thu hut tram nghe den vdi minh) ciia trieu Nguyen (Chau Thi Hai, 1998: 170-177; 1999: 68), nhat la trong boat ddng khai md.
2. Nhirng tac dong tdi xa hgi Bai Viet Nhiing uu the ve kinh nghiem, ky thuat khai md va ngudn vdn cua ngudi Hoa da giiip hg trd thanh mgt lyc lugng chi phdi nhieu edng trudng khai md d thugng du Dang Ngoai trong suot mgt thdi gian dai, dac biet la tir cudi the ky XVII den giiia the ky XIX, NhOng phu md vdn cd ngudn gde xuat than tir khu vuc Hoa Nam (Phuc Kien, Quang Ddng, Van Nam, Quang Tay...), cd kinh nghiem va tay nghe cao nen cd each quan ly va td chirc lam viec hgp ly. Vdi
"su phan cdng, hgp tac gian don trong timg khau ciia qua trinh khai thac" ciing nhu cac phuong thirc quan ly tdt ciia thuong nhan va cae phuong thiie khai thac hieu qua ciia thg md, nang suat lao ddng trong cac md do ngudi Hoa linh trung cao hon ban so vdi cac md do ngudi Viet quan ly va khai thac (TrSn Thi Vinh, 2007: 221). Hon niia, dudi chinh quyen Le - Trinh, trieu dinh khong tryc tiep quan ly cac trudng mo ma giao cho cac quan lai va thd tu d dia phucmg quan ly. Su quan ly cd phin Idng leo cua chinh quyen Le - Trinh cgng vdi chinh sach mien thue 5 narn dau cho ngudi Hoa da tao dieu kien thuan Igi cho hg trong eac ham md. Den nira dau Xhk ky XIX, tridu Nguyen quy dinh ngudi Hoa ddn Dai Viet djnh cu dugc mien nhieu lo?ii thue trong 3 ndm ddu (Chau Hai, 1994:32-37).
Vdi cac chinh sach ke tren ciia chinh quyen Dai Viet, khdng khd dk ly giai tai sao thuong nhan ngudi Hoa lai cd vai trd Idn gong nen kinh te cdng thuong nghiep cua Dang Ngoai the ky XVII. Sau mgt chuyin du hanh den Dang Ngoai vao nam 1688, William Dampier da nhan djnh ring, trong khi d vimg chau thd ngudi Hoa nim giii thuong mai, thi d vimg thugng du hg ciing nam quyen khai thac lam thd san (Dampier, 2011:85).
Trong Kiin van tieu luc, Le Quy Ddn cho biet, d "chau Son La, cd md Yet Ong d dgng Hieu Te, san xuat vang tdt, ngudi Trung Qudc md xudng khai ISy va Ige vang, moi ndm nop thue 1 dat 2 lang" (Le Quy Ddn, 2007: 360). Trong sudt mgt thdi gian dai, chinh quyen nhieu khi xem khai md
"chi cot thu thue cho du, nhung nhiiu khi thue nop cho nha nude mudi phan khdng dugc mgt" (Vien Nghien ciiu Han Ndm, 1991:72). Sau khi chinh quyen Le - Trinh lan dau tien thyc hien che do qudn gidm, the hien sy dgc quyen quan ly viec khai md tir nam 1760, hoat dgng khai md cua ngudi Hoa mdi di vao quy eii va gdp phdn dem lai mgt ngudn thue md nhat dinh cho chinh quydn Dai Viet (Tran Thi Vinh, 2017; 205), nhu Phan Huy Chu (1992: 263) hing khang dinh: "Mdi Igi ve ham md phan nhieu d cac xii Tuyen Quang, Hung Hda, Thai Nguyen, Lang Son... Viec chi dung ciia nha nude sd dl dugc ddi dao la do d thue cac md nop day du".
Ben canh nhung that thoat ve thue, tinh trang that thoat tai nguyen do boat dgng khai md cua ngudi Hoa gay ra cung hk sue nghiem trgng: "Tir xua cac de vuong tri thien ha, khdng ai ia khong quan ly ciia cai de tu hgp dan? Nhung cai ngudn sinh ra cua cai la d trdi dat, ma each quan ly cua cai la d ngudi tren, neu khong xep dat
40 Thdng Mn Khoa hgc xa hOi sA 6.2020
cd phucmg phap thi sao ciia cai luu thdng ma du diing d u g c " (Phan Huy Chii, 1992;
85). Thyc chat, "nhirng md do Hoa thuong ITnh trung khdng gdp ich gi cho viec tich liiy ciia cai cung nhu viec kich thich day manh trao ddi hang hda d nude ta. Sau mgt thdi gian khai thac bgn chu md ehi nap l^i mgt phan nhd thue cho nha Nguyen, phan edn lai chung mang het \ e nude" (Tmong Thi Yen. 1981: 60). Trude thyc trang nay, chinh quyen da tim each kiem soat chat ch5 vigc thu thue va phat nghiem eac \ i quan phy traeh khai md khdng hoan thanh nhi?m vu. Chang han nam 1761. Chua Trinh da bai chiic Lim thu Biii The Khanh
\'i M quan nay da gian 1 ^ , khai thac khdng phep hai md vang va mgt md kem (Phan Huy Chu. 1992: 78).
Dudi trieu Ngu>cn. Vua Minh Mang l?nh cho chinh quyen cac tinh d Bac Thanh chi dugc phep cho Hoa kieu sang lam thue va budn ban eiing nhu chi dugc luu thdng cac kim loai quy nhu vang, bac d pham vi Uong nude chu khdng dugc dua qua bien gidi. NhOng ai \ i pham se hi phat 100 trugng. tich thu vang, bae va tiiy theo sd lugng it hay nhieu ma quy dinh muc phat:
tu: 50 den 120 lang thi cu 10 lang gia tdng them mgt bac. tir 120 lang Ud len thi bi xir giao giam hau (Phan Huy Le, 1963: 59).
Ngd Thi ST timg ghi lai, d vimg Cao Bang va Tuyen Quang. ngudi Hoa "thudng timg doan nam. mudi ngudi di ra khdi cira ai, ed khi gia ehd sa nhan di theo dudng cai nhung len lut nhd ngudi dia phuong ehd bac di theo dudng tat trong rimg niii; cd khi bgn ddn tuan an hoi Id cd tinh tha cho di"
(Dan theo: Phan Huy Le, 1963: 59). Ciing vdi nhOng han che. sai lam trong viec thyc thi chinh sach khai md eiia vuong trieu NguNcn. viec chinh quyen dd hg Phap d£
mat mo ddng Tu Long ve ta> nha Thanh
nam 1885 la mgt trong nhihig tdn that Idn nhat cua \ iei Nam trong bdi canh quoc ei.
hi mat chu qu>en-
Sy bung nd cac boat dgng khai nio cua ngudi Hoa tgi vimg thugng du mien Bac Dai Viet cung keo theo nhiing Ian sdng di dan ngirdi Hoa t^i cac khu vuc viing bien vien, ti8m dn va bung phat nhieu yeu to gay mdt dn djnh xa hgi nhu te nan xa hgi, cuop bde, thd phi... Tai Trung Hoa. vice nha Thanh xda bd chinh sach hai earn ma nha Minh ban bo trude day khien "cac sy mau djeh ciia ngudi Hoa vdi Ddng Nam A va su di dan ciia hg d^n day da tdng len gap boi"
(Nguyen Thd Anh, 2017: 282). Ben canh dd, sau khi nha Minh sup dd, tinh trang
"ngudi khach [ngudi Hoa] ddn ngu d nude ta, cd hang khai md lay eiia, cd hang thue rugng cay cay, cd hang ngoi mgt noi ma budn, cd hang di lai ma budn, cd hang d lan Idn vdi dan ta, ed hang thanh lap xdm rieng, dau dau cung cd ma d 6 tran Lang, Thai, Tuyen, Hung, Cao, Quang cang nhieu, udc chimg sd ngirdi hien eo cung gan xap xi dan ta" (Phan Huy Le, 1963: 56). Theo Ngo Thi ST, ngoai 5, 6 van Hoa Kieu d Dang Ngoai, edn cd 6 ngan d Hgi An, d eac thanh thi khac thi khdng kd het (Dan theo: Vu Duy Men, 2002: 60-68).
Nam 1767, Chua Trinh sai Nguyen Dinh Hudn, Ngd Thi SI den md Tdng Tinh dieu tra da phat hien thuc trang nhieu quan giam duong da thue "khach ngoai qudc d6n Idy dh thu dugc nhieu t h u l Bay gio moi md cd phu lam thue den hang van" (Phan Huy Chu, 1992: 263). Phu md va tao hg, phSn nhieu la ngudi d Trieu Chau va Thi^u Chau, tu tap nhau thanh timg doan, hay danh gidt nhau, khien cho xa hgi khu vuc nay roi loan.
Theo tinh toan, dan sd miSn Bac Vifit Nam lir the ky XVI-XVIII udc lugng vao
I}oat d<>ng khai mo.. 41 khoang 5 ddn 6 trieu ngudi (Li Tana, 1997:
26). Dan so Trung Qudc nam 1600 thdi Minh da vao khoang 200 trieu ngudi, va din nam 1800 tang len 350 ttieu (Martier, 2006: 40-41). Trong khi dd, udc lugng sd ngudi Hoa d Dai Viet luc dd len den hang chuc van ngudi. Mac du cac chua Trinh da chii truong "Viet hda" ngudi Hoa bang each quy dinh "dan d ven bien gidi khdng dugc bat ehude tieng noi va do mac cua phuong Bac (Vien Sii hgc, 1998: 373), nhung tren thyc te, trieu dinh khd cd the sau sat tdi cac khu vuc thugng du hiem trd, xa xoi, khdng dii lyc lugng de giam sat den tan cac md, lai eoi nhe sy hon loan vd td chiic cua dam ngudi san sang chem giet lan nhau de tranh nhau timg ham md. Thyc trang nay edn dien bien phiic tap hon trong nhOng thap nien 60-70 cua th6 ky XVIII, thdi didm nha Tay Son gap nhieu khd khan khi phai ddi mat vdi hang van phu md (edn ggi la lye lugng xudng dan) ngirdi Hoa bi nha Thanh chieu dy trd thanh ngi ung chdng lai Dai Viet.
3. Mgt so anh hudng d^i vdi Trung Hoa Trong nhieu giai doan lich su, khu vye mien Nam Trung Hoa ddng vai tto thiet yeu trong viec thiet lap mgt trat ty xa hgi on dinh cho ca khu vuc bien gidi phia Nam cua Trung Hoa. Trong cac the ky XVI-XVII, Tnmg Hoa mac dii dugc xem la mgt trong eac qudc gia cd nen kinh te thii cong nghiep va thuong mai phat trien eudng thinh, nhung lai thudng xuyen d vao tinh trang "ddi" bac va ddng. Dieu nay ly giai cho viec chinh quyen Trung Hoa budc phai tang eudng tim kiem cae ngudn cung dap ling nhu eau trao ddi tai chinh cho thi trudng rgng Idn va khdng 16 nay. Vao cudi thdi ky nha Minh. quy md ciia n8n kinh te ngay cang Idn khien nhu cau sii dung bac d qudc gia nay len cao. Cai chet cua hoang de
cudi cimg trieu dai nha Minh khdng chi lien quan den cugc tranh chap giiia cac dang phai chinh tri, ma cdn bat ngudn tir sy thieu hut cac nguon kim loai lam nguyen lieu cho viee due tien.
Trong khoang nhung nam tir 1570 den 1630, cac boat ddng thuong mai giiia Trung Qudc - Tay Ban Nha d Manila va Trung Qudc - Bd Dao Nha d Macao da giup van chuyen den Trung Qudc hang trieu kilogram bac tir chau My, chau Au, Tnmg Ddng, An Do va Nhat Ban. Hoat ddng nay ddng vai Xio la mgt xung luc thue day toan bg nen kinh te nha Minh luc nay (Goldstone, 1988: 116). Trong 72 nam cudi eiia nha Minh (1572-1644), da cd hon 100 trieu ddng bac nude ngoai dugc nhap vao Tmng Hoa (Ray Huang, 1969: 124-125).
Ben canh viee khai thac cac md bac trong nude, viec luu thdng rgng rai bac da lam thay ddi dang ke nen kinh te cua qudc gia nay. Cae euge chien tranh va viec md rgng bd may hanh chinh vao thdi nha Thanh ciing ddi bdi mgt lugng Idn bac va tien ddng phuc vu cho nhu cau cua nha nude (Atwell, 2005: 467-489). Ndu cac kim loai nay khdng dugc eung cap day du thi he thdng chinh tri Trung Hoa liic bdy gid trd nen rit de bi tdn thuong. Ben canh do, cac hdm mo d mien Bae Viet Nam la noi cung cap viec lam ddi dao cho cac di dan va ndng dan d phia Nam Trung Hoa bi ban cung hda sau cugc chinh bien lat do nha Minh va thiet lap trieu dai Man Thanh vao nhutig nam 1640 eua the ky XVII. Theo phan ling day chuyen, sy on dinh ve ehinh tri d khu vuc phia Nam Trung Hoa cung se gop phdn on dinh he thong chinh trj Trung Hoa trong mgt chimg myc nhat dinh.
Hon niia, mac dii chi ehiem khoang 7% dien tich ddt dai tten Trai dat, nhung Trung Hoa luon d trong tinh trang j'^^j '^^^
Thdng tin Khoa hgc xA h4t. sd 6.2020 img nguon luong thyc de nudi sdng 15°o
den 20% dan sd the gidi. Mot trong nhOng nguyen nhan dan den tmh trang "dix hiem ngudi ddng" nay la do chien luge tai sinh san lau dai cua cac trieu dinh Trung Hoa trong mgt thdi gian dai. theo dd hau het nam nu sinh ra deu lap gia dinh sdm va cd nhieu con bat chip dieu kien vat chat. Sy ddng dan cimg khien nhu cau hanh trudng lanh thd va tim kiem cae ngudn tai ngmen ngoai lanh thd cua Trung Hoa Ud nen cap baeh hon. Sy gia tang dan sd d Trung Hoa thuc te la kieu tai san xuat tdi da nhdm tang eudng quyen lyc chinh tri ca ve lyc lugng eon ngudi de chien dau va luc lugng vat chat (luong thue, thuc pham nudi quan ddi de banh trudng lanh thd) (Landes, 2001).
Do dd. Igi ieh tu eae ngudn md d mien Bac Viet Nam trong cac the ky XVII-XVIII dugc xem la dgng lyc thuc day sy banh uudng va gia tdng sue manh cua nha Thanh tgi eac vimg ngoai vi.
Trong niia sau cua the ky XVIII. khu vye bien gidi Trung Hoa - Dai Viet da eung cap trung binh 500 tan ddng moi nam, bien noi da\ trd thanh mgt trong nhiing dia diem khai thac ddng Idn nhat chau A. Thye td la, nhu eau ve bae d Trung Hoa Uong nhOng the ky XVI-XVIII yd nen rdt cdp thi^t, trong khi dd cac md bac, dong d mien Bae Viet Nam cd the dap ung va bii dap mdi phan cho sy khan hiem va nhu cdu gdn nhu vd tan nay cua Trung Hoa (Li Tana, 2003).
Day cd the duac xem la yeu td mSu chdt tac dgng tdi tinh hinh chinh Xn, xa hgi khu vye phia Nam Trung Hoa ndi rieng, anh hudng phan nao ldi tinh hinh ehinh tri cac trieu dai nha Minh va nha Thanh Uong cac the ky XVII-XVIII.
Ldi ket
Nhu vay cd the tha\ ngudn tai nguyen ddi dao \ a sy cdi md cua mdi tnrdng chinh
tri va kinh le thdi ky Le - Trinh la nhiing dgng lye Idn khien cac cgng ddng ngiK"
Hoa ddn khai mo d Dang Ngoai ciia E>9' Viet trong eac the ky XVII-X\'IH- Sir nh?p cu d at ciia ngudi Hoa tir sau phong ffa^
phan Thanh phuc Mmh va sy hinh thanh ddng dao cac cdng ddng ngudi Hoa d Daiig Trong nhu mgt thyc thd dan cu tuong_doi dn dinh trong xa hgi Viet Nam hi the ky XVlll-XIX kdt hgp vdi nhOng yiu to thuan igi vh chinh saeh cua cac chua Nguyen, va sau dd la cua cac vua ddu trieu Nguyen cung dugc xem la co sd xudt hien va hinh thanh cac boat ddng khai md vdi quy md Idn eua ngudi Hoa d mien Bac Viet Nam trong nira dau the ky XIX.
Hoat dgng khai md cua ngudi Hoa d miSn thugng du Dang Ngoai khdng chi tac ddng nhiiu mat ddi vdi xa hgi Dai Viet ma cdn tao ra mgt sd anh hudng vira hoic tiep, vira gian tiep ddi vdi khu vye Nam Tnmg Hoa. 6 khia canh kinh td, khai md d midn Bac Dai Viet la mgt trong nhung ngudn cung quan frgng bii dap sy thieu hut dong va bac d Tning Hoa thd ky XVII-XVIII. 6 khia canh chinh tri, hoat dgng nay cdn la mgt mat xich quan hrgng gdp phkn vao sy 6n dinh kinh t i , xa hgi d mien Nam Trung Hoa • Tai lieu tham khao
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