OIEN
> 1 1 >Nhihig kho khan va thach thurc ifdi vdi Chtfdng trinh Dien hat nhan
Vai net v e d i e n hat n h a n Difn hat nhan tut lau da dugc coi l i mpt giai p h i p hua hen giii quylt van de an ninh nang lugng ciia nhieu nudc tren t h i gidi. Mac dii n g i n h N i n g lugng Hat nhan t o i n cau trai qua mpt thdi ky den tdi sau t h i m hpa Chernobyl d Ukraine v i Three Mile Island d My.
Theo mpt b i o eio ciia C a quan Nang lupng Nguyfn tu Quoc t l (IAEA), hi nam 2010, khoing 65 nudc khdng cd n h i may dien hat n h i n (DHN) dang can nhae hoic chii dpng lap k l hoach san xult DHN. Hai p h i n ba so' nha m i y DHN dang dugc xay dung n i m d chiu A, hong dd Trung Qud'c v i An Dp la hai nuac di d i u . Tuy rJiien, hPm thii tu (16- 3-2011), Trung Quoc dot ngpt tuyen bO se ngiing viec d p phep cho t i t c i cic n h i may hat n h i n mdi - chilm khoang 40%
so d u an da dugc quy hoach trfn toin the gidi. Cau hdi dat ra cho chiing ta p h i i suy nghi ky l i cd phai vi khiing hoang DHN Nhat Ban (11-3-2011) da gay nen budc ngoit hay mOt cii giim t i c khOng?
KhOng nhu d chau Au - noi dan so tuong doi da dang cd t h i su dung hifu q u i n i n g lugng mat hdi, hydro, hoic dia nhift d l thay the nang lugng hat nhin, chau A li mpt thj trudng dang phit trien vdi nhirng viing dan s l tap tnmg vdi mat dp day die, ddi hdi nhirng nguOn n i n g lupng re de phuc vu h i n g ty ngudi dan.
Chi rieng Viet Nam da co 87
hieu din, dong hon ci Due, nuoc ldn nhat hong khoi EU. Mpt chuyen gia da ndi ve viec p h i t trien DHN ciia chau A nhu sau:
"Tdi cd cim giic, cic chinh phii hong khu vuc khPng tim thay mpt giai p h i p thay t h i n i o cho nang lupng hat nhan, de cd the duy tri ting trudng kinh tl".
Tdm lai, nhu cau phat trien n i n g lupng hat nhan vi muc dich hda binh dang l i van de khdng chi d Viet Nam, m i con doi vdi cic nudc chau A. Tuy nhien, khi chiing ta khdi cong xay dung n h i may DHN d Ninh Thuin thi cdn nhieu v i n d l p h i i giai quylt.
M o t so thach thuc c h o n g a y k h o i c o n g
Nhu nhieu ngudi da bilt, viec xay dung nha may DHN khong he don gian nhu cic hang muc d i u tu khae ciia moi quoc gia.
Rieng Bnh vuc DHN thi cic nudc khOng chi phai doi difn vdi nhiing khd khan thuong nif n ciia mOt d u an Idn (vi xay dung NMDHN rit t i n tien) v i cdn phai tuan thii nhiing quy dinh ngit ngheo ciia Ca quan Nang lupng Nguyen tu Quoc te (IAEA). Day l i hnh vuc khdng chi nhay cam ma cdn ddi hoi dp an t o i n tuyft d l i , vi su co NMDHN till tiiim hpa khon ludng va nd khong chi tan p h i quoc gia cd NMDHN ma ca cac quo'c gia khic (dii each hang ngan km v i n bi nhilm phdng xa).
Hifn nay, Chuong trinh DHN Clia Viet Nam dang trong q u i tirinh gap nit de d i n nam
2014 khdi cdng xiy dung va nam 2020 se di vao hoat dpng.
Liic dd DHN se chilm ty trpng 1% tong s i n lupng dien tieu thu, chiing ta p h i n d i u tang len 6%
vao nam 2030 va len 20 - 25%
vao nam 2050.
Tuy nhien, de dugc nhu ke hoach d l ra, chiing ta dang dd'i dien vdi nhieu kho khan v i thich thirc. Neu khdng vugt qua dugc nhiing thu thich n i y thi Chuong h i n h DHN ciia chiing ta khd thuc hifn dugc.
N h u n g k h o k h a n va t h a c h t h u c
Theo cac chuyen gia v i cac n h i quan Iy ve DHN thi hien nay chiing ta dang diing trudc nhiing khd khan va thach thiic can p h i i vugt qua d l d i n n i m 2014 khdi cdng v i 2020 cd DHN.
Day l i nhirng khd khan va thich thuc d l i vdi Viet Nam - mOt nuac dang phat trien. Cu till, chung ta cd hai v i n d l can phai giai quylt: Mgt la, nhirng vifc hen quan d i n van d l xay dung NMDHN; hai la c a s d h a t l n g . Ca sd ha t i n g chiing ta hieu theo nghia rpng la nhirng gi Uen quan den N M D H N nhu: He t h i n g van ban phap luat; khoa hpc cong nghe va dpi ngii chuyen gia van h i n h NMDHN...
Mpt trong nhirng khd khan ldn n h l t ciia vifc triin khai xiy d u n g N M D H N la Viet Nam chua cd tiln If. Thuc tl, chiing ta mdi cd dugc mgt luat va mpt nghi dinh, cdn nhilu van ban Uen quan van dang hong qua trinh soan thao. Luat Nang
5 0 CANC IICHl|P»Ky 1, thang 4/2011
^M HATNIUM
lupng Nguyen tir ciia nudc ta co hifu lire tir ngay 01/01/2009, vua tao h i n h lang p h i p ly, d i n g thdi dua cPng tic quin ly giam sit Clia N h i nuac v l an toin biic xa v i an toin hat nhan len mpt muc cao hon, h i c h rJiifm ciia cic don vi trien khai iing dung ning lupng nguyen tii v i cic co quan quin Iy n h i nudc dugc xic dinh rd rang v i cu the hon.
Chinh phii vira ban h i n h Nghi dinh s l 70/2010/ND-CP ngiy 22/6/2010 quy dinh chi hit v i hudng d i n thi h i n h mOt s l dilu Clia Luat Nang lupng nguyen hi v l n h i may DHN. Hifn tai, cic CO quan Uen quan dang khan truong hoan thinh vifc soan thio mpt so nghi dinh va van bin duoi luat d l hinh Thu tudng Chinh phli ban hanh, tiong dd cd Nghi dinh rieng ve DHN.
Vin d l nguIn nhan lire cho NMDHN thi hifn nay dang thieu ci v l so lugng v i chit lugng, nhlt l i thilu cic n h i khoa hpc d i u din. Theo Bp GD&DT, ci nudc cd 505 cin bp khoa hpc v i cPng nghf hat nhin, chii yeu dang lim vifc hong 10 ca quan nhu: Vifn Ning lugng Nguyen hi Vift Nam; Cue An toin hire xa v i hat nhan (Bp KH&CN); cic Trudng DH Bich khoa H i Npi;
DH Di Lat; DH Dien luc; DH Khoa hpc Tu nhien (DH QuIc gia H i Npi v i TP HCM)... Trong 505 cin bp cd hinh dp dai hpc tid len, tit nghifp cic chuyen nganh hat nhin khic nhau, chi cd 62 tiln si, dp tuoi trung binh li 50.
Trong s l 12 giio su, phd giio su nginh niy thi cd 4 ngudi tu 60-62 tudi, s l cdn Iai ciing d dO tudi 50- 55. Theo k l hoach ciia Chinh phu, sau 10 nam tdi, nudc ta se cd 2 n h i miy DHN dugc xiy dung tai tinh Ninh Thuan vdi
tdng cdng suit li 4.000MW v i du kiln din nam 2020, Viet Nam cin khoang 2.400 ngudi cd tiinh dp dai hpc. Ehrgc biet, Nhi nudc se cd Ban Chi dao QuIc gia vl dao tao nguon nhan luc tiong Unh vuc ning lupng nguyen tii do Phd Thii tudng lim Trudng ban. Bp tiudng Bp GD-DT lim Pho Trudng Ban tiiudng true; dai difn lanh dao Bp Khoa hpc va COng nghf, Bd Cdng Thuong, Bd Ndng nghiep v i Phit tiien ndng thdn, Bd Y te, Bp Tii chinh, Bp Kl hoach v i Diu tu v i BO Npi vu li thinh vien. Sl hen chi cho dao tao khoang 3.000 ty ding.
Cic nha chuyen mPn dang lo ling, dOi ngu chuyen gia cao cip khong de gi dao tao dii cd thira quyet tam va hen bac tiong thdi gian ngin. Dd li thilu nhiing nha cdng nghe vi van hinh trinh dp cao do chua dugc chii trpng dao tao. Chiing ta se thieu cac chuyen gia cd dii tam xii ly nhirng sir cd khi van hinh nhu su cl NMDHN Nhat Ban d Fukushima viia qua. Nhung chuyen gia nay, binh thudng hp lam viec nhu nhung ngudi khae, nhung khi cd vin de xiy ra, thi chinh hp phii the hifn vai trd Clia minh. Trong Iinh vuc DHN rit cin nhiing ngudi cd trinh dp chuyen gia cao d p niy.
Dilu quan hpng nhlt li phai cd chien lugc vi chuang trinh dio tao gap nit d tiong nudc cho dOi ngii hen si, tiiac sT, ky su, cin bO chuyen mdn hong nhieu nginh cd lien hf mat tiiilt vdi vifc xay dung, khai thic NMDHN va cac co sd phu tiiuOc. Ding tiidi, cimg phai gap nit giii hing loat chuyen vien, smh vien di hi nghifp, hpc hdi d cic ti^rdng dai hpc v i tiiuc tap tai cic NMDHN d nudc ngoii.
Mpt v i n de het siic quan hpng la dli chung ta da dua tin li Vift Nam da chpn dugc ddi tic Nga v i Nhat hong vifc xiy dung NMDHN d i u tien d Ninh Thuan. Nhung mpt chuyen gia cho bilt, tat ci cic van ban cin thda thuan vdi Nga d i n gid chua hoin thifn. Vdi Nhat Bin, mac dii chung ta da cd 2 vdng d i m phan chinh thiic v i vii cupc khdng chinh thiic, nhung den nay van chua cd gi li cu the, vin chung chung. Mpt van d l rit quan hpng khPng the thilu dd la tai chinh. Khd khan ve tai chinh ddi vdi viec xiy dung NMDHN thi trir mpt s l nudc ldn cdn lai hau het deu rat dau d i u ve bai toin ngudn vdn cho xay dung NMDHN. Cu the, nudc ta trong khi d i m phin vdi cic ddi tic deu neu van de hd trg vdn thuc hifn.
Them vao dd, IAEA khuyen cao la ddi vdi nhung nudc dang phat trien khi lap du trii tii chinh xiy dung NMDHN can phai tinh them khoing 20% so vdi tong du toan thdng thudng de chi phi them cho co sd ha tang, nhu dudng xa, thdng tin lien lac... Ddi vdi Vift Nam viia li nudc dang phat trien, viia l i l i n dau tien xay dung NMDHN thi chic chan con s l ting them 20% nhu IAEA khuyen cao li cd the xay ra.
Dugc biet, hien nay, Chinh phli dang chi dao quylt Uft vifc thuc hifn Chuang trinh DHN.
Vifc lira chpn viec XD NMDHN Ninh Thuan li hit siic cin thilt.
Chiing ta phai tich cue khPn kheo v i khPng de nhiing rio cin ve tii chinh, dio tao va dli tic...
lim i n h hudng d i n Chuang trinh DHN ciia nudc ta.
Hoang Van Du
Ky 1, thing 4/2011 «C6llONCmtF S l
