MOT S6 BltM TIEN BQ VA HAN CHE CUA LUAT VIEN CHtTC NAM 2010
1. Tinh tit yeu vd ^ nghta cua vifc ban hdnh Lu^t ViSn chiic
Nam 1998, Phap Ipnh Cdn bp, cdng chire ra ddi va da "gom" vdo dilu chinh hit cdc doi lugng cdn bO, cdng chire, vifin chiic.
Theo Phdp Ipnh Cdn bO, cdng chire ndm 1998 thi vien cbiic dugc xem nhu mdt b0 phdn ciia cdn bg, cdng chiic; gdn lien vdi cdc chl dg, chinh sdch ciia Ddng vd Nhd nude vl can bp, cdng chiic. Qua phdn tjch cdc vdn bdn phdp ludt lien quan, cd thi nhdn thiy
"vien chire" thyc ra cbi la m^t logi "cdng cbiic". Sd dl cd hai ten ggi khdc nhau vi trudc day cbiing ta chia ra thdnh: cdng chire lam viec trong cac co quan nha nude, Ddng, dodn thi tir cip huyen trd 16n; vd vien chiic 1dm viec trong cdc don vi sy nghipp bit kl la ciia Ddng, Nha nude hay dodn tbS (ggi nhiing ngudi lam vipc trong dan vi su nghiep la vien chiic chi bat ddu tii Phdp lenh Can bd, cdng chiic sua ddi, bd sung ndm 2003). Hon mudi ndm thyc hien Phdp Ipnh Can bp, cdng chiic va gan bdy nam thyc hipn CO chl mdi trong quan ly vien chiic dd cho thiy, viec gpp can b$, cdng chiic va vien chiic de dieu chinh theo mdt ca che chung da khdng cdn phii hgp". Chinh vi vgy, idii thdng qua Lugt Cdn b0, cdng chiic nam 2008, tren ca sd nghien ciru de nghj ciia Chinh phii, Qude hgi da quyet djnh Ludt Can bp, cong chiic chi diSu chinh ddi tugng la can bd va cdng chiic ma khdng dieu chinh ddi tugng vien chiic niia. Vien chiic dugc tdch ra de dieu chinh theo mdt chl dg phap ly rieng, khdc ve ca bdn vdi chl dp phdp ly ddnh cho can bg, cdng chiic. Vd vi thi, du thdo Luat ViSn chiic dugc soan thao vd la
Cao Vu Minh*
tiin dl cho sy ra ddi cua Lu^t Vien chirtl mdt dgo lugt quan trgng.
Xuit phdt tir sy khdc bipt gi&a cdn b?, cdng chOrc (thyc thi cdng vy cd tinh quyjp Iyc nhd nude) vdi viSn chiirc (thyc hipn c6ng vipc mang tinh chuySn mdn nghipp vy) nen vipc dp dyng md hinh qudn ly cdn b$, c6ng chire doi vdi vien chiirc Id khdng phii hop, k^o theo do Id hdng loat cdc quy dinh liSl quan din vi^c tuyin dyng, sii dung, quy^
vd nghia vy, chl dp tiin lucmg cung Idion^
hgp ly. Vdi y nghTa tdch bgch rd rang vl che dp chinh sach va quy che phap ly giiia nhOng ngudi 1dm vipc trong khu vyc hanh chinh (can bg, cdng chiic) vdi khu vyc sy nghipp (vien chiic), nen Lu$t Vien chiic dugc sogn thao vd thdng qua biia hen se tao ra mdt "san chcri" vdi "each eboi" hgp ly, hieu qua cho hon 1,6 trieu vien chire va ca nhihig ngudi sS tham gia cimg hg trong tugng lai.
Cd thi ndi, sy ra ddi ciia Lugt Viai chiic sS tgo CO sd phdp ly cd gia tri cao nhdm xay dyng va qudn ly dgi ngii vien chiic co dii pham chat, trinh dg va ndng Iyc ddp ling dugc yeu cau ngdy cang cao trong qua trinh phyc vy nhdn ddn vd c^ng ddng; phdt huy tinh sdng tgo, tinh ndng d$n^ va tdi ndng (^
vien chiic, ddng thdi the ch6 hda chii truong, chinh sdch cua Dang vd Nha nude ddi vdi vipc phat trien dgi ngia vien chiic. B6n canh dd, dgo lugt nay cdn la ca sd gdp phin nang cao chit lugng phyc vu nhan dan va cong ddng cua cdc dan vi su nghiep cdng lap, thyc hien tien bg vd cdng bdng xd h O ^ tang trudng kinh te phdi di ddi vdi phdt trier
ThS., Khoa Hanh chinh - Nhd nude, D?! hpc Ludt T P . H d Chf Minh.
Mai Thi Kim Hu^, Cdc nQi dung cdn nghien thdu ddo khi xay dymg Lugt Vien chiic. Tap' Nghien cihi Idp phdp, s6 12, thdng 6/2010.
50
MdT SdDI^M TI^N Bd...
<a hdi, bao dam cac phiic Igi co bdn cho Igudi ddn, ddc biSt la ddi vdi ngudi ngheo
^a cdc ddi tugng chinh sdch.
I Tgi ky hgp thii 8, Qude hdi khda XII da thong qua Ludt Vien chiic ndm 2010. Luat jVien chiic nam 2010 ra ddi thi hi$n rit nhilu Jilm tiin bg trong tu duy lap phdp ciia nhihig phd Idm lugt. Tuy nhien, Lugt ViSn chire ndm '2010 van cdn nhiing dilm hgn chl.
J 2. Nhihig diem tiin bg cua Luat ViSn
^hirc ndm 2010
Thu- nhat, Lugt Vien chiirc ndm 2010 0 xdc dffth rd khdi ni^m viin chuc, hogt
^png nghe nghi$p cda vien chire Phap lugt cac nude tren thi gidi chi cd khai niSm cdng chiic md khdng cd khdi niSm can bd. Phap lugt hipn hanh d nude ta tdn tgi ba khdi niem: "can bp", "cdng chiic" vd I'vien chire". Trudc ddy, Phdp lenh Cdn bd, cong chiic nam 1998 (dugc sira ddi, bd sung inam 2000, 2003) khdng dua ra djnh nghia neng cho timg khai nipm "cdn bp", "cdng phiic" va "vien chiic". Ndm 2008, khi Qude hpi ban hdnh Lugt Can bd, cdng chiic thi khdi niSm "can bp" (nhiing ngudi dugc bau cu, phe chuan de bd nhiem giii chiic vy theo nhiem ky) vd "cdng chiic" (la nhiing ngudi flugc tuyen dung, bd nhiem vao mpt nggcb, chiic danh hoac chiic vu cd thdi hgn) dd dugc 1dm rd. D6n nam 2010, vdi sy ra ddi ciia Lugt Vien chiic tbi khai niem "vien chu;c" mdi dugc xdc dinh cu thS nhu sau:
Vien chuc la cdng ddn Viet Nam duac tuyen dung theo vi tri viec Idm, lam vi^c tgi dan vi su nghiep cdng lap theo che dp hpp dong Idm vi$c, hudng luang tic quy luang ciia dan vi sic nghiep cdng lap theo quy dinh cua phdp ludt. Til cdc khai niem nay, chiing ta thiy ring, cdn bd, cdng chiic vd vien cbiic cd nhiing dilm chung gidng nhau nhung ciing cd nhung dilm rieng. Su khdc biet ca bdn giiia vien chiic vdi cdn bd, cdng chiic chinh la chl dp tuyIn dyng gin vdi vi tri viec Idm, thong qua chl dg hgp ddng Idm viec vd tien luang dugc hudng tir qu^ tiin luang cua dan
vi su nghiep cdng lap. Lao ddng cua vien chiic khdng mang tinh quyin lye cdng nhu cdn bd, cdng chiic md chi thuin tiiy Id boat dgng nghe nghipp mang tinh chuyen mdn, nghipp vy. Theo Dilu 4, Lugt Vi3n chiic ndm 2010: "Hogt dgng nghi nghiep ciia viin chuc Id vi^c thuc hi$n cong viec hodc nhi?m vg cd ;^iu cdu vi trinh dp, ndng luc, ky ndng chuyin mdn. nghiip vu trong dan vi S{c nghiep cong Idp theo quy dinh cua Ludt ndy vd cdc quy dinh khdc cua phdp lugt co lien quan". Do sy khdc nhau vl tinh chit ciia hogt dgng nghe nghipp nen Lugt Vien cbiic ndm 2010 quy dinli vipc qudn ly, tuyIn dyng, sir dyng... vien chiic ciing thodng ban, khdng bi rdng bupc chat che bdi nhiing quan hp ve cdng quyen. Nhu vdy, vdi nhung quy dinh thdng thodng nay se tao ra ca hpi Idn nhdm xda bd nhung bat cdp trong thuc tiin qudn ly vd sir dung vien chiic, qua do, ndng cao chit lugng vd hieu qud boat ddng cua cac to chiic su nghiep cdng lap ndi chung cung nhu phat buy tdi nang, siic sang tgo, kha ndng cdng hi§n trong hogt ddng nghe nghiep cua vien chiic ndi rieng.
77iH" hai, viin chire du&c kinh doanh vd Idm viec ngodi gid
Cd 16 van de dugc quan tdm nhieu nhat vd ciing la mdt trong nhiing diem tien bd nhdt chinh la quy dinh li§n quan den viec:
"Vien chiic dugc kinh doanh va Idm viec ngodi gid". Trudc ddy, Phdp lenh Can bd, cdng chire nam 1998 (dugc siia ddi, bd sung nam 2000, 2003) khdng quy dinh cu the vi§n chiirc cd dugc kinh doanh va 1dm viec ngoai gid hay khdng, thi vdi sy ra ddi ctia Ludt ViSn cbiic nam 2010, quyin ndy dd dugc thira nhdn. Dilu 14 Lugt Vien chiic nam 2010 quy dinh:
"1. Duac hogt dpng nghi nghiep ngodi thdi gian Idm viic quy dinh trong hap dong Idm vi$c, trie trudng hap phdp ludt co quy dinh khdc.
2. Duac ky hpp ddng vu, viec vdi ca quan, td chuc, dan vi khdc md phdp lugt 51
NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT sd6/2012
khong edm nhung phdi^ hodn thdnh nhiC'm v?/
duac giao vd co st.e ddng y cua ngudi dicng ddu dan vj s{c nghiep cdng Idp-
3. Duoc gop von nhicng khdng tham gia qudn ly. dieu hdnh cong ly trdch nhi^m hieu hgn, cong ty co phdn. cong ly hp'p danh. hprp Idc xd. b^nh vi^n tu, trudng hpc tu vd to chuc nghien cicu khoa hpc lu. trie trudng hp'p phdp ludt chuyen ngdnh co quy djnh khdc ".
Trong qud trinh sogn thao, thdo luan vd thdng qua Lugt Vien chiic ndm 2010 cd nhieu y kien "lo ngai" rang, neu cho ph^p vien cbirc 1dm vi^c ngodi gid se xay ra tinh trgng chi chdm lo cho "vipc tu" ma quen mit "vipc cdng", hay tinh trang "mugn danh" ca quan, don vi ra ngoai 1dm vipc cd nhan, tham chi dd Id tinh trgng "chay mau chat xam", dirt do ra di ciia nhieu vien chiic. Tuy nhien, phdi thinr thdn nhin nhdn ring, Idm vipc ngodi gid la quyen ciia vien cbirc, giiap hg phdt huy tdi da nang lye chuyen mdn, mang Igi Igi ich cho ban than vd xa hpi. Dieu ndy cung phii hgp vdi Bd luat Lao ddng bien hdnh. Ngoai ra, cd mdt thuc te ma khdng ai cd the phii nhan dugc Id, dii cd cam viec Idm them ngodi gid thi cung khdng ngan dugc cdnh "chdn ngodi dai hon chan trong" ciia vien chiic. Cim viec kinh doanh, dieu hdnh doanh nghiep thi van khdng thilu each "lach lugt" nhu diing ten con chdu, ngudi than, bgn be...
Diem a, khodn 1, Dieu 29 ciia Lugt Vien chiic ndm 2010 quy dinh rdt cu thi: "Vien cbiic hai nam lien tilp bi phan logi danh gid d miic do khdng hodn thdnh nhiem vy thi sS bi dan phuang chim durt hgp ddng lam vipc".
Ben canh dd, Lugt cung ddnh rieng Chuang V de quy dinh ve ky lugt vd xir ly ddi vdi vi phgm cua vien chiic. ThiSt nghT, nhiing quy dinh nay du de rdng bupc ddi vdi vien chiic.
Viec rdng budc ndy se ngan chan dugc nhiing vi phgm cd the xdy ra cua vien cbirc - nd kbdc xa vdi viec "cdt chan" - cim hoan toan hogt d^ng ngodi gid ciia vien chiic.
Thu- ba, trd lirang theo vi tri vi^c lam se kick thich tinh thdn hdng say lao dpng vd khd nang cong hien cua viin chuc
Nghj quylt Dgi h^i Dai biiu todn qufi lin thir XI Ddng Cpng san Viet Nam dd xa dinh: "Ddi mdi quan h? phdn phoi, chin sdch tien luang, thu nhgp cua cdn b0, con, chuc, vien chire. ngudi lao dpng; khdc phu linh trgng bdt hop ly vd tdc dpng tieu cw ciia quan h§ phdn phdi. chinh sdeh tiii luang. thu nhdp hi^n nay ". Trong nen kinh ti thi trudng, lucmg chi'nh Id sd tiin dugc ch trd de mua sire lao dgng. Cdi cdch tiin luoqj chinh la dilu chinh chinh sdch tiin luonf nhdm phdn dnh dugc cac quy lugt cung cau quy luat gid trj...
Trong thdi gian qua, che dg qudn ly vien chiic cdn cir vdo chi tieu bien chl vd trii luang theo nggcb bac dd bgc Id nhihig b3l hgp ly, chua the hipn dugc tinh khoa hpc va ndng cao tinh ty chu trong cdng tdc to chiic, quan ly nban sy tgi cac dan vi sy nghiep cdng lap. Han nira, viec trd luang cdn mang tinh "cao bang", nen chua khuyen kbich vien chire phan dau va khdng cd che dp dai ngg xiing dang vdi ngudi cd tai ndng^. Do do, (K cd cdn cii cho viec thyc hien che dp cdi cdcli tien luang cung nhu ddi mdi ca chl qudn ly, sii dung vien chiic, tgo dilu kien de hi^
thdnh che dg ddi ngg cdng bdng, xiing dang vdi trinh do, ndng lye, miic dp ddng g o p ^ vi§n chiic, Dieu 12 Luat ViSn cbiic nam 2010 quy dinh vi tri viec 1dm la mpt cdn cu quan trpng dl thyc hipn chl do tiin lucmg.
Trong qua trinh thao luan Luat Vien chiic co nhieu y kien cho ring, viec chuyin tir tra luang theo hp thdng ngach bdc hay chuc danh nghi nghiep sang trd luang theo vj tri vipc lam se gdy tdc d^ng Idn trong cac don vj sy nghipp cdng lap bipn nay. Tuy nhien, Qude hpi van quyet dinh chgn gidi phdp vi tn viec lam la mgt can cii quan trpng dl tra luang cho vien chire. Quy dinh rit tiin bp nay sB kich thich tinh thin hdng say lao dpng va
^ Phdt bi^u cua Chu nhi?m Uy ban Phap lu§t ciia Qu6c h$i NguySn Vdn Thu^n (tang trfin Dan Trl.Se tra iircmg vifin chUc theo vj tri v i | c 1dm, Thii hai, ng^
15/11/2010.
52
MdT sd DiiM TI^'N BO. . did nang cdng hien cua vien chiic, ddng thdi
wa bd siic y ciia tu duy va tam 1^ "sdng lau len lao lang", cang lau tham nien thi luong cdng cao. Lay vi du: mdt bdc sT tre tudi dugc cac bpnh vien tu nhan tra luang 6 - 8 trieu/
thang, khi trd ve lam viec cho cac b6nh vien cdng Idp miic luang chi 2 tripu ddng/tbdng.
Vdi mgt miic luang thdp so vdi gia lao ddng thyc tg tren thi trudng, cdc dan vi sy nghiep cdng lap se cd dugc mdt dpi ngu vien chiic nhu the ndo la dieu ai ciing hieu.
Ben egnh dd, Luat Vien chiic ndm 2010 cdn cd nhthig quy dinh khac nhdm ddm bdo viec tra luang cho vien chiic tuong xiing vdi vi tri viec lam, chiic danh nghe nghiep, chiic vu qudn ly va ket qua cdng vipc. Don cu, nhu quy dinh tai Dieu 20 Lugt Vien chiic ndm 2010 vl cdn cii tuyen dung vien chiic. Quy tiin luong cua dan vi su nghiep cdng lap la mpt trong nhiing cdn cii phdi xem xet txxtac khi tuyIn dyng. Vi quy tien luong cua dan vi sy nghigp cdng lap dugc hinh thdnh tir nhieu ngudn khdc nhau, d nhieu don vi su nghiep chii ylu vdn tir ngan sach nhd nude. Do dd, quy dinh tren nhim bao dam kha nang duy tri hogt dpng cua dan vi su nghiep cdng lap va bdo ddm ddi sdng, miic lucmg cho dpi ngii vien chiic, trdnh viec tuyen dung tran lan khong cdn cii vao nhiem vy vd kha nang bdo dam kinh phi hogt dpng ciia dem vi.
Thd" tu, sit dung "chire danh nghi nghiep** thay cho "ngach " ddi v&i viin chuc
Nhim ddi mdi ca che qudn ly vien chire, Lugt Vien chiic nam 2010 da lam ro pac khdi niem ca bdn nhu: vi tri viec 1dm, tuyen dyng, hgp ding Idm viec, dao diic nghe nghiep, quy tdc ling xur. Dgc biet Id quy dinh vl:
"chiic danh nghi nghiep" thay cho quy djnh vl "ngach" dl khdc phuc cac bgn chl trong qudn 1;^ dpi ngu vien chiic. Thyc te cho thdy, vien chiic Idm viec trong ITnh vuc gido dye, y tl, khoa hpc dIu cd cac chire danh nghe nghiep rieng phii hgp. Do dd, cdc cym tir
"gido vien", "bdc sT\ "y td", "ngbi§n cuu vien", "huin luyen vien"... dIu Id nhimg
cum tir cbi cac cdng viec tuang ling vdi nghe nghipp ciia vien chire, ddng thdi ciing dugc dung de quy dinh thanh cdc "nggcb"
nhu ddi vdi cdng chiic. Dieu nay khdng phii hgp vdi tinh chat, dac diem lao dgng cua vien cbiic, tao ra nhieu hgn che trong viec xay dyng va quan ly dgi ngii vien chiic. Vi vgy, Lugt Vien chiic ndm 2010 dd sir dung
"cbiic danh nghi nghiSp" nhim thay the cho viec sii dyng "nggch" trong qudn 1^ vd su dyng vi§n chiic. Theo dd, vi§n chiic sau khi tuyen dyng dugc bd nhiem vdo mdt chiic danh nghi nghiep vd khi thay ddi vi tri viec Idm thi vi6n chire ciing dugc thay ddi chiic danh nghi nghiep tuang ling vdi vi tri viec lam dd.
Thu nam, su ra ddi cua Lugt Vien chire ndm 2010 da gidi quyit mau thudn giiia Diiu 85 vd 86 Lugt Cdn bd, cdng chire nam 2008
Theo khoan 2, Dilu 81 Luat Ban hdnh vdn bdn quy phgm phap ludt ndm 2008 thi vdn bdn phap luat se bet hi6u lye khi dugc sua ddi, bd sung hogc thay the bang vdn bdn mdi cua chinh ca quan nhd nude dd ban hdnh van bdn do. Cd nhiing mximg hgp van ban mdi siia ddi, bd sung thay the van bdn cu tuy khdng cimg ca quan ban hanb nhung hieu luc pbap ly cua vdn ban mdi cao ban vdn ban cit nhu Luat Ludt su nam 2006 thay thi Pbap lenh Ludt su ndm 200!_; Luat Can bd, cdng chiic nam 2008 thay thi Pbap lenh Can bp, cdng chuc nam 1998 (dugc sua ddi, bd sung nam 2000, 2003). Day ggi la phdp diln hda va tudn thii theo diing cau cudi cimg cua khodn 1 Dilu 9 Ludt Ban hdnh van ban quy phgm phdp luat 2008 . Nhu vdy, theo (juy dinh phap ludt, khi van bdn mdi thay the cho van bdn cu tbi van bdn cu duang nhien hit hieu lye phdp luat. Cau hdi tuong ty ddt ra Id khi Ludt Can bp, cdng chire ndm 2008 cd hieu lye phdp lugt vd thay
^ Cao Vu Minh, Vai tro gidi thich phdp ludt cua Toa dn Hiin phdp, T^ip chi Nghien ciiu Idp phdp, s6 24, thdng 12/2009.
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NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT sd 6/2012
thi cho Phdp Ipnb Cdn bO, cdng chiic ndm 1998 (dugc sira dii, bd sung ndm 2000, 2003) thi Phdp Ipnh Cdn bO, cdng cbirc nfim 1998 cd cdn hi^u lye phdp lu§t hay khdn^.
v l m?it ly thuylt thi cd the trd Idi chic chdn ring, Phdp Ipnh Cdn bO, cdng chiic ndm 1998 dd het hipu lye. Vin dl ndy cung dugc khing dinh rd rdng trong Dilu 86 Ludt Cdn bg, cdng cbirc ndm 2008''. Tuy nhiSn, nhgn djnh tren sS diing nlu nhu khdng cd Dilu 85 trong Lugt Cdn bg, cdng chiic ndm 2008^
Theo quy djnh tgi Dilu 85 Ludt Cdn bg, cdng chuc ndm 2008 tbi Phdp Ipnh Cdn bp, cdng chiic ndm 1998 (dugc siia doi, bd sung ndm 2000, 2003) vSn cdn hipu lye va dugc ap dyng ddi vdi dgi ngu vien chiic. Sy song hdnh tdn tgi vd ciing cd hipu lye ciia hai vdn bdn la Luat Cdn bg, cdng chiic ndm 2008 va Phdp lenh Cdn bp, cdng chire ndm 1998 (dugc sira ddi, bd sung ndm 2000, 2003) it nhieu dnh hudng den phap che. Van de d day Id thieu quy dinh ve nguyen tic dp dyng van ban quy phgm phdp lugt trong nhihig trudng hgp xay ra luc giao thdi, chuyen tiep giiia cac vSn ban quy pham phdp lugt mdi vd cii. De gidi quyet triet de mdu thuan ndy, vl lau dai can bd sung "cdc quy djnh chuyen tiep" thanh mdt dieu khodn rieng, hogc chi it trong quy dinh ve dp dyng van ban quy pham phap ludt trong Lugt Ban hdnh vdn ban quy phgm phdp lugt ndm 2008. Tuy nhien, hipn nay vipc sira ddi, bd sung Lugt Ban
* D'lhu 86 Lu^t Cdn b^, cong chiic ndm 2008 quy djnh:
1. Lu$t ndy cd hi^u lye thi hdnh tir ngdy 01 thdng 01 nam 2010.
2. Phdp l^nh Cdn bO, cdng chtic ngdy 26 thdng 02 ndm 1998; Phdp l^nh sua doi, bd sung mpt s6 dj^u cua Phdp l?nh Cdn bO, cdng chiic ngdy 28 thdng 4 ndm 2000;
Phdp i^nh siia d6i, bd sung m$t s6 dilu cua Phdp i^nh Can bfl, cong chuc ngdy 29 thdng 4 ndm 2003 het hi^u lire kS tir ngdy Ludt ndy c6 hi§u Iyc.
' Di^u 85 Lu$t Cdn bO, cdng chiic ndm 2008 quy dinh: "Cdc quy dinh cua phdp ludt hi?n hdnh lien quan din nhiJng ngirdi 1dm vi§c trong don vj sy nghi?p cong l§p md khdng phdi Id cdn b$, cong chiic quy djnh tai Lu§t ndy dirge tigp tyc thyc hi^n cho din khi ban hdnh Ludt Vien chiic".
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hdnh vdn bdn quy phgm phdp lugt ndm 201 chua thi thyc bipn ngay, do dd, tinh trai mdu thuin tren vin cdn tilp dien. Sy ra d ciia Lu§t Vien chiic ndm 2010 d3 gdp phi
"lip l5 hing" ndy cua phdp lugt.
3. Nhihig h^n che cua Lusit Vien chl ndm2010
Thu- nhh, Lu§t Viin chire ndm 201
"tit chSi" dSi tufrng Id ngudi Vift Nai
dinh cu & nu&c ngodi ^ vin dl ngudi Vipt Nam dinh cu d nuc
ngodi cd dugc ddng ky dy tuyen Idm v\i chiic hay khdng Id van de Idn va cd nhilu kiln khdc nhau. Do cdn cd </ kiln khac nha nen trong qud trinh thao ludn, Thudng tru Uy ban Phdp lugt ciia Quoc hgi da 6k xui hai phuong dn de Qude bgi xem x6t vd quyi djnh. Phuang an thii nhat cho ph6p cdng da Vipt Nam dinh cu d nude ngoai tham gia d tuyen 1dm vien cbirc. Quy dinh nhu vay s bao dam su binh ding ve quyen, nghia v giiia cdng dan Vipt Nam dinh cu d nuo ngoai va cdng dan Viet Nam d trong nua Phuang an thii hai khdng quy djnh tron Lugt Vien chiic ve viec tuyen dyng vie chiic Id cdng dan Vipt Nam dinh cu d nud ngodi. Trong trudng hgp cin huy dpng cha xdm, tri tup, kinh nghipm, chuyfin mor nghipp vy cua cdng dan Vipt Nam djnh cui nude ngoai vdo cdc hogt dgng chuyen moi tgi cdc dan vj sy nghiep d Viet Nam thi o the sir dung cdc ca chl khdc nhu hgp i nghien ciru, trao ddi kinh nghiem, chuye mdn, chuyin giao cdng ngh§ hodc dudi hiii thiic ky hgp ddng vu vi$c, hgp ddng la dgng cd thdi hgn theo quy djnh hien haii ciia phdp ludt. Qude hdi d3 lua chgn phuon an thii hai.
Tuy khdng tryc tilp quy dinh cim ngui Vipt Nam djnh cu d nude ngoai ddng ky d tuyen vien chiic^, nhung vdi quy dinh t;
dilm a, khoan 1, Dilu 22 Luat Vi6n chiS
* Khodn 1, Dilu 22 Lu&t ViSn chiic ndm 2010 vM cStn ngirdi Vi$t Nam djnh cir nude ngodi dir^c m
ky dy tuyIn vien chiic. 1
MOT sd DI&M TIEN BO..
im 2010\ thi "canb ciia" trd tbdnb viSn liic dudng nhu "da ddng" ddi vdi ngudi iet Nam dinh cu d nude ngodi. Phai thing in thira nhan, chiing ta cin tranh thu chit im tri tue, kinh nghiem, chuyen mdn ciia judi Viet Nam sinh sdng d nude ngodi, vi iy Id luc lugng ed trinh dp chuyen mdn cao 1 neu sir dyng hp thi chung ta tilt kiem jgc rat nhieu kinh phi cho vipc dao tgo
;udn luc . Neu khdng thu hiit dugc ngudi iet djnh cu d nude ngodi ve lam viec tbi do
mgt sy lang phi chat xdm rat Idn.
Ben canh dd, cung phai thay ngudi Viet am d nude ngodi mong mudn dieu gi khi ing ky dy tuyen vien chiic. Cd le, ddi vdi 5, thu nhap, mdi trudng 1dm viec hay ca hdi .dng tien khdng phdi Id quan tdm hdng ddu ,d dan gidn Id mong mudn ddng gdp siic linh de xay dyng que huong dat nude Viet am. Nghi quyet sd 36 NQ/TW ciia Bd hinh tri ve cdng tdc ngudi Viet Nam d idc ngodi ciing da xac dinh day la mpt bp lan rat gdn bd vdi dan tdc Viet Nam, la dt ngudn luc to Idn ciia dat nude chiing ta.
at nhieu ngudi Viet Nam dinh cu d nude jodi (cd qude tich Viet Nam) mudn gan bd, uon cdng hien, mudn phuc vu cho que rang, dat nude thi phap lugt cdn tgo dieu en cho hp cd ca hdi trd tbdnb vien chiic.
on nira, trong xu hudng hdi nhap, dieu ran trpng nhat Id hieu qua cdng viec chii i6ng phdi la viec dang dinb cu d dau hay ) thudng xuyen 1dm viec tgi Viet Nam.
Y kiln cho ring, trong trudng hgp can ly ddng chat xdm, kinh nghiem ciia cdng in Viet Nam dinh cu d nude ngodi vdo cdc )at ddng chuyen mdn tai cdc dan vj sy jhiSp d Viet Nam thi cd thi sir dung cac ca il khdc nhu: hgp ddng hgp tac nghien ciiu.
)ilm a, khoan 1, Di^u 22 quy djnh phai Id cdng ddn It Nam va cu trii tai Vifit Nam mdi du dilu kifn ng k';'dir tuyen vifin chiic.
Tran Dinh Thdng, Kiin nghi ve bdn ngi dung trong
• thdo Lugt Vien chuc. Tap chi NghiSn citu lap dp, s6 19, thang 10/2010.
trao ddi kinh nghiem, chuyin giao cdng nghS hodc dudi hinh thiic hgp ddng vu viec, hpp ddng lao ddng, chi la mgt giai phdp tinh thi chii khdng mang tinh Idu dai, bdi vi viec cd the trd thdnh vien chiic hay kh5ng vdn cd y nghTa rat Idn ddi vdi cong ddn Viet Nam dinh cu d nude ngoai. Dilu ndy se khiin hg toan tam, toan y ban trong viec phuc vy nhdn dan, phuc vu que huong, dit nude.
Ddng tile, Lugt Vien chiic ndm 2010 da "tir chdi" doi tugng la ngudi Viet Nam djnh cu d nude ngodi.
r/f/f hai, vi$c "cho phep" hay "khong cho phep** viin chuc duac kinh doanh vd Idm viec ngodi gid vdn khong ro rdng
Tuy Luat Vien chiic ndm 2010 da true tilp khdng djnh vien chiic dugc kinh doanh vd Idm viec ngodi gid, nhung trong quy dinh tien bp ndy tiem an nhiing ban che, bdt cap nhu tgi Dieu 14 cua dgo lugt ndy khdng quy dinh cu the, rd rdng: Nhiing quy djnh "trir trudng hgp phap luat CO quy dinh khac" (khoan 1), hay
"dugc ky hgp ddng vu, viec vdi cac ca quan, td chiic khdc ma phdp lugt khdng cam" (khoan 2) deu la nhiing quy djnh tuy nghi, Idid cd cdch hieu vd dp dyng thdng nhat neu khong dugc giai thich. Viec quy dinh khong cu the, rd rang trong Ludt ddng nghTa vdi viec Quoc hpi trao quyen "quy dinh chi tiet" cho Chinh phii, de rdi sau dd Chinh phii Igi giao cho Bd trudng "hudng din chi tiet". Vd nhu vay thi cdc quy dinh hudng dan thi hanh cua Chinh phu, cac Bp cd thi it nhieu khdng gidng vdi nhiing mong mudn tdt dpp cua nbd lap phap.
Ben canh do, Lugt Vien chire nam 2010 cung "nude ddi" khi "cho phep" vien cbiic dugc kinh doanh vd lam viec ngodi gid nhung quyin ndy Igi cd thi bi "phii dinh"
bdi mpt van bdn chuyen ngdnh khac. Quy dinh "trir trudng hgp phap luat chuyen nganh cd c^iiy dinh khdc" (khodn 3, Dieu 14) da ban che quyin nay ciia viSn cbirc. Mdt cau hdi ddt ra Id, khi Ludt Vien chiic ndm 2010 cd hieu lye va di vdo cupc sdng thi nhihig gidng vien luat cd dugc Idm luat su 55
NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUATSd6/2012
hay khdng? Dilu ndy khdng dugc quy djnh cy thi trong Lu§t Vi6n cbirc nSm 2010. Cdu trd ldi chi cd thi tim thiy trgng Lu§t Ludt su ndm 2006. Theo Dieu 17 Lu§t Lu§t su ndm 2006 thi viSn chiic khdng dugc cip Chiing chi hdnh nghi ludt su vd nhu vdy s5 khdng tbi trd thdnh lugt su. Quy djnh ndy chua thyc sy hgp ly. Dudi gdc dg khoa hgc thi hgc phdi di ddi vdi hdnh, Iy luan phdi gin liln vdi thyc tien nhu nguyen Iy gido dye ciia nude ta dd khing dinh: "Hogt dpng gido d\ic phdi dup'c thiec hiin theo nguyen ly hpc di ddi v&i hdnh, gido d^c kit hpp v&i lao dpng sdn xudt, ly lu^n gdn liin v&i thifc tiin. gido d^c nhd trudng kit hp^p v&i gido d^c gia dinh vd gido d^c xd hpi" . Chl cd qua boat dgng thyc tien nghi ludt su thi giang vien mdi cd dugc nhirng kinh nghipm quy bdu phyc vy cho hogt dgng gidng dgy ciing nbu ky ndng nghe nghipp de trang bj cho sinh viSn, gdn bgc tgp vdi thyc hdnh.
Chiing ta ludn ddi hdi phdi ddi mdi phuang phdp giang dgy, tdng cudng gidng dgy theo
"phuang phap tinh hudng" (case study), nhung tinh hudng phdi xuat phat tir thyc tien chii khdng the chi chu quan, duy y chi ngdi trong phdng kinh md suy nghi ra dugc. Quy dinh khdng cho giang vien trudng lugt lam lugt su vd hinh trung se lam tdng hipn tugng
"dgy chay, hgc chay", giang vien se mit di mgt kenh thu thap thdng tin hipu qud nhdt vi tren thyc tl, vipc di "xin" mgt ban dn, mdt kit luan dieu tra ciia tda dn, eg quan dilu tra Id cyc ky khd khdn. Nhiing tdi lipu ndy cung cd thi tim tbiy dugc tren cac phuong tipn thdng tin dgi chiing nhung khd cd thi diy dii nhu mong mudn.
Tuong ty, khodn 3 Dilu 14 Ludt Vien cbirc ndm 2010 quy djnh cho vien cbirc:
"Duac gop vdn nhieng klidng tham gia qudn ly, diiu hdnh cong ty trdch nhi$m huu hgn, cong ty ed phdn, cdng ty hprp danh, hop tdc xd, b$nh vi^n tu, trudng hpc tu vd td chuc nghien cuu khoa hpc lu, trie trudng
' Khoan 2 dieu 3 Lu§t Gido dye ndm 2005.
hpp phdp ludt chuyin ngdnh cd quy d!f) khdc ". Thii nhit, dudi gdc dO qudn trj doai nghipp thi quy djnh cho ph^p dugc gop vi nhung khdng dugc dilu hdnh la mdu thui vdi thyc tl. Thii hai, Lugt Vien chiic ni 2010 chi cim viSn chiic khdng dugc tha gia qudn l^, diiu hdnh b$nh vi^n tu. Nli v^y, lipu vien chuc cd dugc thdnh lap, th|
gia thdnh Idp b$nh vipn tu nhdn hay khdoj NIU cdn cii vdo Lugt Vien chiic nam "M tbi cau trd Idi sS la "cd", nhung nlu canj vdo Ludt Khdm b^nh, chGa bpnh ndm 2d|
thi cdu trd ldi se Id "khdng"'"
Vdi nhiing phan tich tren, chiing toi ^ ring, Ludt Vien chiic ndm 2010 van roi m tinh trgng cho phep vien chiic dugc ki doanh va lam vipc ngodi gid nhung sy ^ phep ay van mang "tinh nOra vdi". 1
Thir ba. Dilm b khoan 2 Dilu 22 Lua Vien cbirc ndm 2010 quy djnh: """"n^di^
bi truy cuu trdch nhi^m hinh su; dang {^
hdnh bdn dn, quyet djnh ve hinh su cuo^
dn; dang bf dp dung bi^n phdp xir ly had chinh dua vdo ca sd chira b$nh. ca sd gidi due, trudng gido dudng" khdng dugc ^ ky du tuyen vien chiic. Theo Phap Ipnh Xi Iy vi pbgm hdnh chinh ndm 2002 (siia ^6i bd sung nam 2007, 2008) thi ngoai bi^
phap dua vao trudng gido dudng (Dilu 24), dua vao ca sd gido dye (Dilu 25) vd dmivao ca sd chiia benh (Dilu 26) cdn cd bien ^ giao dye tgi xS, phudng, thi trin (Dilup) Ddi tugng bi dp dung bipn phap giao d ^ i xa, phudng, thi trin quy dinh tgi k h o ^ Dilu 23 Phap l^nh xu ly vi phgm banh chj ndm 2002 (sira ddi, bd sung ndm 2O0?i 2008) la:
'" Khodn 13 Dieu 6 Lu§t Khdm b^nh. chtta b§nh ^ 2009 quy djnh v6 cdc hdnh vi bj c^m: "Cdn bO, i ^ chiic, vi£n chiic y tg thdnh l$p, tham gia thdnh llf ho$c tham gia qudn ly, di6u hdnh b?nh vi§n tir nMi ho$c CO sd khdm b§nh, ch&a b?nh dwpc thdnh Iftivi ho9l dOng theo Lu|t Doanh nghi?p va Lu$t H^p * xd, tr£r tnrdng hpp diiflrc c o quan nha nude c6 thJt quyin cir tham gia quan ly, dilu hdnh t^i co so kW b^nh, chiia b$nh cd phin von ciia Nhd nirdc".
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MdTSdDliM Tl&NBd..
a) Ngudi tic dii 12 tudi din duai 16 tudi
\xe hi$n hdnh vi co ddu hieu ciia mpt tpi
\gm nghiem trpng do cd y quy dinh tgi Bd at Hinh su;
b) Ngudi tic du^ 12 tudi trd len nhiiu Idn
> hdnh vi trdm cdp vat, lica ddo nhd. ddnh ic nhd, gdy rdi trgt tu cdng cpng;
c) Ngudi nghien ma tuy tic dd 18 tudi trd
% ngudi bdn ddm cd tinh chdt thudng yen tie dii 14 tudi trd lin ed nai cu trii xdt dinh;
d) Ngudi tren 55 tudi ddi v&i nH vd tren ) tudi ddi vdi nam thuc hiin hdnh vi vi
\gm phdp ludt.
Nhu vdy, doi tugng b; dp dung bi^n idp gido dye tgi xa, phudng, thi trin khdng ldi chi Id ddi tugng vi phgm hdnh chinh, a cdn thyc hien hdnh vi tgi phgm, thdm chi 51 phgm nghiem trgng", nhung chua dSn oi chju trdch nhiem binh sy. Theo diem a, lodn 2, Dieu 23 Phap lenh Xii ly vi phgm inh chinh ndm 2002 (sira ddi, bd sung nam )07, 2008) tbi ddi tugng bi dp dung bipn idp gido due tgi xa, phudng, thi tran Id judi dudi 18 tudi - tiic Id ngudi chua tbdnb en. Nbu vgy, phai chdng nhd 1dm lugt da ien d6i tugng vi6n chiic cd dp tudi "dudi
! tudi" quy dinh tai diem b, khoan 1, Dieu 1 vd dilm b, khoan 3 Dieu 26 Luat ViSn liic ndm 2010. Vdi quy dinh ndy thi mdt
;udi du 15 mdi mac dii thyc bien hanh vi I ddu hipu ciia mot tdi phgm nghiem trgng I c6 y quy dinh tgi Bd lugt Hinh sy vd bi dp ing bipn phap gido due tgi xd, phudng, thi in vin cd the ddng ky dy tuyen vi6n chiic?
Th^ tu, quan he giita "th&i hgn'* vd hdi hiiu" xu ly ky lugt con "phu dinh**
nnhau
Khodn 2 Dilu 53 Lugt Vifin chiic ndm '10 quy dinh:
"Thdi hgn xie ly ky ludt ddi vdi vien iec la khodng thdi gian tic khi phdt hi?n nh vi vi phgm cua vien chuc den khi ed
quyit dinh xu ly ky lugt cua cdp co thdm quyin.
Thdi hgn xir ly ky ludt khdng qud 02 thdng; trudng hpp vu vi$c cd nhicng tinh tiit phice tgp cdn ed thdi gian thanh tra. kiim tra di xdc minh lam rd them thi thdi hgn xic ly ky ludt cd the keo ddi nhung khdng qud 04 thdng".
Quy dinh ndy tuy khdng ndi rd nhung
"ngu y" ring: nlu qud "thdi hgn" md khSng ra quylt dinh xir Iv ky ludt thi khdng dugc xem xet ky lugt doi vdi vi6n chiic vi phgm niia. Tuy nhien, quy dinh ndy lai "phii dinh"
thdi hieu xii 1^ k^ ludt dugc quy dinh tai khodn 1 Dilu 53 Lugt Vien cbiic ndm 2010 Id 24 thdng ke tie thdi diim co hdnh vi vi phgm. Cdu hdi dat ra Id, nlu qud "thdi han"
nhung van ndm trong "thdi hipu" thi sao?
Trong trudng hgp nay cd dugc tiep tuc xem xet xu ly ky lugt ddi vdi vien cbirc vi pham hay khdng? Theo chiing tdi, mdi quan he giOa "thdi ban" vd "thdi hieu" can phdi dugc quy dinh rd rang ban de trdnh su "phu dinh"
lan nhau.
Thir ndm, cdm vien chire ^nh cong li§u cd khd thi
Muc tieu ciia viec ban hdnh Lugt Cdn bp, cdng chiic nam 2008 va Ludt Vi6n chiic nam 2010 la nhim phan dinh rd rdng trdch nhiem giiia cdng chiic vd vien cbiic de tu dd xdc dinh quy chl phdp ly, cac quyin vd nghia vy phu hgp vdi tung ddi tugng cy the.
Kbdc vdi cdng chiic dugc tuyen dyng theo CO chl, bd rihiem vdo nggcb, chiic danh va thyc thi cdng quyin, thi vien cbirc dugc tuyIn dyng theo hinh thiic hprp ddng 1dm vipc, khdng gin vdi biSn che sudt ddi, khdng thyc thi cdng quyin ma chi thuan tiiy thyc hien cdc hogt dpng nghi nghiep mang tinh chuyen mdn, nghiSp vy. Vi vgy, cdc quyin vd nghTa vy cua vien chiic phai khac co bdn so vdi cdng chiic. Tuy nhi&n, so Lugt Vien chiic ndm 2010 vdi Lugt Cdn bO, cdng chiic ndm 2008 thi thiy nhilu quyin vd nghia vu ciia cdng chiic dugc dp dung "nguyen vdn"
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NHA NUdc VAPHAP LUAT sd 6/2012 dii vdi vien chire theo cdch qudn ly mpnh Ipnh hdnh chinh. Don cir dd Id quy djnh cim vien chuc tham gia dinh cdng (khodn 1, Dieu 19 Lugt Vien chire nam 2010).
Trong hogt d^ng qudn ly, vipc cim hay hgn chl mgt quyen ndo dd ciia cdng dSn nhilu khi Id can thilt, nhung vipc cim dd phdi phii hgp thyc tl. Trong nen kinh tl thj trudng, dinh cdng Id mgt tit ylu. Myc dfch ciia dinb cdng nhim huge chii sii dyng lao dgng phai dilu chinh nhiing bit hgp ly trong sii dyng, dai ngd lao dgng. Doi vdi cdng chiic - nbOng ngudi thyc thi cdng quyin va dai di^n cho Nhd nude tbi cd thi cim dinh cong nhung ddi vdi viSn chire - nhiing ngudi
Idm cdng dn luong thi thiet nghT khong nji cim quyin ndy ciia hg.
Trong khi cdc quy dinh lien quan dli quyin cua vien chiic, bgp ddng 1dm vi|c gidi quylt tranh chip vl hgp ddng, chl (K thdi vipc, chl dp huu tri trong Ludt Viet chiic ndm 2010 dIu tilp thu bay vi8n dar sang phdp lu^t vl lao dgng thi mdt quyin rli quan trpng ciia vi^n chiic la quyen dinh zm\
Igi bj khudc tir. Tgi sao Igi cam vien cnfe dinh cdng trong khi hogt dgng cua vien chut mang tinh bgp ddng va quyin dinh conj dugc quy djnh trong Bg lugt Lao ddng hi?f hdnh. Cd 12 day cung Id m^t su cim doar thilu CO sd ly lugn lan thyc tiin.
(Tiip theo trang 43 - Quyen luc nhd nu&c vd...) ndm 90 ciia thi ky trudc xudt hiSn quan niem rat ddng chii y dugc ggi la quyen luc
"mim" hay sue mgnh "mem" (soft power).
Quan niem ndy ciing hudng vdi phuong cham dp dung phuong phdp cudng che nhd nude vira neu, nhung dd dugc nang Ien thanh ly thuylt vd cd ca sd rieng. Quyin lye
"mIm" Id khdi nipm do Giao su Josep S.
Nye - nguyen Hieu trudng Trudng Hdnh chinh Kennedy thupc Dai hpc Havard, nguyen Thii trudng Bp Qude phdng My xdy dyng thdnh chii thuyet dugc thira nhdn khd rdng rdi, img dyng trong quan he ngoai giao, vdn hda, thuang mgi... vd khdng logi trir trong sir dyng quyen lye nhd nude. Vdi quan niem quyen Iyc (trong dd cd quyen lye nhd nude) Id khd ndng dieu khien hdnh vi cua ngudi khac dS dat dugc nhu'ng gi mong mudn, dng ddt vdn de sir dyng quyen luc, khdng can diing den bgo lye de dgt dugc dilu mong mudn bdng each 1dm cho quyin
luc trd nen hap dan, thu hiit ddi tuong tac | ddng din. Theo each dd, quyen luc haysuc manh ciia quyin luc tgo ra sy thu hiit va dpj vao ban than ngudi khac chir khdng plidfe vdo sy ep bugc, de dga hay mua chupclTai nhien, quyen luc "mem" khdng logi bo vi?c sii dyng quyen lye "ciing" (hard power), trong dd cd cudng chl nha nude vd dat van dk phdi kit hgp cd hai thii quyin lye do de tgo thdnh "quyen luc thdng minh".
Ddi vdi mgi Nha nude, cd dugc quyen lye "mIm" do la dilu ly tudng. Nd 1dm gi^
di bao luc trong ddi sdng xa hdi, con ngiwi thay cugc sdng dep hon, nhp nhdm vd thanh than hem, khdng phdi nghe den hai chii "b?o Iyc" xuat hipn hang ngay. Nhung Idm 4^
nao de cd dugc quyen lye "mem" hay quyen lye cd dugc siic manh "mem" thi cdn pba) suy nghT. Va dieu chic chdn Id quan ni£m « quyin lye "mem" dang thu hiit su quan tSfl cua nhieu qude gia.
