1 3 M'"'HIENCtfU-PHATTRlgNL'PLUAN
s a PHAT TRIEN NHAN T H O C CUADANG TA VE MOI QUAN HE G I O A DOC LAP, Tl/ CHU VA CHU DONG, TICH CUC Hdl NHAP QUOC TE
• PGS, TS PHAN TRONG HAO Hoi dong Ly luan Trung uang
• Tom tdt: Boc lap, tU chu vd hoi nhdp quoc te cd moi quan he tUdng tdc bien ch^ng vdi nhau. Trong diiu kien ngdy nay, mot cdch tdt yeu, dgc lap, tU chu cua quoc gia, ddn tdc khong the biet lap ddng ngodi hgi nhdp quoc te; dong thdi hgi nhdp qudc te cung khdng the khdng tinh den dgc lap, tU chu. Nhdn thdc vd xii ly moi quan he ndy Id bdi todn cua mdi quoc gia, ddn tgc. Bdi viet tap trung ldm ro qud trinh phdt trien nhdn thvtc cua Bdng vd Nhd nUdc ta ve moi quan he giUa dgc lap, tU chu vd chu dgng, tich cUc hgi nhdp quoc tequa gdn 35 ndm doi mdi.
• Tii khda: nhdn thdc cua Bdng ta, dgc lap, tU chu, hgi nhdp quoc te, doi mdi.
D
g ddnh gia tdng the qua trinh phdt trign rtiian thtic ctia Dang tavg quan he giiia ddc lap, ttr chu va hpi nhdp qude te, can xem xet tten ca ba gdc dp: (1) Nhan thiie vg ddc lap, tu chii ttong bdi cdnh hpi nhap qudc te; (2) Nhdn thtic vl chu ddng, tich hdi nhdp qudc te;(3) Nhan thiic vg quan he giua ddc lap, tii chti va chti dpng, tich circ hdi nhap qudc te.
1. Nhan thuc cua Dang vl doc lap, tu chu trong boi canh hoi nhap quoc t^
Quan diem cua Dang ta ve dde lap, tu chu ttong hdi rtiidp qude te ttong gan 35 nam ddi mdi dupe the hien qua mdi ky Dai hdi ctia Ddng, dupe ghi trong cdc van kien Dai hgi Dang, ttong cae nghi quyet va van kien cac hdi nghi eua Trung uong.
Dai hdi VI (nam 1986) chu truong "tiep tuc giuong eao nggn cdhda binh, ddc ldp ddn tde vd chti nghIa xd hdi, ket hpp nhudn nhuydn chii nghia yeu nudc chan chinh vdi ehu nghia qudc te vd san, giu vung dpc lap tu chu, tang cudng hpp tac qude td, ra sue lam ttdn nhiem vu ddn tpc va lam tdt nghia vu qudc tg ddi vdd nhan dan thg gidi"'".
Dai hdi Vll (ndm 1991) khdng dinh: "nim vdng ngon cd ddc lap din tdc va chu nghia xa hdi. Dd la bai hpc xuyen sudt etia each mang nude ta. Dgc lap dan tdc la dieu kien tien quyet dg thirc hien chu nghia xa hpi va chu nghia xd hpi la CO sd bao dam viing chdc cho ddc lap dan tpc"'^'. Ve quan he ddi ngoai, Dai hpi VII de ra rtitiem vu "tigp tue day manh viec thi^c hien
LV LUAN CHiNH TR!-S6 4/2020
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chmh sach ddi ngoai ddc lap tii chu, md rdng, da dang hda va da phuong hda, tranh thu tdi da mat ddng, han che mat bat ddng, tao dieu kien thuan lpi eho cdng cudc xdy dung va bao veTdqudc..."'^'.
Dai hdi VIII (ndm 1996) ma rpng cdch tiep can tdi ddc lap, tu chu tit nang cao y thuc ddc lap, tu chu dgn yeu cau tao lap dupe mdt vl the dpc lap, tuchu bao gdm "dpc lap, tu ehu ve kinh tg, qudc phdng, an ninh"''", sao cho trong mpi Unh vuc chting ta cd each tu duy ddc lap..." va
"giir vung ddc lap tu chu di ddi vdi md rdng hpp tdc qudc te"'^'.
Dai hdi IX (ndm 2001) xac dinh: "Xay dung kmh tg ddc lap tti chu, trude hgt Id ddc lap tti chd ve dudng ldi phdt trign theo dinh hudng xa hdi chti nghia; day manh cdng nghidp hda, hidn dai hda, tao tigm luc kinh tg, khoa hpc va cdng nghe, CO sd vat chat - ky thuat du manh; cd co cau kinh te hpp ly, cd hidu qua vd stic canh ttanh; cd thg che kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xd hdi ehu ngMa; giu vting dn dinh kinh tg vi md; bdo dam nen kinh te du stic dting viing va iing phd dupe vol cac tmh hudng phtie tap, tao dieu kien thuc hien cd hieu qua cac cam kgt hdi nhdp qudc tg"'^'. Nhu vdy, ndi ham ddc lap, tir chti vg kinh tg cung nhu phuong each giu vting ddc ldp, tit chii kinh te da dupe xac dmh rd hon.
Nghi quygt Trung uong 8 khda DC nhan manh: Ddc lap dan tdc va CNXHla muc tiiu ca ban cua cich mang vi cung la lal ich cin ban cua qudc gia.
Bai hgc kmh nghiem ddu tien Dai hdi X (nam 2006) rut ra la:" trong qui trinh ddi mdi phai kiin dinh muc tieu ddc lap dan tpc va chungbia xahditrennin ting chu nghia Mac • Lenin, tu tudng Hd ChiMinh"^^\ Dai hgi XI (nam 20II) khdng dinh: "Thuc hien nhat quan dudng ldi ddi ngoai ddc ldp, tu chu, hda binh, hpp tac va
phat trign; da phuong hda, da dang hda quan he, chu dgng va tich cti hgi nhdp qudc te"'«i.
Den day, khdi rtiem "dgc lap, tu ehu" da dugc thay cho khai rtiem "dde lap tu chu" de the hien dung hai mat "ddc lap" va "tii ehii" cua "chu quyen qudc gia". Dal hdi XII (nam 2016) nhan manh: "Bao dam lpi Ich tdi cao eua qudc gia - ddn tdc, tten co sd cdc nguyen tac co ban cua luat phdp qudc te, binh dang va cung cd lpi, thuc hien nhdt qudn dudng ldi doi ngoai ddc lap, tu chu, hda binh, hpp tae va phdt trien; da dang hda, da phuong hda trong quan he doi ngoai; ehu ddng va tich ctic hdi nhap qudc tg;
la ban la ddi tdc tin cdy vd thanh vien cd trdch nhiem ctia cdng ddng qudc tg"'^'.
2. Nhan thiic cua Dang ta v§ h6i nhap quoc te Quan diem cua Dang ve hdi nhap cd su phat trign lien tue trong nhung nam qua, phan anh thiic trang hdi nhdp cua Viet Nam va yeu cau ngdy cdng eao cua Dang ddi vdd cdng tac hdi nhap qudc te de tuong xiing vdi mtic tieu, nhiem vu ctia tung thdi ky.
Mdt each khdi qudt nhat. Dang ta eoi hdi nhap qudc tg nhu la quan he qudc tg d mtic cao hon, nhat la thdng qua cdc co che song phuong vd da phuong. Vdi each hieu dd, Viet Nam da bat ddu tham gia hdi rtiidp qudc te ngay sau khi thdng nhat dat nudc, vdd trpng tam la Lign Xd vd cac nudc Ddng Au, tiiam gia cdc thda thuan trong khudn khd Hgi ddng Tuong ttp kmh tg (SEV).
Hdl nhap qudc te gan hen vdi quan he kinh te, nhat la hop tae qude te. Cang md rdng quan he qude tg, ca da phuong va song phuong, la cdng md rdng quy md hdi nhap qudc tg. Hieu qua hdi nhdp qudc td dupe danh gia chti ygu bdng quy md quan he qudc tg eua Viet Nam.
Quan digm ve hdi nhap qudc te dupe tigp tuc phat trien vdi nhan thiic coi hdi nhap Id lien kit quoc te gdn vdi viee gia nhap, va tham gia cdc td
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N G H l l N CQU - P H A T T R l i N LY LUANTha tuang Viet Nam Nguyen Xuan Phuc vd cdc nhd lanh dao ASEM12, tai Brussels, vuang quoc Bi _ Anh: entemews.vn
chuc, cdc dinh chg da phirong d tat ea cac cap dp: tieu khu vtic, khu vuc va toan cau.
Den Dai hdi VIII, thuat ngu "hpi nhap" bdt ddu dupe dg cap ttong cdc van kien cua Dang:
"Xay dung mdt nen kinh te md, hpi nhap vdi khu vtic vd thg gidi"'^"'. Dai hdi Dang lan thti VIII vd DC xde dinh, hgi nhdp kinh te la ttpng tam uu tien, viec gia nhap thi trudng thg gidi va tham gia cac thda thuan thuong mai da phuong la mdt bude di cua ehu ddng hdi nhap.
Hieu qua hdi nhap, nhdt la hdi nhdp kuih te dupe danh gia bdng kgt qua md rgng thi trudng xuat khau va kmh tg ddi ngoai, cdng nhu sd lupng, su da dang ve dia Iy, thanh phan, chiic ndng, linh vuc cua cdc td chuc, co che da phuong ma Viet Nam tham gia, cung chieu sau ma Viet Nam tham gia cdc co che nay. Nen tang cua tu duy hpi nhdp gan vdd su tham gia eua Viet Nam vdo cdc co ehe da phuong bdt dau tir Dai hdi VII vdi chu truong da dang hda.
da phuong hda quan he ddi ngoai ma Viet Nam gia nhap hdng loat cac eo chg da phuong nhu ASEAN, ASEM, APEC, WTO,...
Dai hdi Dang lan thii DC dd chi ro hdi itiiap kmh te qudc te: "Chu ddng hoi nhap kinh ti qude tiva khu vuc theo tinh than phdt huy tdi da npi luc, nang cao hieu qua hgp tac qudc tg, bao dam ddc lap tii chu va dinh hudng xd hdi chu nghia"'"'. Tai Dai hpi X (ndm 2006), Dang dd ngu chu truong: "Chti dpng va tich circ hpi nhdp kinh te qudc te, ddng thdi md rdng hop tac qudc tg tten cdc luih vtic khac... Chu dgng va tich cue hpi nhap kinh te qudc te theo Id trinh, phu hgp vdi chien lupc phdt trien dat nude... Chuan bi tdt cac dieu kien de ky ket cac hiep dinh thuong mai tu do song phuong va da phuong"'^^'. Dd chinh la co sd va la budc tigp can mdi de Dai hdi XI khdng dinh tinh toan dien cua hdl nhdp: "ehii ddng vd ti'ch cue hdi nhdp qudc te".
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Nghi quygtsd22-NQ/TWngay 10-4-2013 cua Ban Chap hanh Trung uong ve hdi rtiidp qudc te khdng dinh: hdi nhap kmh td Id ttgng tdm, hdi nhap ttong cac luih vuc khac phai tao thudn lpi cho hdi nhap kmh tg va gdp phan tt'ch ciic vdo phat trien kinh tg, cung cd qude phdng, bao dam an ninh qudc gia, giu ^ vd phat huy ban sdc van hda dan tgc, thuc day phat trien van hda, xa hgi;
hdi nhdp ttong cac llnh vuc phai duge thtic Men ddng bd ttong mdt chign lupc hdi rtiiap qudc td tdng the vdi Id trinh, budc di phu hpp vdd dieu kign thuc te vd ndng li^c cua ddt nudc.
Vdi chd truong nay, hdi nhap qude te khdng cdn bd hep ttong hnh vuc kmh tg ma phdt trien tiianh "hdi nhap qudc te" md rdng ra tat ca cac linh vuc khac, ke ea chinh tri, qudc phdng, an ninh vd van hda - xd hdi... Day la budc chuyen bign rdt quan ttpng, rdt cdn ban ttong tu duy cua Ddng vg hdi nhap qudc tg.
Quan diem mdd eua Dang trong nhiing ndm gdn ddy coi hdi nhap la viec Viet Nam trd thdnh thanh vien chu dpng, tich cue ciia cdng ddng cac qudc gia tten thg gidi; Viet Nam cdn vd cd the tham gia gdp phan dinh hinh mdi trudng qudc tg thdng qua xdc lap ede "ludt ehoi"
chung, gdp phan cdng cdng ddng qudc te thuc day cdc xu the phat trien tien bd va cd lpi cho cdng ddng. Dai hdi XI cda Dang rtiidn manh dgn cdc phuong cham dua Viet Nam "chu ddng, tich cue, ed ttdch nhiem" trong ASEAN, mdt Viet Nam "Thuc hign hign tdt cdng viec tai cdc td chtic qude te, dac biet la Lidn Hgp qudc".
Quan digm nay the hien budc chuygn cua Dang nhdn manh ban chdt va ndi dung cua hdi nhap hon Id hinh thuc thg hidn hdi nhap. Tiep tuc quan diem nay, Dai hgi XII, khdng dinh nhiem vu cua cdng tac ddi ngoai Id: "tich cue ddng gdp xdy dung, dinh hinh cac thg chg da phuong".
Chi till sd25-CT/TW ngdy 18-2-2019 cuaBanBi
thu ve day manh va ndng tam ddi ngoai da phuong den nam 2030, chti truang Viet Nara nang cao vai ttd "ndng cdt, ddn dat, hda giai"
tten trudng qude tg.
Vay la, tu ehu truang ttanh thu ea hdi cua cudc cdeh mang khoa hpc - ky thuat dg tham gia phan cdng hgp tac qude te, day manh quan he kinh te vdi khu vuc va cdc nude tten thg gidi, dgn mtic cao hon la tham gia qua trinh hdi nhdp kmh te qudc tg, chu ddng hdi nhdp kmh tg qudc tg, vd mdt sd linh vuc khde, tdi nay. Dang ta ehu truong ehu ddng, tich cue hdi nhdp qudc te tren tat ca cdc linh vuc.
Cung vdi phat trien nhdn thuc ve hdi nhdp, nhan thdc vimuc dich cua hdi nhdp cung ed bude phat trien. Sau khi thdng rtiiat dat nudc.
Dang chu truong hdi nhdp vdi Lien Xd - Ddng Au chu yeu nhan dupe sti ung hd ve kinh te va chinh tri cda phe XHCN phuc vu viec tdi thigt ddt nude sau chien tranh. Md rdng hdi nhdp, ddng thdi ttanh thu hop tac va ttp giup qudc td tten eosd ipi jch.
Sau Chien ttanh Lanh ket thdc. Dang ta coi
"da dang hda, da phuong hda" la bien phap nhdm pha the bao vdy, edm van, ttanh thii ngudn luc quoc tg va md rdng thi trudng xudt khau. Hdi nhdp kmh te khu vuc vd qudc te nhdm mue tieu do. Tir Dai hdi XI, hdi nhdp ed them nhidm vu nang eao vi thd, uy tin cua ddt nude.
Md rdng hdi nhap, do vdy, ddng nghia vdi viee tang cudng tham gia va cd tteng ndi tai cdc td chiic khu vuc, dign ddn da phuong, nhat Id cdc td chtic, dign dan thien ve kmh tg, thuang mai, phat tiien. Hdi nhap Id phuang tien tim kigm va thdc ddy lpi ich, la viec chpn sdn choi va luat ehoi phti hpp de Viet Nam tham gia.
Hien nay, hdi nhap toan dien ca chmh tii, vdn hda, xa hdi, qudc phdng, an ninh dupe Dang coi la bien phdp hiiu hieu vira dg bao ve, vua tiiue
LYLUAN CHiNHTRI-So 4/2020
1 ^ N G H i i N CtfU - PHAT TRigN LY LUAN
day Ipd Ich qudc gia, dan tdc. Hdi nhap tao ra moi tnidng ddi thoai thuan lpi, "chu ddng va tich ctrc ddng gdp xdy dung, dinh hinh cac the chg da phuong, tiic la tao ra hoac tdc ddng vao qua trinh thdo luan, hinh thanh cac "san choi",
"ludt ehoi" phu hpp vdi lpi ieh qudc gia, dan toe, chu ddng day xa eac nguy co hay "giu nudc tii khi nudc chua nguy". Hgi nhdp la cdng cu, bien phap thiet lap chuan muc va gia tri quan he qudc tg phu hop vdi lpi ich qudc gia.
Qua cdc ky Dai hpi. Dang ehi ra nhieu nguyen tdc, phuong cham, cdng cu, bien phap hdl nhap qudc tg qua cdc thdi ky, nhdm hudng dan viec trien khai eac ehu tniong, nhdn thuc cua Dang ve hdi nhdp. Cac nguyen tac va phuong hudng hgi nhap la:
- Lpi Ich qude gia Id muc tieu tdi thupng cda hdi nhdp quocte, phai xiily linh boat, khdnkheo mdi quan he doi tac va ddi tupng; hpp tdc vd ddu ttanh, bao dam ddc lap, tii chu vd lpi ieh qudc gia, dan tde ttong hdi nhdp. Trong qua tnnh hdi rtiidp, phat huy tdi da npi lijc, di ddi vdd thu hut ed hieu qua cde ngudn liic ben ngoai, tao thanh sue manh tdng hpp cua ddt nudc. Hdi nhdp nhung khdng hda tan, bdo dam giu ^ ban sac van hda dan tdc.
- Nhd nudc la chti tiig chinh, cd vai ttd dan dat xd hgi ttong tidn trinh hdi nhap qudc te;'5ong khong phai la chu the duy nhat tham gia hdi nhdp qudc te. Hdi rtiidp qudc tg la su nghiep cua todn ddn va cua ca he thdng chmh tri dudi sti Idnh dao cda Dang va sti qudn ly etia Nha nudc, do vdy, cac td chue, cac doanh nghiep, cde dia phuong vd cd nhan... cimg tham gia vdo eac hoat ddng hdi nhdp qudc tg.
- Hdi itiiap qudc te bat dau tu hpi nhap kmh te qudc te, md rpng ra cac lmh vtic khac. Chu truong hdi nhdp qudc te sdu rdng hien nay la phai hdi nhdp todn dien, ke cd ttong linh vue
chinh tii, qude phdng, an mnh, my nhien, muc tieu trung tam Id hdi rtiiap kmh te.
- Phuang tiiiic hpi nhap chti dao la tiiam gia eac tien trinh ddi thoai, hpp tac song phuong, da phuong hoac qudc tg, tham gia cac td chue khu vuc va qudc tg; tham gia cac phong ttdo, cdc ttao luu chung cua khu vifc hodc qude te.
Sauhon nualaviec chdp nhanva dp dung, "ngi dia hda" cac nguyen tde, chudn muc chung qude tg, bao gdm eac tap qudn, chudn mtic, thda thudn, cdng udc, digu ude khu vuc, qudc te. Vol kha nang va vi the can dupe nang cao, cac hinh thuc/cdng cu hdi nhap qudc te can duoc nang tam theo hudng trd thdnh thdnh vien ndng edt, ddn dat tai mgt sd dlfin dan, td chuc da phuong cd tam quan ttpng chien lupc ddi vdi ddt nudc, phu hpp vdi kha nang va dilu kien cu the.
3. Nhan thirc cua Dang ta ve moi quan he giira doc lap, tu chu va chu dong, tfch cue hoi nhap quoc te
Dal hpiVI cuaDang dakhdlxudng cdng cupc ddi mdd toan dien dat nudc, ttong dd ed chu tniong "tham gia sti phan edng lao ddng qude tg... md mang quan he kinh te va khoa hgc - ky thuat cac nudc thd gidi thtiba"'^^'. Tmh thdn cua Dai hdi VI the hien d mdt muc cao hon rdng, ddc lap, tu ehu khdng cd nghia la bigt lap, "ddng ctia" vdd the gidd, tu dd md dudng cho tu duy ve hdi nhap kinh td qudc tg ttong nhting nam dau ddi mdd. Dai hdi VII cua Dang tien them mdt budc vdi ehu truang cu the hem: "Md rdng, da dang hda va da phuong hda quan he kmh te ddi ngoai"'"' va theo quan diem chi dao "thu hut cdc ngudn Itic ben ngodi de phat huy manh me cac Ipd the va ngudn luc ben ttong""^'. Tuy nhign, cdng cudc ddi mdi diln ra chua ducrc bao lau thi Lien Xd va he thdng cac nudc XHCN d Ddng Au Idm vao khiing hoang ttam ttpng va
LYLUAN CHINHTRI-SO4/2020
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tan rd. Trong hodn canh do, Cuang llnh xay dung dat nudc trong thdi ky qua do len chu nghia xahdi (ndm 1991) raddi, khdng dinh ban hnh, tri tue cua Dang ta ttong su nghiep lanh dao toan dan kien dinh con dudng ddi mdi, xay dung tiianh cdng chu nghia xa hdi. Dd la minh chiing hgt stic shih dpng va y nghia ve tdm quan ttgng cua viec giu vimg ddc lap, tir chu ttong lira chgn con dudng phat trien ctia dat nudc ta trudc nhflng bien ddng to ldn cua thdi dai.
Tu mdt nin kinh te khep kin, tu cung, tii cdp theo CO ehe kinh te ke hoach hda tdp trung, bao cap, chung ta da tign hanh cai each, md cda, chuyen sang nen kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng XHCN, thuc day xuat khau, tigp nhdn vien trp phat trien vd thu hut ddu tu nudc ngoai. Tir chd bi cd lap, hi cdm van, chung ta da chd ddng phd the bao vdy; binh thudng hda quan he vdd cdc nudc ldn; thuc hidn chu truong mudn Id ban vdd tat ca cac nudc ttong cdng ddng qudc tg; cung cd ngn ddc lap, tu chu cda ddt nudc. Tu cho bi khiing hodng nghigm trpng, den giua thap nien 1990, nen kinh tg nudc ta dd dat muc tdng tmdng cao va bude dau hdi nhap vdo khu vtic.
Thuc te nay dd khang dinh tinh dung ddn cua cong cudc ddi mdi. Dai hdi VIII cua Dang da xdc lap rtiem tin vimg chdc vdo dudng Idl ddi ngoai dpc lap, til chu, rpng md, da phuang hda, da dang hda cdc quan he ddi ngoai"^' vd tdng cudng md rdng quan he kinh te qudc tg nhdm tranh thu cdc ngudn luc dg phat trien. Tuy vdy, tidn trmh thuc hien cac cam kgt hpi nhap kinh tg khu vuc vd cai each ttong nudc giai doan nay van rat chdm bdd tam ly sa canh ttanh va ngap ngimg, lo ngai tinde nhung tdc ddng tidu cue tir ben ngoai, nhdt la khi cudc khung hoang tai chinh - tien te chdu A bimg phat.
Nghi quygt Tnmg uong 3 khda VII (tiiang 6- 1992) dua ra 4 phuang cham xii ly cac vdn dd
qude te ttong tinh Wnh mdi la: (1) Bdo dam lpi ich dan tdc chan chinh, ket hop nhuan nhuygn chu nghia yeu nudc va chti nghia qudc te cua gai cdp edng nhan; (2) Giu viing dgc lap, tii chu, tii cudng, day manh da phuong hda, da dang hda quan he ddi ngoai; (3) Nam vung hai mat hgp tac vd ddu ttanh ttong quan he qudc tg; (4) Tham gia hpp tdc khu vue, ddng thdi md rpng quan he vdi tat ca cac nude.
Dai hdi VIII khdng dinh: "Md rgng quan he qudc te phai tten ca so giti vimg ddc lap tu chu, bmh dang va eimg cd lpi, giii gin, phat huy ban sac va nhting tmygn tiidng tdt dep cua dan tdc"'^^.
Nghi quyet Trung uong 4 khda VIII (thangl2- 1997) neu rd: ddc lap, tu chu, tu liic, tu cudng la CO sd viing chac de day manh hon nua dodn ket, hpp tac va hdi rtiidp qudc te rtiidm gdp phan xay dung thdnh cdng CNXH va hao ve viing chac Td qudc XHCN vd nang cao y chi tu lite, tu cudng, giu vung ban sac dan tdc trong tien ttinh hdi nhdp qudc tg.
Phai den nam 2001, lan dau tien ttong Van kien Dai hdl DC cua Dang mdi xudt hien cum tir
"chu ddng hdi nhdp kinh te qudc te", danh dau sir thay ddi ldn trong tu duy phat trien va hdi nhdp cua Viet Nam. Dai hpi cung chi ro mdi quan he giua ddc lap, tu chu vd hdi nhap kinh tg quocte nhu sau: "Cbu ddng hoi nhip kinh ti qudc tiva khu vuc theo tmh than phdt huy tdi da ndi luc, nang cao hieu qua hpp tdc qude te, bao dam dde lap tu chu va dinh hudng xd hdi chu nghia, bdo ve Ipi ich ddn tdc, giu vihig an ninh qudc gia, giu gin ban sdc vdn hda dan tdc, bao ve mdi trudng"'"''. Dai hdi DC cung chi ro quan digm chi dao:"... phai bao dam ddc lap tti chti, trudc hdt la ddc lap tu chu vg dudng ldi, chinh sdch... Xay dung nen kinh te ddc lap tti chti di ddi vdi chu ddng hdi nhap kiitii te qudc tg; ket hpp ngi liic vdi ngoai lue thdnh ngudn
LYLUAN CHINHTR!-So4/2020
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NGHIEN curu - PHATTRIEN LY L U A Nluc tdng hpp de phat trien dat nudc""^'. Md rdng quan he vdi cde nudc nhung khdng de ngn kirtii te Viet Nam bi le thude va bi chi phdi ctia ben ngoai.
Nghi quyet Tnmg uong 8 khda IX (thdng 8- 2003) ve Chien lupc bao ve Td qudc ttong tinh hinh mdi neu ro tu tudng chl dao ddi vdd cdng tac ddi ngoai, giii vting dde lap tuchu, di ddi vdi md rdng quan he ddi ngoai va de cung cd mdi trudng qudc tg hda binh, dn dinh phtic vu sti nghiep xdy dung va bao ve Td qudc, cdn ttgp tuc giuong cao ngpn cd ddc lap dan tdc vd CNXH, tich cue ehu dpng tien hdnh boat ddng ddi ngoai tren co sd dudng ldi ddc lap tu chu, da dang hda, da phuong hda, thtic hien hdi nhdp khu vuc va qudc te.
Dai hdi X da bd sung them cum tu" tz'ch cue"
va de ra chu truang; "Chu dpng vd tich cue hpi nhdp kinh te qude te, ddng thdi md rgng hpp tdc qudc id ttgn cac lmh vtic khac"'^"'. Dai hdi X da de ra quan diem chi dao Id hdi rtiidp kinh tg qudc te "phai ehu ddng, ed Id ttinh phu hpp vdd budc di tich cue, viing chac, khdng do du, chan chii, nhung cdng khdng dupe ndng vdi, gian don"*^".
Cuong linh xdy dung dat nudc trong thdi ky qua dp len chu nghia xa hdl (bd sung, phdt trien ndm 2011) da chi ro quan diem phat trien dat nude ta trong bdi eanh hdi nhdp kinh te qudc te giai doan hien nay la: "Xay dtmg nen kmh tg ddc lap, tu chu, ddng tiidi chu ddng, tich cti hdi rtiidp kinh tg qudc te"'^^'. Trong bdi cartii hien nay, khd nang chien ttanh va xdm lupc ve quan su, lanh tiid it xay ra, ca thd gidi dang ttong xu the todn cdu hda vd khdng mdt quoc gia nao cd the dung ngoai. Do dd, ddc lap, tu ehu ttongbdi canh hien nay tap trung cao vdo ddc lap, tti ehu ve kinh te.
Dpc lap, til chu ve kinh te tao ca sd cho hdi nhap kinh te qudc tg cd hieu qua, tao digu kien can thiet de xdy dtmg nen kinh te dOe lap, tu ehu. Xdy
dung nen kmh te ddc lap, ttr chu tiudc het la dgc lap, tu ehu vg dudng ldi phdt trien dieo dinh hudng XHCN; day manh CNH. HDH. tao tiem luc kmhte.khoahpcvacdngnghe, eosd vdt chdt - ky tiiudt du manh, cd co edu kmh te hpp ly, cd hieu qua va stie cartii ttanh; cd the che kinh te thj trudng dinh hudng XHCN; giu vung dn dinh kinh tg vi md bao dam ngn kinh te du sue dting viing vd iing phd dugc vdi cac tinh hudng phtic tap, tao digu kien tiiuc hien cd hieu qua eac cam ket hdi nhap qudc te.
Cd tiie ndi, tu tudng chi dao ddi ngoai tten day, vdi tirtii dung ddn cua nd, dd dupe khdng dinh mdt each xuydn suot qua cac ky Dai hdi VIII, IX, Xva XI cua Dang. Tai Dai hdi XI, Dang ta chi ro:
"Tigp ttic thtie hien tdt chu Onrong: Mdrdngho^t ddng d&i ngo^, chd d0ngvi tich ci^h0inh$p qudc ti. Thuc hien nhat qudn ditdngldi ddi ngoai ddc lap, tti chd, da phuong hda, da dang hda quan he, giu vdng mdi trudng hda bmh, dn dinh cho phdt trien, hda bmh, hpp tae va phdt trign, bdo ve viing chdc ddc lap, chti quyen, thong nhat va toan ven lanh thd, ndng cao vi the dat nudc;
gdp phdn tich ctic vdo cudc dau ttanh \^ hda binh, ddc lap dan tdc, dan chu vd tidn bd xa hdi tten the gidi. Tiep ttic dua eac quan he qudc tg cua ddt nudc dl vao chieu sau tten co sd giu viing dgc ldp, tu chu, phat huy tdi da ndi lire vd ban sdc dan tdc; chd ddng ngdn ngira vd giam thigu tdc dpng tieu cue eua qua trinh hdi nhdp qudc tg.
Tham gia cac ea chd hpp tac chinh tii, an rtinh, kmh tg song phuong va da phuong vi lpi ich qudc gia ttgn CO sd tdn ttpng cac nguyen tde caban cda ludt phap qudc tg, Hien chuong Lign Hop qudc.
Cung ed, phdt trien quan he hop tac, hiiu nghi tmygn tiidng vdi cde nudc ldng gieng. Chu ddng, tich cue vd cd ttdch rtiiiem cimg cac nudc xdy dung cpng ddng ASEAN vung manh; tang cudng quan hg vdi cac ddi tac ttong khudn khd hpp tac
LYLUAN CHINHTRI-So 4/2020
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d khu vuc chau A - Thai Bhih Duong. Phat trign quan he vdi cde ddng cdng san, cdng nhan, dang cdnh ta va cac chirtii ddng khac tten ca sd bao dam lpi ich, dde lap, tir chu cua ddt nudc. Phdi hgp chat chg hoat ddng ddi ngoai ctia Dang.
ngoai giao cua Nha nudc, ddi ngoai nhan ddn;
ddi ngoai qudc phdng vd an ninh; chinh tri ddi ngoai, kinh te va vdn hda ddi ngoai""^'.
Vdi viec ehinh thiic ttd thanh thanh vidn Td chuc Thuang mai thg gidi (WTO) ndm 2007, ngn kinh tg nudc ta da hdi nhap day du vdo ngn kinh tg todn cdu. Cac cam kdt vdd WTO la khudn khd chung de chung ta day manh cai each ttong nudc, hoan thien the chg kinh te thi tnrdng dinh hudng XHCN. Tren co sd dd, Dai hdi XI cua Dang da nang tdm chu truang thdnh "chu ddng vi ti'ch cue hoi nhap qudc ti', dupe cu thg hda bdng Nghi quygt sd 22-NQ/TW eua Ban Chdp hanh Trung uong ngdy 10-4-2013 vg hdl nhap qudc tg, dg khdng dmh rdng hdi nhdp qudc td khdng cdn bd hep ttong linh vue kinh te ma md rdng ra tat ca cac linh vuc khac, kg ca chinh tri, qudc phdng, an ninh vd vdn hda - xa hdi... Dal hdi XI, Dai hdl XII khang dinh quan he giiia ddc lap, tu chu va hdi nhap qudc te la mdt ttong cac moi quan he ldn, phai dac biet chd ttgng nam vting va giai quyet tdt Dai hdi XH, tten ca sd khdng dinh quan digm:
"Bao dam lpi ieh tdi cao cua qudc gia - dan tdc tten CO sd cac nguygn tdc co ban cua ludt phdp qudc te, binh ddng va cimg cd Ipi..."'^^'; "xay dung ngn kinh te ddc lap, tu chu, tham gia cd hieu qua vdo mang san xuat vd chudi gia tri todn cau"'^^'.
Nhu vdy, tii DEII hdi VI ddn Dai hdi XII, qua 7 ky Dai hdi cda thdi ky ddi mdi, nhan thtic cua Dang ta ve quan hg giua ddc lap, tu chu va hdi nhap qudc te ngay edng sau sdc hon, day dti han.
Xdy dimg mgt nen kinh te dpc lap, tii chu la tien dg hao dam de hdi nhdp kmh tg qudc td thanh cdng. Ngupc lai, mdt qua tiinh hdi nhdp kmh tg
qudc te tii ddng va tii phdt se khdng dat dupe hieu qua nhu mong mudn de phat trign va xay dtmg nen kinh te ddc lap, tii chu. Dd chinh Id tii duy ddi mdi sang tao, nhm nhan xac ddng vd phdn tich day dti cde ygu td bgn trong vd bgn ngoai; bigt mmh, biet ngudi hon. Xac dinh ro mdi quan he quan ttpng nay vd tim each xuly tdt mdi quan he dd la ldi giai cho bai todn phat tiign ben viing ddt nudc, phuc vu dac luc eho cong cudc xay dung va bao ve Td qudc Viet Nam XHCN D
(I), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7) DCSVN: Van kien Daihdi Dangthdikyddimdi(DaihdiVI,VII,Vin,IX,X,XIi, Nxb Chinh tti qudc gia - Sir tiiat. Ha Npi, 2013, tt.224,224,331,22,84, 507,662,
(8), (22), [23) DCSVN: Van kien Dai hdi dai bieu toan qudc lin thuc XI, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia - Sti that, Ha Noi, 2011, tt.84, 76,46-47.
(9), (24), (25) DCSVN; Van kien Daihdi dai bidu toan qudc lan thuXII, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia - Su that, HaNpi,2016,tt.l53,153,77.
(10) DCSVN: Van kien Dai hoi dai bieu toan qudc didikyddimailKhoaVI, VII, W/iff,^, Nxb Chlnh tii qudc gia • Sii that. Ha N6i, 2010, Phan I, tt.674.
(11), (18), [19] DCSVN: Van kien Dm hoi dai bieu toan qudclan thu IK, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia - Su tiiat. Ha Npi, 2001, tt.43,43,25-26.
(12), (20), (21) DCSVN: Van kien Dai hgi dai biiu toan qudc lan thuX, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia • Su tiiat, HaNgi, 2006, tt.112-114,25-26,180-181.
(13) DCSVN: Van kien Dai hoi dai bieu toan qudc lan thuVJ, NxbSirUiat, HaNdi, 1986, tt.81.
(14), (15) DCSVN: Van kien Dai hoi dai bieu toan qudclan thdVIl, Nxb Sutiiat, HaNpi, 1991, tt,119.
(16), (17) DCSVN: Van kien Daihoi dai bieu toan qudc lan thu VIII. Nxb Chinh tid qudc gia - Su tiiat.
HaNdi, 1996, tt.44,74.
LVLUANCHI'NHTR!-So 4/2020
