TAP CHi KHOA HOC VA C O N G NGHE - SO 18 - - T R U - Q N G BAI HOC PHAM V A N D O N G
TO CHU'C DAY HOC BAI "StT NCJ Vl NHIET CUA VAT RAN"
THEO i n r 6 N G PHAT TRIEN NANG LlTC THlTC NGHIEM CHO HOC SINH TS. Nguyin Hodng Anh*, ThS Phgm Thiit Tru&ng*, ThS Phan Thi Thiry Linh**
TOM TAT
Day hpc theo dinh hu&ng phdt triin ndng luc hiin dang Id xu hu&ng gido due ciia cdc nuac tren the gi&i Trong ehuang trinh gido due phd thong m&i dd ban hdnh ndm 2018, ngodi ede ndng luc ehung edn hinh thdnh cho hgc sinh thi ddi v&i bd mdn Vgt li, ndng luc thgc nghiem la mdt trong nhimg ndng lue chuyen biit, quan trgng cdn dugc hinh thdnh vdphdt triin trong qud trinh dgy hpc Vdt li. Ngi dung bdi viit ndy lap trung trinh bdy chuyen sdu vi sir dyng thi nghiim lu tgo vd xdy dung cde tiiu ehi di ddnh gid ndng lue thuc nghiem eiia hpe sinh irong dgy hgc.
Tu- khoa: Ndng Iuc, thuc nghipm, tbi nghidm tu tao, tieu chi ddnh gia l . D | t vande
Vat li hpc la mdn khoa hpc thyc nghiem nen viec su dyng thi nghiem (TN) vdt li noi chung va TN ty tao ndi rieng de hinh thanh kien thiic cho hpc sinh (HS) hoac dimg de kilm chiing kiln thiic md HS dd thu nhdn dugc Id rdt can thidt. Do dd, trong day hpc Vdt ll pHVL), ngodi viec ren luyen cho HS cac ki nang thyc hanh vdt li thi viec binh thdnh va phat triln ndng lyc thuc nghiem (NLTN) cho HS ddng vai trd rdt quan trpng, gdp phdn thuc hien myc tidu chuang trinh giao dye phd thdng da de ra vd nang cao hieu qud DHVL d trudng phd thdng.
2. N^i dung nghiin ciru
2.1. Khdi niim ndng luc vd ndng lire thuc nghiim 2.1.1. Ndng lyc
Theo tii diln Tilng Viet, nang luc (NL) dupe hilu la "khd ndng, diiu kiin ehu quan hoge tu nhien sdn eo di thue Men mgt hogt dpng ndo do " [4]; cdn dudi gdc dp td hgp cac ylu to cdu thdnh khd nang hanh ddng 'NL la su tdng hgp cde thdnh td kiin thite, kindng vd thdi dp ddm bdo hiiu qud vd suphii hgp cua hdnh dpng ddi vai boi cdnh".
Nhu vgy cd thi hilu, NL la khd ndng van dyng vd phdi kit hpp cdc kiin thuc, ki ndng ciing v&i thdi dp di thue hien ede nhiem vy trong bdi cdnh, tinh hudng thire tiin cd hiiu qud.
2.1.2. Ndng lue Ihuc nghiem trong dgy hpc Vdl li
Khdi niem TN hay thyc nghidm la tidn hdnh lap Igi cac hien tugng dd nhieu Idn ttong nhimg dilu ki^n xac dinh dk quan sdt, tim hilu, nghien ciiu, kiem ti-a hay chiing mmh rapt gid thuylt, mdt vdn dl nao do. Nhu vdy cd thi hilu, ndng lue thuc nghiim la khd ndng van dyng nhihig kiin thirc, ki ndng, thdi dp di gidi quyit ede vdn di thuc tiin mpt cdch CO hieu qud nhdt.
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TAP CHl KHOA HQC VA C O N G N G H E - SO 18 -TRU'ONG BAI HQC PHAM VAN BONG__
Theo nhdm tac gid [2], NLTN gdm 3 thdnh td, do la; kiin thirc, kindng vd thdi do.
Dgy hgc tbeo dinh hudng phdt triln NLTN, viec ddnh gid kit qud bpe tgp ciia HS pbai dya vao cac tbdnh td cau thanh NL va cdc chi sd hanb vi ctia NL do vd cd tinh ddn su tien bd cda HS trong qua trinb hpc tap ciing nhu khd ndng van dyng trong cdc fmh budng thyc tien.
Bdng 1. Cdc NL thdnh to ciia NLTN vd chi sd hdnh vi tuang ung ciia HS Thanh to cua NLTN
1. Kien thuc vat U
2. Ki nang thuc hanh vat li
3. Thai dp
Chi so hanh vi
- Kiln thiic vdt li lien quan din qud trinh cdn khdo sat.
- Kien thuc ve thiet bi, ve an todn.
- Kien tbiic ve xii li sd lieu, kien thiic vd sai sd.
- Kien thiic v l bidu dien sd lieu dudi dang bang bieu, do thj.
- KT nang quan sdt cdc hidn tugng va qud trinh vat li cdn khdo sdt-
- Kl nang sir dyng cac dyng cy, tbiet bi TN.
- KT nang ldp rdp vd tidn banh TN.
- KT ndng thu thdp du lieu, phdn tich vd xii li sd lieu.
- KI nang de xudt phuang an TN.
- KT nang thiet ke, che tao TN.
- KT nang van dyng kidn thiic.
- Kien nhan, trung thyc, ti mi.
- Hgp tdc, tich eye.
Dya vdo cdu true vd cdc cbi sd hanh vi ciia NLTN, chiing ta cd the hieu: "NLTN trong DHVL la khd ndng van dung, phdi kit hop cdc kiin thue, ky ndng Ihuc hdnh vgt li vd thai dp nhu himg thu, dpng ea de gidi quyet cdc vdn di ddt ra trong linh vuc vdt li vd trong boi cdnh cy the ".
2.2. Td chirc dgy hpe bdi "Su n& vi nhiet eiia vdt rdn " iheo dinh hu&ng phdt triin ndng lire thuc nghiem cho hpc sinh
2.2.1. Tien trinh td chirc dgy hpc bdi "Su na vi nhiet cua vdt rdn " theo dinh hu&ng phdi triin ndng luc thuc nghiim cho hpe sinh
Bk hinh thanh vd phdt trien NLTN ciia HS trong DHVL ndi chung va dgy hgc bai
"Sy nd vi nhiet cua vdt rdn" Vdt H 10 ca bdn ndi ridng, ngoai vide trang bi cho HS dam bdo cdc yeu cdu vl kiln tbiic, kT nang cua bdi hpc. Gido vien (GV) can tgo dilu kien cho HS ren luyen cac NL thanh td cila NLTN va can chudn bi tdt d cdc giai doan ciia qua trinh day hpc nhu: giai dogn ehuan bi, giai dogn to ehue dgy hpc vd giai dogn nhdn xet, ddnh gid hogt ddng cua HS.
^ Giai dogn chuan bi:
- GV xdc dinh diing trpng tdm myc tieu day hgc ciia bdi hpc; Thilt kl cdc philu hge tap cho boat ddng nhdm ciia HS; Chudn bi ddy du cdc phuang tien va thilt bi phuc vu cho bai hpc nhu TN tu tao vd video clip TN ve su nd dai va sy nd khdi.
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TAP CHl KHOA HOC VACONG N G H E - s o t S - T R n V v N T ^ n M ^ ^ a n n H ^ ^ ^ ^ 3
- Xay dung cac tieu chi danh gia NLTN cua HS trong day hoc nhu bang 2.
Bdng 2. Tieu chi ddnh gid NLTN cua HS trong DHVL NL thanh to
1. Kien thirc vat ll
2. IG nang thuc hanh vdt Ji
Chi so hanh vi 1.1. Hien tupng thanh kim logi va qud cau kun logi trude va sau khi bi ha ndng.
1.2. Mdi lidn hd giira nhiet dp vdi dp nd ddi va do nd khdi.
2.1. Hien tugng cdn quan sat trong TN: su n& ddi cua hai thanh kim logi, sy na khdi cua qud cdu kim logi
2.2. Cdc dyng cu, thidt bi TN:
gid da TN; thanh kim logi bdng dong vd nhom; qud cdu kim logi, den cdn.
2.3. Cac thao tdc tidn hdnh TN:
Khdo sdi hiin tugng su na ddi vasyn&khdi
2.4. Thu thgp, md td hien tugng:
Hiin tugng tru&e vd sau khi tiin hdnh TN; cdc kit ludn vi su n&
ddi vd su na khoi; hiin tugng vien bi rai xuong mat bdn, qud edu khong Ipt qua hai khe kim logi
2.5. Van dung kien thiic: gidi thieh hien tugng neu & ddu bdi hpe. hien tugng trong phieu hpc tgp.
Mirc dp bilu hidn - Trinh bay dung vdn de.
- Trinh bdy dugc van dl nhung cdn sai sdt nhd.
- Irinh bay diing van de.
- Trinb bay diing mdt phdn vdn dl, chua that hoan chmh.
- Xac dinh diing, cbinh xdc cac hien tupng can quan sat.
- Xdc dinh dugc hien tugng can quan sat nhung chua ddy dii.
- Liet ke ddy dii, chinh xac.
- Liet ke cbua ddy dii, cdn thidu hoac nhgn dang sai.
- Diing trinh ty, thao tdc TN nhanh chdng va chinb xac.
- Diing trinb ty, thao tac TN cdn chdm va rdi rac.
- Thu thgp, rad ta hien tugng quan sat nbanh chdng, day dii va chi tiet.
- Tbu thgp va md td dugc hien tugng quan sdt nhung chua that sy chi tiet va rd rdng.
- Lap ludn chat che, logic va chinh xdc van de.
- Gidi thich dugc vdn de nhung chua that chat che, cdn thilu y.
Ma diem
1,0 0,5 1,0 0,5 1,0 0,5
1,0 0,5
2,0 1,0 2,0
1,0
2,0 1,0
Cac mirc dp dat dugc v§ NLTN ciia HS:
- Mirc T. HS cd NLTN tdt nlu dat tii 8,0 dilm ti-d ldn va yeu cdu ky nang thyc hanh vdt Ii phdi dat tii 4 diem.
- Mite 2: HS cd NLTN tiling binh nlu dat tii 5,0 dilm den dudi 8,0 dilm va yeu cdu ky nang thyc hdnh vdt li phai dat tir 3 dilm.
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TAP CHi KHOA HOC VA C O N G N G H E • S O 18 - TRU'ONG BAI HQC PHAM V A N B O N G
- Mice 3: HS khdng cd NLTN hoac cd nhung yeu, kem neu dudi 5,0 diem.
• Giai dogn to chuc dgy hpc
- Dgt vdn di ma ddu bdi hpc: GV gidi thidu cac dyng cy, thilt bj TN tu tgo: 01 pin vudng; 01 bdng den; 01 quat dien; 01 cdng tac dien (dung dl ddng, ngat mach dien); 01 thanh kim loai bdng ddng; 01 den cdn vd cdc ddy ddn didn dugc bd tri va Idp dat nhu hinh
1.
GV ti-inh bdy each tiln bdnh TN, sau khi tiln hdnh TN vd tao ra dugc hidn tugng nbu hinh 2, GV ddt vdn dl dl md dau bai hpc nhu sau: Vi sao khi ha ndng thanh kim logi, sau th&i gian la thdy den sdng vd qugt quay nhung khi la khdng ha nong thanh kim logi, sau thai gian la Ihdy den khdng sdng vd qugt khong quay?
i
Lfinh 1. GV sir dyng TN tu tgo ITinh 2: Hien tugng TN den sdng ddt vdn di m& ddu bdi hpc vd qugt quay - Ldm viic nhdm
+ GV chia ldp hpc thanh 03 nhdm: Nbdm thii nhdt ty hoc vdi sach giao khoa, nhdm thii hai quan sat video clip TN ve sy nd dai vd sy nd khdi, nhdm thii ba tien hanh TK tu tao ve su nd dai vd sy nd khdi vd thuc hien cac nhidm vy hpc tap theo phieu hpc tap do GV eung cap.
+ Cdc nbdm tu cOr ra nhdm trudng, tbu ky. Thdi gian boat dpng moi nbdm Id 8 phiit va cac nhdm ngdi diing vdo vi tri ma GV dd bd tri san trong ldp hpc.
+ Sau khi nhan dugc phieu hpc tap tii GV, nhdm tnrdng xdc dinh cdc nhiem vu hpc tap trong phieu hpc tap, sau do phdn cdng timg ca nhan lam vide theo nhdm nhd. Sau khi cac nhdm nhd thyc bien xong nbiem vu, cac tbdnh vien trong nhdm tilp tuc trao ddi y kidn, thao ludn dd di den ket qua lam vide cudi ciing ciia nhdm va nhdm trudng cir dai dien trinh bay ket qud lam viec ciia nbdm.
Do npi dung bai vidt chi tap trung vao viec hinh thanh va phat triln NLTN cho HS trong DHVL, nen chiing tdi chi trinh bay boat dpng cua nhdra HS tiln hanh TN ty tgo vl sy nd ddi va sy nd khdi. Trong khi cdc nhdra HS ty lyc ldm viec theo nhdm, GV theo doi, hd trg vd hudng ddn HS thyc bien nbidm vy khi cdn thiet. Ddng thdi, GV danh gia muc dp bieu hien NLTN ciia HS theo cdc tieu chi da dua ra d bang 2 va dinh hudng HS thyc hidn cac cdng viec sau: Myc dich TN; Cdc dyng cy, thiit bi TN; Lap rdp vd tiin 234 • JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY •
TAP CHl KHOA HQC VA C O N G N G H E - S O 18 - T R U O N G DAI HOC PHAM VAN B O N G
hdnh TN; Thu thgp dit kien. mo la hien tuang; Van dung kiin thire vdo gidi thich hien lugng.
Hinh 3. TNtu tgo ve su na ddi va na khdi
• Giai dogn nhgn xit, ddnh gid hogt dpng cua HS
- Dgi didn ciia timg nhdm trinh bay kit qua lam viec cua nhdm Uudc tap thi Idp hpc;
- Cdc nhdm khac Idng nghe, quan sat va chdt vdn.
- GV thdng tin cho HS vl cdc tieu cbi danh gid NLTN vd cudi ciing GV tdng kit, nhgn xet vd danh gia boat ddng ciia cdc nhdm.
2.2.2. Kit qud thgc nghiim
Chiing tdi da tien hanh thuc nghiem suphgm d Idp lOCBl (Idp thyc nghiem vdi 42 em HS), Idp 10CB7 (Idp ddi chiing vdi 44 em HS) d trudng trung hoc phd thdng Thien Hd Duong, tinh Ddng Thap. Sau tiet day, chiing tdi tiln hanh danh gid NLTN ciia HS thdng qua phieu danh gia cdc NL thdnh td va da thu dugc ket qua dugc nhu bang 3.
Bdng 3. Tdng hgp kit qud ddnh gid muc dp phdt triin NLTN eua HS
NL thanh to
L Kiln thii-c vat li
2. KJ nang ffauc hanh vat li
Tieu chi chat luroug chi s6 hanh vi 1.1.
1.2.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
Ma diem
1,0 0,5 1,0 0,5 1,0 0,5 1,0 0,5 2,0 1,0 2,0 1,0 2,0 1,0
So HS flat duffc lOCBl
41 01 39 03 42 00 38 04 39 03 38 04 40 02
10CB7 43 01 40 04 42 02 28 16 23 21 30 14 36 08
Tyl.
lOCBl 97.62 2.38 92.86
7.14 100 0 90.48
9.52 92.86
7.14 90.48
9.52 95.24 4.76
(%)
10CB7 97.73
2.27 90.91 9.09 95.45 4.55 63.64 36.36 52.27 47.73 68.18 31.82 81.82 18.18
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TAP CHJ KHOA HOC VA C O N G N G H E - S O 18 - TRU'ONG PAI HUU PMAm VMT-. ^^AG
Tir kit qua tong hgp d bang 3 cho thdy, NLTN cua HS d Idp thuc nghiem Id tdt ban so vdi HS d ldp ddi chiing, nd dugc thi hien qua ty Id phan tram HS d Idp thyc nghiem dat dugc cdc tidu chi chat lupng hdnh vi nbieu ban so vdi HS d ldp ddi chiing. Dieu do chiing td kha nang xdc dinh cac dgi lugng cdn do, quan sdt trong TN; liet ke ten cac dung cu, thilt bi TN; each ldp ddt va tidn hanh TN va van dung kiln thiic vdt li vao giai thich cac hien tugng trong thyc te ciia HS d ldp thyc nghiera dugc hinh thanb vd phat trien hon so vdi Idp ddi chung.
3. Ket luan
De dat dugc myc tieu cua chuong trinb giao dye phd thdng de ra, dd Id tiep tuc giup HS hinh tbdnh vd phdt tridn nhiing phdra chdt vd NL cdn thilt dd thich iing vdi nhiing ddi thay trong thdi ki cdch mang cdng nghiep mdi, do do ddi hdi GV phai van dung mdt each Hnh boat cac phuang phdp dgy hpc tich eye kdt hgp vdi cdc phuang tien day hpc hien dgi va truyen thdng nbara gdp phan tang cudng tinh true quan trong dgy hgc ndi chung va TN vdt li ndi ridng. Trong dd, vide sii dyng TN tu tgo vao td chiic day hpc la mpt trong nhimg bien phap nham hinh thanh vd phdt tridn NLTN cho HS trong qud tiinh DHVL.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Luang Duyen Binh (2006), Vgt li 10, NXB Gido due.
2. Bd Giao dye va Dao tgo (2014), Tdi lieu lap hudn dgy hpc vd kiem tra, ddnh gid kit qud hgc tap theo hu&ng phdt trien ndng luc hoe sinh, Hd Npi.
3. Bd Gido due vd Dao tgo (2018), Chuang trinh gido dye pho thong, ehuang trinh tdng thi.
4. Hoang Phd (2011), Tir diln Tilng Vidt, NXB Dd ndng - Trung tdm tir diln.
5. Dd Huong Trd (Chu bien), Nguyen Van Bien, Tudng Duy Hai, Pham Xudn Qui, Duang Van Quy (2019), Dgy hpc phdt triin ndng luc mon Vgt li gung hgc phd thong, NXB Dgi hpc Su phgra, HdNpi.
esBO
*Trudng Dai hpc Ddng Thap
**Trudng THPT Thidn Hp Duong, Tinh Ddng Thdp
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