s l 10 (240i-201S
NGdN N G C & Bin S O N G13
BAN VE H l f N TirgfNG CHUYEN NGEQA TU* NGU"
CHU'A tb' TIENG HAN TRONG AN DV VAT CHlTA
DISCUSS ABOUT PHENOMENONS OF TRANSFERRED MEANING WORDS CONTAINING 'fc- IN THE CONTAINER METAPHORS IN CHINESE
C A M X t l T A l
(PGS.TS; D f i hpc Ngoyi ngfi-, DHQG H i Nfi) N d N G H d N G H ^ N H (ThS; Khoa Ngogi ngu', Dgi hpc Thdi Nguydn)
Abstracts: Language always reflects the modes of thinking and cognitive characteristics of each national community. This paper analyzed some phenomenons of cognitive container metaphors in transferred meaning of words containing "'C^" in Chinese. The current paper amed at supplementary materials for study, translation and teaching foreign language for Vietnamese students.
Key words: cognitive; metonymy; metaphor; words contain '&.
miln tri nhto ndy (miln nguin) sang m i ^ tri nhfn khdc (miln dich). ChAng hgn thdi gian Id mft khdi nifm trim tupng, khtog nhin thAy, khdng sd dupc, mft chiiu, khdng lap lgi. VI the khdi nifm thdi gian duijK dnh xg bdi sy di chuyin cia sy vft, tgo nto an dy T H 6 I GIAN L A SV Dl CHUYfeN C O A s y VAT. An dy ndy dupc Ihl hifn qua ngdn ti^tixr. Thdi gian IhimOtoil trdi; Mia hg da di qua; Thdigiandikhdngbaogi&trdlgi...
„ „ _ Hoto dy Id tto dyng sy gin gui hole lito quan vd phong phi. Bdi vilt dya trto quan dilm an dy gifta hai m i ^ tri nhfn, hay ndi cdch khdc Id ding , tti nhfn cia Lakoffvi Johnson [1], ding thdi vfn khdi nifm ndy dl thay thl cho mft khdi nifm khdc,
dyng li luto v l h f tiling md rpng ngtt ngUa cia trong dd chu ^ nhieu hon tdi d|c diran nli bft cia i.i. Con ngudi nhto thic thyc till tin tgi trong
thl gidi ty nhito ttt chinh sy ttdi nghifm cia bto thto minh Tim la mft bp phfn quan trpng trong CO thl chi phli toto bp hogt f^iig song cua con ngudi.
Tim lito quan mft tMit vd cd tinh q i ^ dinh tdi tAt cd cdc bf phto kiidc trto ca thl ngudi. Chinh vl tim cd vi tri vd chiic ntog nhu vfy, nto trong tilng ' Hdn, ching ta cd thl thAy ttt ngtt chiia if (tim,
tdm) mang nhttng hdm nghia vdn hda lAt ^ sdc
Taylor [2] (nghb dto - hoto dy - An dy) ^ di sto 'dm hilu vd hito tupng diuyln n ^ cua tft ngtt
chia i> trong An dy vft chiia.
( 1.Z Ngto ngtt hpc tri nhto cho rAng, hodn dy vd An dy deu bat nguin ttt kinh n ^ f m cufc sing thudng ngdy cia con ngufti, diu Id qud trinh tri nhto mang tinh khdi nifm, ty phdt vd vd tiiftc.
Hoto dy v i An dy diu cd xu hudng dtog nhftng khdi nifm cy dil dl dnh xg hofc diay the cdc khdi
sy vft, vd hai khdi nifm ndy thufc v l ctog mft miln tri nhto. Vi dy: Hdm nay tdi di mua bd Adidas. (Adidas Id thuong hifu trang phyc thl thao nil tilng thay thl cho sto phAm Id qufc do thuong Mfu Adidas).
Cd thl thay. An dy vd hoto dy cd tdc dyng tuong hS Ifc nhau, gitta chtog cd mli lidn hf tuong dii phttc tgp. Hifn nay nhilu n ^ t o cftu
^ cdn khd mp h i gitta khdi nifm An dy vd khdi
•nifm httu tupng, Idm cho vifc bilu dgt ngto ngft nitoi hoto dy, hole khdng chl rd dupc mli tuong lid nto don gidn, sinh dtog hon, nhdm dgt tdi quan mgt tMlt gitta chung.
nguyto tac tifki?" ft°ng ngdn ngtt, giip mpi Taylor (1995) Id ngufti dAu tito da chi ra hifn ngufti dl nam bAt cdc khdi nifm mdi hon. tupng Andy ton tgi trdn cosd hoto dy,vi da dua ra ' An dy Id dem mf t khdi nitoi ndy dnh xg vdo quan diem vlhf thing chuyin dich lito tyc "ngUa
mft khii nitoi khdc, hojc cdthlndilidnhxgtii den- hoto dy - An dy" tnmg vifc md rpng ngtt
N G 6 N NGtr & D d i S O N G So 10 (240)-2015
nghia. Ong da lAy vi dy vdi tmh ttt 'liigh" dl lam rd quan dign oia minh [3]:
Ca) Hgh
(b) Hgli dde
Hotedv
lEoipqBturB (d) High prices
Audg (e) Higli 0 (a), ngh& den c i a "high" la chito cao; 0 (b), n^Ha c i a "high" v i a cd p h t o chl chieu cao viia d l chi myc nude, vi die p h f c ndo c h i a dyng khdi nifm hodn dy; (i (c), " h i ^ " dd thyc s y Id khdi nifm hoto dy, d i n g khdi nifm thto nhift cao d l Ihay thl thto nhift "ndng"; 0 (d) "high" nam gitta ranh gidi c i a h o t o dy vd An dp, "high prices" cd thl cd hai cdch hieu, m f t la dem chi s l trong b t o g bdo gid vd gid cd lito hf vdi nhau, dong tlidi xuat hifn trdn c i n g m f t mien tri nhto, sd tgo n t o cdch hieu hoto dy; hai Id, lAy c h i o i cao vd s l tiln lito hf vdi nhau, Igo n t o c o c h l h o t o dy ' T A N G L 6 N " ; fl (e), "quality" thufc phgm tti chit hipng, cd s y phto bift giua cdi t i t vd cdi x i u , c t o "high" thufc chiiu cao, khi dupc dnh xg vdo phgm t i i chAt lupng, s5 hinh thdnh n t o khdi nitoi An dy "T&T IAT'.
Hodn dy vd fc dy tgo n t o m f t hf thing lito tyc.
Trong qud trinh phdt triln ttt h ( ^ dy i t o an dy, cd hai klgi CO c h l tuong d i i quan trpng: m f t Id, CO sd kinh nghifm c i a hoto dy quy djnh mien n g u i n c i a In dy v i s y lya chpn dnh xg; hai Id, CO c h l trim tupng, tuc Id miic dp tiftu tupng cao hay thip sd dnh h u t o g den sy dnh xg cdng g f c vdi s y v f t Trong khodng khdng gian m o h i giiia An dy vd hoto dy, hai khdi nifm ndy dnh h u t o g qua Igi Ifc nhau, CO s d kinh nghifm v i c o che trim tupng c t o g cd dnh hudng, dilu ndy khi&i h o t o dy tid flidnh phuong t h i c m d rfng ngtt nghia c o bdn, vd phln Ito cdc In dy tope ndy sinh v i thiet % u t o c o s d ciia h o t o d y
D e nghifm chung quan d i o n t i t o cua Taylor, bdi viet di s t o tim hieu v e khdi nifm hoto dy vd An dy c i a ttt ngtt c h u a - t s ttt dd md til v l s y chuyin dich ngtt ngMa c i a tft ngtt chtta ib theo md hinh
"nghia den - hoto dy - an dy".
2. Nghia h o t o d y c u a tft ngft c h u a <&
21. ^ duty Aituduy
N g u d i Trung Q u i c d i u cho lAng m i i lim Id ni$t b f p h t o quan trpng b o n g c o thl, chi p h l i todn bf hogt d f n g s i n g c i a c o n ngudi. Tim Id tiung tSm (Ifl/&) lito quan mgt fliilt vd cd thih quylt ( ^ tdi t o t o b f cdc b f p h t o khdc t i t o CO the ngudi. H m t t CO quan thyc h i t o chiic n t o g tu duy, mpi hogt ddng t u duy va t u tudng tinh cdm d i u cd lito quan den tim, t i c Id d i n g tim d l dnh x g v t o t u duy. Bii v f y , ngudi ta thudng d i n g ttt ngtt cd <i> (tim, ldm)
^ bilu til] s y p h t o tich, t i n g hpp, p h t o dodn, suy luto c i a b f ndo con ngudi. V i dy;'i>3SE J ^ / u d l $ (Irong Idng n^ii), i>% Idm todn (tinh totoX S^O nghi tdm (Idng n ^ ngd), ^i> da tdm Oong da nghiX S - f r Iao tdm (nhpc Itog), 'Cf'PW&lm Irung/i£fu5t^(trong Idng sdm da djnh lifu), Pft't^
$^ khdu thi ldm phi ( m i t o g ndi v f y nhung trong I t o g nghlkhdoX ' f r P ^ F — tdm khiu batnhil(^
ndi v i suy n ^ khdng thong nhAt), /ttJc—B ldm vt! n / l / d ^ (trong Idng khdng cd dyng ^ khdcX-.
T t o id cor quan tiiyc h i t o s y suy nghl^ Id khdi nguon c i a tri tiif, d l i ^ thdi d t o g d l thay the cho mong m u l n , n g u y t o vpng h o f c :^ muon ldm vi?c gj. D o vfy, tiong tieng H t o xuAt hifn cdc tft ngi!
nhir li^M. ldm y (tam ^, y nguyto), i>^ t^
nguyen (tdm nguyfn, m o n g mulnX Vii' cam tdn (cam Itog), #<£> hOu tdm (ok Itog), ^IA> thaiA Idm (thdnh tam, tiift long), f9;'j> xUng tdm (hii Idng, v i a Itog), -&/£> hgp Idm (hpp y). * > S * a tdm mdn^tlic ( m t o nguyto), —<£> nhat Idm (ra{l Idng, m f t dg), S ^ ddn tdm Qimg dto), Xitt Ml Idm O t o g ngudi, n h t o tam), lfli<i> thugn ldn (diuto Idng), M'b' logi tdm (togi nguytoX * * •*
/ & n ( v d t a m X . . .
Trong nhltaig y muon, n g u y t o vpn^ c i a cct ngudi cd cd d i l u u t Ifc dieu xAu. Trni ndm d vi ol s t o thdm b t o trang c o n ngudi, ngudi ta khdng nliiD thAy, khdng sft md dupc. Chinh bfti vi Iri s t o tfaiii dd, khioi ciio con ngudi la cd m f t s y cdm nh|B
SllO(240i-201S NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG 15
mo h i v l nd. Trong tilng Hdn, fim cd lie tope dtog trong ttt ngtt cW nhftng am muu vd td nifm.
VI dy: (frsR^iE ldm thugt bat chinh Odng dg bat chinh khd ludng), -Saffl'ii' bao tdng hpa tan (kn chia t i tam hgi ngudi), 't^fFAM tdm hodi quy thai (tiong byng mang fliai quy dOX SP'ii td tdm (td tdm, Idng dg dfc deX HS'i^ I ^ bim (da tdm cia dgo tfcX Mib hdc tdm Odng dg xAu xaX St> dS tdm (da tdmX 8>'t> to (am (ngM cho ritog nilnhX...So vdi nhttng dieu xAu xa tli tf thl con ngudi ta cdng mong muln hudng din nhttng dilu tit d ^ vd vgch ra nhttng lanh gidi gifta cdi tit vd cdi xAu cho trdi tim, vi dy: .&'!> luong tdm Oucmg tfim, itog tItX iS-if ilia Itoi Odng t&X tt'O mudi tdm Odng dg den tli/ trdi vdi luong tdmX i ^ ' ^ vi tdm (bdi vdi lucmg tdm),... Chtog tdi da lupc d l hda ^ nghia hoto dy cia tii ngtt chua'i^ tieng Hto bang so disau:
* . hWDCY — * ' M O N G M U 6 N , N G I I Y S N
VQNG
2.2 'bthl^giitinhlhin
Ngudi Tiung (^ulc cho lAng trdi tim Id noi ti i ngy cia tinh than, ctog giong nhu vgn vft ndy nd tren mft ^ bdi vfy, con ngufti ta mdi cd ttt ngtt nhu: ibik ldm dia (ttoi dja, Idng dgX il-B tdm diin (nfi tdm, tiong Itog),... Khi con ngudi ta tri nhto v l bto t h t o do chiu dnh hutog cia quan nitol chu nghia duy Itoi, qua mft qud trinh lich stt Ito ddi, ngufti phucmg Dong deu cho itog co thl con ngudi id cdi vd b l ngodi, muln tin tgi dupc till phdi cd linh hin. KW mft CO till sing ngftng hogt dfng, linh bin sd rdi khdi phfc till xde. Sy khdc nhau eiOa con ngufti vdi con ngudi khtog chi d dSc diem bto ngodi, md phAn da E do sy khdc bift ve tinh thfc v i linh bin. Cd nhtog ngudi vd be ngodi hoto toto gilng nhau, nhung tinh thfc vd linh bin bto tiong hp khdc nhau, vi vfy hp tid nto khdc nhau, mli ngufti cd mft hii tim ritog cia minh E>e till hito sy phto bift ranh gidi gitta linh bin v i till xic, trong tilng Hto cd cdc ttt ngtt nhu:
S-ifr thdn Idm (till xde v i tinh thfcX "frS tdm linh (tam linhX itW tdm Adn (tinh tiifcX ' J ^ ^ ^ J S tdm bdi lgi yen (ngufti mft noi Itog dg mft n£oX
^ ' £ > S S chuyen Idm chi chi (chuyto tdm die chi), ]%<i^ cd;% (itol (ddnh dto ttoi U), IS'CA Ji 1 ^ (Idng say me, si md),...
Tidi tim la noi t l i ngy cia tinh thin, do dd tim dupc ngudi Tiung Quic coi Id noi khdi nguin cia mpi tigng thdi tdm li, tinh cdm. Cdc trgng thdi khdc nhau cia tim cd till dtog d l bilu thi cdc trgng tiidi tdm li khdc nhau. Vi dy; ii>^ tdm nhuy^ (mfcl Idng), ibM ldm ddc, il-IL Idm khoan (rfng IdngX S't> hu tdm Odng dg tilng trdiX '^'C^ bdng Idm (trdi tim btog gidX %<& nU^ tdm (nhift tinhX $ il. hdn Idm (se Idng, xdt xa, gid bult con timX ^ iflhieu Idm (thito dit con timX...Mft vdi tigng thdi cy till lito quan tdi trdi tim dupc midu Id nhu sau:
Mii vi cua tlii tim: Tidi tim cd vi ngpt bilu thi sy hdi ling ding ^, tlii tim cd vj ^ n g bilu thi sy tin cdng siic suy ngli^ tu duy. Sd di nhu vfy Id vl giiia vi ngpt vd vi i ^ g till vj ngpt mang Igi cho con ngudi ta cdm gidc de chiu hon, cto vj dtog khiln ngufti ta cd cdm gidc khd chju vd khd tilp nhto. Nhtog tii bilu thj y nghm niy nhin '^<C^
cum lam (cam Itog), S i O iAo I<im (khi tdm, d ^ g Idng),...
Nhift df cia tidi tim: Ndng bilu th] sy nhift tinh, lo Itog, hofc gito dtt, cdn Ignh till bilu tiij sy lo ling, xdt xa. VI dy: iki," nhiet Idm (nhift tinhX
>C^il( tdm hda (blc hda, nil gifnX Mil'hdn tdm (se Itog, xdt xa, gid bult con timX Jik'i^ bdng tdm (trdi tim bang gid),...
Vj tri cia tiii tim: Trdi tim d djnh tgi mft vj tti
bilu thj tam tigng yto lam, tidi tim d trgng tiidi ki
ling, khdng ol djnh bilu tiij ttoi tigng lo ling,
khdng y t o Vi dy; ti.il'phdng tdm (yto IdmX ft
Kf Igi Idm (tiong Itog), S ' t qudi tdm (dk byng).
16 NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG
S6 10 (240)-2015A'{> hio>in tdm Qo ISng), S'C^ ^ 13 d^ /am ^i^u dSJm (l^ng d9 tfa^ tii6m),...
NghTa h o ^ dy c i ^ tur ngfi chuca 'C^ trong ti^ng Hin du^c thS hi^n qua sa d6 du6i d§y:
^ • T I N H T H A N —*-TAMTR^G,TiNH CAM
3. Sy c h u y ^ djch ngi^ n g h u c&a tiir ngfr chua 'C^ trong i n d^ v$t chua
Trfin npi hikm ca bAn ciia hoin d\i T R A I TIM THAY THfi TU" DUY v i T R A I TIM THAY T H £ T I N T H A N , da t ^ n6n SV chuydn djch ng& nghta cCa tu ngQ' chiia't^, phit tri^n thinh fin dy T R A I TIM L A V A T C H C A . Trong cfiu trQc fin dy niy, trii tim bj inh x^ bdi khii ni^m 'V|it chura", n6 c6 th^ c h ^ dyng m^i thur nhu dung chOc nfing cOa bfit k] v§t chura nio. Th6ng qua khii n i ^ "v|t chiia" niy m i trong dfiu 6c con ngudi d§ ding tu duy hon v^ "
4> (tim, tSm), di^u m i chung ta luon c6 cim giic ma hh vh n6, v i ludn khdng thfi nhln thfiy hay sd tiifiy nd m$t cich tryc tifip gi6ng 10c tri nhin v^ nhihig b$ ph$n ca thl khic hi^n hthi d b€n ngoii nhu: mit, mui, chan, tay, m i ^ g . . .
Trong tilng Hin, trii tim dugrc coi l i v|lt chira cOa tfit c i cic tr^ng thii tinh thfin, tinh cim, tri tu$ v i kiln thvrc [4]. Khii ni^m fin dy T R A I TIM L A V A T CHtTA niy dupc quy djnh bdi sa d6 tri nh$n v§t chura v i so d6 tri n h ^ tr£n - dudi, trong - ngoii, gjQa. Vi dy: V|it chiia cd phfin diy: t^B tdm di (diy Idng)...; V ^ chtia cd ranh ^ d i khoing giQa, trong v i ngoii:
'i>M tdm li (trong Idng), rt'C^ ndi tdm (n^i tfim, trong I d r ^ , 'C^4' tdm trung (trong ldng)...;V§t chiia cd the chiia dfiy ho$c vai: /K'C> mdn tdm (hii ]dng)...;V$t chtia de d$t, dfi do v$t: iK^/i^
1. phdng tgi tdm thugng (dl trong I d i ^ , i B ^ 'C^^ it/ e(R f ^ i2i^ (ghi nhd trong Idng), ^M
^ ^ minh khdc tgi tdm ( ^ Idng tfic d^),... Khi
mu6n ndi v l nhQng cim xOc trong Idng. ngudi Trung Qu6c thudng dikng c i c tii ngQ xufit phit tir 'i^ (tim, tfim) nhu: 'i>?ESfi[ tdm hoa nd phdng (vui nhu md cd trong byng), ' ^ K f t H tdm khdi;^ ldn (nin Idng nhyt chQ,--- d l chi ncri khdi ngu6n. chiia dyng cho c i c cung b|k; cim xuc vui, buin, dau ddn, xdt xa, gi§n dSi. budn bye,...
Qia diy, cd thl lugic db hda sy chuylndjch ngii nghta cOa tfr ngit chiia ^ nhu sau:
ifr •TirDUY,TINHTHAN • V^T CHU'A TU* DUY TINH T H A N
4. Thay cho k^t lu$n
Quan dilm md r$ng ngQ nghta tfr ngii ciia Taylor theo so db "nghta den - hoin dy - fin dy"
budc dfiu dupc chung tdi If giii qua tii ngQ chiia 'C^ (tim, tfim) ding Hin, v6n l i m$t b$ ph§n co thl dw^c chiiu X9 qua gde d$ tri nh$n hoin dy v i fin dy dl thl hi^n chiic ning tu duy, b$c 1$
cic cung b|lc cim xde, chiia dyng cie t r ^ g thii tfim If, tinh thfin eiia eon ngudi trong vin hda Trung Qu6e. Vdi k i t q u i khio sit tr6n, ehiing t5i hi vpng s€ cd thl .gdp phfin lim sing td hon d ^ trung ngdn ngii v i vin h o i trong tfr ngQ chl b$ ph$n ca thl ngudi, tQ dd, b6 sung tii li$u n g ^ ^ cihi, dieh thu|it, d^y hpc ngdn ngQ vi vin hda cho hpe sinh Vi$t Nam.
T A I L I | : U THAM K H A O 1. G. Lakofif and M. Johnson (1980).
Mataphor we live by^ Chicago, London.
2. John R, Taylor, Cognitive grammar, Oxford University Press, Oxford. 2002.
3. John R. Taylor (1995), Linguistic adeff}rization: Prototypes in linguistic theory.
2nd edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
4. P h ^ Ngpc Him - Cfim Tii Tii (2012),
^ 0 trong tiing Hdn vd nghfbffng trong tiing Viit - nhin tit gde dd ngdn ngit hgc tri nhdn. T/c Ngdn ngii s6 8 (279): 29.
