si 4 (246)-2016 N G 6 N N G f & Bin S 6 N G 55
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NGHIEN CUtI SO SANH VE Y t U TO VAN HOA TRONG THAN TlT TIENG ANH VA TIENG VIET
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON CULTURAL FEATURES OF ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE INTERJECTIONS
H 6 N G 0 C TRUNG (TS; Vifn B«l h«c Md Hi Nfi)
N G U Y S N THI pmrqjNG
(ThS; Dai hfc Kinh doanh v i CSng nghf Hd Nfi)
Abstract: As a closed-system part of speech, English and Vietaamese interjections focus 'more on their fimctions than on their lexical meanings. However, unlike the other closed-
! system parts of speech, English and Vietnamese intereetions have a much wider range of realizations, and often serve as a means of expressing interpersonal relationships. For this reason, inteijections have been well researched, especially from the morphological, semantic and pragmatic perspectives. In order to shed mote light on the characteristic features of mteijection in general and those of English and Vietnamese inteijections in particular, the paper is aimed at investigating the cultural features of the interjections of a language on the basis of English and Vietnamese common interjections.
Key words: part of speech; closed-system; moiphological; semantic; pragmatic;
'interpersonal; culture.
l . D $ t v i n d l
Trong hf tiling tft lo^ tilng Anh vd tilng Vift, thdn tft (mterjection) thufc hf thing ddng - closed system ((Juirk R- et td, 1972:
'44), hay thufc nhdm tinh thdi tft (Bmh Vdn Dfte, 2001: 217; Lf Bien, 1996: 173), hu hi '(Difp (juang Ban, 2009: 315). Nhdm tii lo?i ndy cd s6 lupng hihi hjm giing nhu cdc tft 'lo?i fliuf c hf fliong ddng khdc (vi dvi nhu gidi 'tii, d?ii tft, mao tft,...), chii tixjng din vai trd
;htoh chftc cua tft lo^i hon Id din vai trd bilu 'dat y nghia tft vyng. Tuy nhifn, mft trong nhftng diim khdc bift ddng ke giOa flidn tft so
(pragmatics). Nhdm gdp phin Idm rd thfm d ^ tnmg cfta thdn tft, xuit phdt tft vai tiid bilu d^t ^ nghta lifn nhdn cfta Idp tft lo^ ndy, trong p h ^ vi cfta bdi vilt chiing toi budc dau tim hilu dnh hudng cfta ylu to vdn hda din thdn tit cfta mft ngfn ngft dvia trfn khii ngft lifu Id cdc flidn tft Anh - Vift pho biin.
2. Khiio sdt ylu tl vdn hda trong thdn tii Anh-Vift
Zl. Cdch khio sdl
Trudc tifn, chftng tdi tiln hdnh khdo sdt nhdm xdc Idp danh myc cdc thdn tft Anh - Vift thudng g$p. Vifc l4y dSn chiing vi dvi ve ,vdi cdc tft loai khdc thufc hf thing ddng dd cdc thdn tft cd tiong ngft cdnh vdn ndi Id r&
Id Idp tft ndy cd htoh thftc the hifn khd da phiic tap, cdng phu, ddi hdi nhieu flidi gian vd id?ng, khdng bd hpp trong ph?im vi gidi h?n cfing siic nfn budc d ^ chftng tdi fliu thfp jdon vi tft, vd d|c bift hon ntta dupe sft dvmg nhttng flidn tft cftng vdi thih huing sft dvmg fha mft cfing cv diin d^t quan hf hen nhdn ttong cdc tdi lifu nghifn cihi, tirong mft si tdc ((mterpersonal) vdi tinh ngtt dvmg khd cao. pham vdn hpc, gido trtoh bdng tilng Anh vd
Vdi nhttng ddc tirung nhu vfy, lop tft ndy Idu 0Xiy da dupe nghien ciiu khd nhiiu, ddc bift d liphuong difn hhlh flidi hpe (morphology), ngft
^gMa hpc (semantics) vd ngtt dyng hpc tilng Vift
Dvra ttfn danh myc thdn tft Anh - Vift fliu thfp dupe, chftng tfi tiln hdnh phdn tich, flm hilu nhttng dnh hudng cd thi cd cfta vdn hda
S6 N G 6 N N G C & Ddi S6NG So4(246)-201t
ddn tfc din than tft cua moi ngdn ngft, tft do thyc hifn so sdnh ddi chilu nhdm phdt hifn nhttng diim tuong ding va khdc bift ve phuong difn vdn hda gitta than tft tilng Anh vd tilng Vift qua dd ldm rd hon vai tid cfta ylu tl vdn hda dii vdi thdn tft ndi chung vd thdn tft cfta mft cfng dong ngdn ngtt ndi rieng.
2.2.Ketqud
2.2.1. rrongiiing^/i/i: VSn hda nude Anh thufc nen vdn hda phuong Tdy, chiu dnh hudng Idn cfta Thien chfta gido. Doi vdi da so ngudi Anh (cd khodng 33 trifu ngudi Anh theo dao Thien Chfta, din theo si Ufu cfta Hfi ding Anh http://www.educationuk.org/), Chfta la mft Ding toi cao, ludn tin tai trong ddi sing tdm linh cfta hp. Cd IS do ddc diem vl vdn hda ndy md hinh dnh Chfta xuat hifn nhieu trong flidn hi tilng Anh. Kit qud khdo sdt cho Ally nhttng thdn tft chfta tft God (hay cdc biin thi Goddess, Gosh) pho biin tiong tieng Anh nhu Id: God Almighty, God be with the days, God bless, God bless you, god dammit, God damn, god damn, god forbid, God forbid, godforfend, Godforfend, God in heaven, God preserve us, God Save the King, God Save the Queen, God speed, God willing, god willing, God-speed, godamm, godammit, goddam, goddamit, goddammit, goddamn, goddamnit, goddang. Goddess bless. Goddess bless you. Goddess forbid, goddessdammit, goddessdamn, goddidlt, Goddidit, Goddy, God's bones, gods damn, gods willing, godsdamn. Godspeed, oh my god (hay God), oh my Goddess, oh my gods, oh my gosh, (https://en.wiktionary.org).
Trong dd cd nhttng flidn tft ngudi Anh sft dyng de cau xm Chua che chd, phft hf cho hp ho^ cho mft ai dd khdc nhu: God bless, God bless you (hay May God bless you). Goddess bless. Goddess bless you, vi dy:
Good night everyone, and God bless. [1]
Tuy nhifn tft God vd cac hiln flil cung dupe sir dyng tiong nhflng flidn tir, cau cdm thdn nham dl flie hifn sy phin khich, sy kmh
ngac, vi dy nhu: Oh my God Oh ^ Goddess, Oh my gosh, by God!...
Oh my God John, your hair is so beauty that I wtmt to make my home. [2]
Oh nty Goddess, 1 cannot believe thatjai crawled out of the sink! [3]
By God! That chicken has no head! [4]
Kit qud khdo sat cdn cho thiy, tft "GW vd cde hiln thi xuat hifn trong ca nhftng thin tii mang tinh cim ki (taboo), mang nghia ti&
evic, thfm ehi cd tinh chat bdng bl tiong ting Anh. Ngudi ndi sur dyng cdc flidn tft ilj nhdm bilu d?t thdi df tftc gifn, vi dy nhit godamm, godammit, goddam, goddmit, goddammit, goddamn, goddamnit, goddmg, God in heaven,...
Ngodi nhttng thdn tft trfn, chung tli ih ghi nhfn mft so thdn tii khdc cung cd tinli cim ki (cd hodc khdng cd lien quan do Chua) nhu: "Oh, hell!", "Damn it'",
"Jesus", "Jesus Christ".
Nhta chung, do nin vdn hda nude Anh gi Uen vdi Thien chfta gido nen ddc diem v^ vBl hda cfta than tft trong tilng Anh cd ylu tc Chfta ti*i. Thdn tu cd chfta cdc tft vl CliiSi cung Id flidn tft dupe sft dyng phi biin Mi ngudi Anh.
2.2.2. Trong tiing Vi$t: Vift Nam Idnijl quic gia cd 54 dan tfc, theo dd, mii dantje lai dem din mft bdn sdc vdn hda rifng. Mft dft vdy, khdng ai phft nhdn rdng nin vdn li6a Vift Id nin vdn hda Ifta nude, dupe d^c tnmi bdi sy hdi hda cia cdc yen tl Am vd Diio«(
Trdi (gidi) djii difn cho Duong vd Bit k difn eho Am. Theo ngudi Vift, sy ket hij cua Am vd Duong mang 1^ ddi sing M phftc vd thinh vupng eho ngudi ddn. CSiJi chinh vl Ig dd, nhihig thdn tft dupe sft dM pho bien trong tilng Vift thudng cd svr si' hifn cfta ylu to Am, Ducmg: Igy trdi lay A trdi dot ai, trdi cao dit day ai. CBng c*
tiTidng hpp "trdi", "gidi" dupe sft JW rifng rS nhu: trai ai Id trdi, trdi ai, giii * giai ai Id ai, trdi,...
l64(246)-2016 NG6N NGf & Dcn S6NG 57
.Trdi ai Id trdi! ...May phd tao thi a? [5, ti 3]
...Diia con gdi vita miu mdo vira ddp Igl:
- Con dau bimg.
Gicfitriligidil [5,2011]
(NamCao;2005: 111) Dfi khi, "trdi" cdn dupe kit hpp vdi tft tung hd "dng" de thfm phan long trpng:
I'dng trdi ai", "dng trdi cd mdt". Ngudi j/ift fluidng noi: cd "dng trdi" thi hdn sS ed
"bd ddt". Tuy nhifn, qua khdo sdt, chung tfi ikaxa ghi nhfn ed trudng hpp ndo trong thdn iA tilng Vift cd sy xult hifn rifng If cfta ylu
^ "Am" - hay "Dit" giing nhu trudng hpp ifta ylu to "Dutmg" vira dl edp d trfn. N g i ^ Vift khdng ndi "Sdt ai" hay "ddt ai Id dit".
Kit ve mdt ngdn ngtt, chiing ta ciing khf ng 'hi gidi thich dupe t^i sao ngudi Vift 1^
vdn "ddt ai". Md ddy cd 15 Id heo t ^ tyc dan gian, hay ngudi Vift thudng idi la "theo cdc cy ngay xua".
Trong tin ngudng vd van hda Vift, khi
^clt hpp vdi nhau, Trdi Ddt Id ylu to Unh hifng vd cd sftc m^nh to Idn. Bdi vfy, mil
•"dii cau nguyfn, ngirdi Vift thudng hay ndi:
'"£(5< Irii U/y dot!" nhu trong vl dy: ...Lt/y '»*r % a&Z No cOng Id thdng khd, nd thdy bd
id ndi thi thi nd thdi ngay, nd khdng dd ddng Vin vlfc cudi xin gi nua. Nhung nd cd ve iuSn. Vd ldo biit nd vdn theo dudi con Ida
tmm,... [6,tt.86]
i Ngodi ra, tixmg tilng Vift, chung tdi cdn i ^ y sy kit hpp cfta cdc thdn tft "bdm, hff, ,(htta, xin" vdi cdc tft xung ho ehi vai tifti ,,'dng bd, cu" nhdm bdy td thai dp le phfp: Igy 'pf, bdm cu, bdm bd, bdm quan Idn, Ihua bd,
:hua dng,... Sy kit hpp ndy djc bift phi bien
!Vdo flidi phong kien ngdy xua, vi dy: ...La' ':{i g. Bam cf... Con din cua cuc^keucu '^B(S(vi^c<i[5,ti-.24].
^' Thfm ntta, tinh dfc ddo euatilngViftedn 'he hifn it dju; tiung hdm ngdn (hnplicatiire)
•/d khd ndng mang nghia hdm in (hnpUcit fheaning) - tftc tinh ndng nfn nghia cfta ngfn i'lgft ndy. Ngudi Vift hay ndi vdi nhau rdng:
ndi It, hilu nhieu. Thdn ttt tieim Vift cung vfy. Qua khdo sdt, chung tdi thay rdng vifc xdc dinh nghb cy till cfta mft so fliin tii kilu nhu "p/idigio", "n5m/&«",...Id khdng de mft chut ndo. Chinh vi vfy, vifc tim mpt flidn tft tuong duong tiong tilng Anh I^ cdng khd khdn hon. Vdi nhfhig thdn tft ndy, cd Id chi cd ngudi Vift mdi hilu vd mdi bilt nfn dftng chftng trong nhiing trudng hpp ndo. Vi dy:
...Ch\ ngdc ddu nhin Igl vdng. Vien dm con chi, mdm hay cdn hd hSc, xem chimg ngfi met. Chi lay dtm chdng kheml:
Phdi gidi Ddy dl!...sdng rdi [5,tt.3]
...Chi fitti bSn len vira phdt vdo lung anh, vita bdo:
- Ndm idml Cd ra chong md ndm khdng?
Cdi Viin nd biit nd Igi cudi cho Id trd tre con. [5,tr.84]
se flift thieu sdt neu chi dl cfp tdi nhttng thdn tft mang nghia tich cvic trong tilng Vift, bdi nhihig Iftc tftc gian hodc biic xftc vl mft vin dl ndo dd, dftng thdn tft Id mft trong nhiing cdch hifu qud giup ngudi Vift bdy to cdm xiie, tdm tr^ng cfta minh. Chftng tdi cd thi ke d ^ mft si than tft thufc loai ndy, nhu:
khon ngn, me kiip, m?, tiin su nhd nd, tiin nhdn nha nd, k$ bS nd, k0 me may,... Xm dua ra day mpt vdi vi dy minh hpa:
... Khdn ngnl Khdn ngn cho thi ldm! Cdi sd thi chdng ra gl nin vd phdi mdt thdng chong khdng biit lo, biit nghl [5,ti. H"/]
...M( kiipt Dga! Dga thi dng ciing Uidng j(r. [5,tr.l53]
Tuy nhifn, nhibig thdn tft dang ndy vin mang nghia tifu eye, khdng cd sdc thdi tiang trpng nfn chi dupe sft dyng trong mft so tinh huing nhit dinh,...
Nhu vfy, di cftng vdi d$c tnmg vdn hda cfta nude "Vift, mft quic gia da vdn hda vdi nin nfing nghifp Ifta nude, thdn tft tieng Vift cung cd nhihig nft d$c tnmg rifng, mang dfm diu in cfta nin vdn hda Ph|it gido vd thi hifn bdn sdc dan tfc cfta ngudi Vift
3.3. Tft cdc kit qud nghifn cum de c ^ d trfn cd the nhln t h ^ m$c diu nude Anh vd
58 NG6N NGC & Ddi S6NG s64(246)-201t
Vift ed hai nin vdn hda khdc nhau, thdn tft eua hai ngdn ngtt ndy cung cd nhttng diem tuong ding vdi nhau. Trudc hit ed thdn tft trong tilng Anh lan tilng Vift deu ed ylu t l thin thdnh. Dfi vdi ngudi Anh, dd la Chfta - qua tft God vd cdc bien flil, dupe sft dyng phi biin trong rit nhieu thdn tft. Cdn doi vdi ngudi Vift do Id Trdi (gidi). Khi vui, khi buin, hay khi than thd vl diiu gi, ngudi Vift hay fliot len "Trdi oil", "Gidi oil", hay
"Trdi!".
Ngodi ra, tieng Anh cung nhu tieng Vift diu cd sy xuit hifn cfta nhiing thdn tft mang nghia cim ki. Niu nhu tiong tilng Anh cd Oh hell, Damn it, damn, Jesus,-...^ tton^ tilng Vift cung ed khdn ngn, mft m? kiip, tiin nhdn, cha bd may,.... Ddy diu Id nhiing thdn tft nhay edm vd thudng khdng dupe ed ngudi Anh vd ngudi Vift sft dyng trong nhihig tinh huong giao flip tiang ti^ng, lich sy.
2.2.3. Ben c^nh nhttng nft tuong dong, thin tft Anh - Vift cung ed nhihig diim khdc nhau CO ban. Trudc hit vdn hda Vift la vdn hda phuong Ddng nfn ylu tl Am Duong ddng vai trd quan ttpng trong ddi song tin ngudng ngudi Vift Theo dd, flidn hi tilng Vift cung phdn dnh rd nft ylu t l dm duong.
Nhu da dl efp d 3.2, ngudi Vift khdng chi than "trdi ai", md hp cdn sft dyng nhihig thdn tft ehi sy hdi hda giiia Am vd Duong, chdng han: trdi dat, trdi ddt ai, trdi cao dit day ai, trdi ai ddt hSi.Yik qud khdo sdt cho ttiiy sy kit hpp nay (Am Duong) khdng ton t»i tiong thdn hi tilng Anh.
Mft diim khdc bift ddng ke khdc gifla flidn tft Anh - Vift Id ylu t i tfin ti, lich sy, le ph^p dudng nhu chi cd d flidn tft tilng Vift.
Sy kit hpp giOa nhung flidn tft "dg, bdm, lay, Ihua, xin" vai mft so tft xung hf "dng bd, quan Idn, quan trin, cu" md ngudi Viet tiiudng sft dyng khi ndi vdi ngudi Idn tudi, hojc ngudi ed dja vi cao hon Id khdng ed d flidn tir tilng Anh. Sy kit hpp ndy dd flil hifn dupe bdn sdc vdn hda, ndt dpp tiong vdn hda
giao tiep cfta ngudi Vift: dd Id vdn hda m trfn nhudng dudi.
3 . K l t I u ^
Tft kit qud khdo sdt cd flil kit lu^in ling mjc diu thdn tft Anh - Vift cung cd nhita nft tuong ddng ve phuong difn vdn hSi, nhung trfn hit chftng dd the hifn mft cdchil nft ddc trung vdn hda cia mii quic gi.
Chinh diiu dd dd ldm nfn nft rifng hong tli hi cia moi ngdn ngtt. Do thdn tit chiu nhung dnh hudng nhat dinh tft ylu t l vdn b ^ ojg dii vdi ngudi Vift Nam hpc tilng Anh, dl cj thi dftng dupe thdn tft tilng Anh trongXiliiig hodn cdnh thich hpp, chiing ta khdng chi c^
hilu ro ve d?c diim ngon n ^ cfta thdn U tilng Anh, md cdn cin phdi ndm rd dupe djt diim vl vdn hda cia Idp tft logi ndy.
TAI L I E U THAM KHAO CHINH 1. Difp Quang Ban, Hodng Vdn Thung (1998), Nga phdp tiing Vl$t, Nxb Giao dp
2. Difp (Juang Ban (2009), Ngii ph^
Viit Nam, Nxb Gido dye.
3. Dmh Vdn Dftc (2001), NgU ph^
tiing Vift - Til logi, Nxb D^ hpe Quic gii HdNfi.
4. Nguyen Khdc Phi, Nguyin HoM Khung, Nguyen Mmh Thuyit Trdn Binh Si (2004), Nga vdn 8. Nxb Gido dye.
6. Quirk, R. et.al. (1972), A gramimii contemporary English. Essex: Longtmn Group Limited.
7. Wierzbicka, A. (1992), ft semantics of interjection. Journal of Pragmatics, 18,159-192.
DANLq;u
[1] http://dictionary.cambridge.oi|/ i j [21 http://forum.wordreference.co^ M [3] httDs://en.wiktionarv.org/ w
[4] https://en.wiktionary,org/
[5] Tuyin tdp Nam Cao, Nxb Vdn h?t, 2005.
[6] Nam Cao Truyin ngin tuyin elm Nxb Vdn hpc, 1998.
