QUAN HE VIET NAM ; CHAUjAU ^
m HOC VCSU LRNH DRO, CHI DflO CHICN LITOC CUfl DANG vn CHU TICH HO CHI MINH TRONG SIT NGHlfP DfiU TRflNH
Gim PHONG MI€N Uf^N\, THONG NHRT TO QUOC
Thirg-ng tw&ng TS KHQS. Le Huu Dire Uy vien BCHTl/Bdng, Thirtrw&tig Bp Quoc phongGan 40 nam da trdi qua, Chien dich Hd Chi Minh lich sir da ket thiic thang lgi cudc khang chien chdng My, cuu nudc vT dai ciia dan tdc Viet Nam. Danh gia ve sy kien lich sir trpng dai nay, Bao cao Chinh tri ciia Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang ta tai Dai hdi dai bieu toan qudc lan thii IV (12-1976) da khang dinh: "Ndm thdng se troi qua, nhung thdng Igi ciia nhdn ddn ta irong su nghiep khdng chien chong My, cuu nuac mdi mai dugc ghi vdo Uch su ddn toe la nhu mot trong nhiing trang choi loi nhdt, mot bieu ttegng sdng ngai ve su todn thdng cua chu nghia anh hung cdch mgng vd tri tue con nguai, di vdo lich su the giai nhu mot chien cong vi dgi ciia the ky XX, mot su kien co tdm quan trong quoc te to lan vd co tinh thai dgi sdu sac'"
' Ding Cong sin Vi?t Nam, Bdo cdo chinh trj cua Ban Chdp hanh Trung uang Dang lai Dgi hoi dgi bieu loan quoc Idn thie IV. Nxb S\r th$t. Ha Npi, 1977.
Cd dugc thang lgi nay, mdt trong nhimg nguyen nhan, ddng thdi cung la bai hpc sau sac nhat, la sy lanh dao, chi dao chien lupc sang sudt cua Dang ta va Chii tich Ho Chi Minh trong su nghiep dau tranh giai phong dan tdc, thdng nhat dat nudc. Tir thyc tien cupc khang chien chdng My, cuu nudc vi dai cua dan tdc Viet Nam, chiing ta ed the nit ra may bai hpc co ban sau:
Thit nhdt: Ddng ta vd Chii lich Hd Chl Minh da sam ddnh gid dung ke thii, co chu truang, duang loi phit hgp vai tieng ihdi diem lich su cu the, ldnh dgo cdch mgng ddnh bgi ke dich tieng buac, tiin len gianii thdng lgi hodn todn.
Ngay tir trude khi Hiep dinh Gionevo (21/7/1954) ve cham diit chiln tranh va lap lai hda binh d Ddng Duong dugc ky kit, lai Hoi nghi Ban ChSp hanh Trung uong Dang \hn thii 6 (tir 15 din 18/7/1954), Trung uong Dang va Chu tich H6 Chi Mmh da nhan dinh: Dl qu6c My la mpt trd luc chinh ngan can viec lap l?i
Hai koe. 0€ suf anil ttao...
57
hda binh d Ddng Duong va dang trd thanh ke thii true tiep eiia nhan dan Ddng Duong va nhan dan Viet Nam. Thue lien da dien ra diing nhu \ay. Vdi da tam chiem Ddng Duong, diing Ddng Duong lam ban dap md rdng chien tranh xam luge, de qudc My da hat cang Phap, nhay vao mien Nam, dyng len chinh quyen tay sai Ngd Dinh Diem, thye hien chinh saeh "td cdng, diet cdng", thang tay dan ap phong trao each mang d mien Nam. Chi tinh tir thang 7/1955 din thang 2/1956, My - Diem da gilt hai, giam cam 93.362 can bp, dang vien. Giira nam 1956, chiing tuyen bd tir chdi Hiep thuang Tdng tuyen cir theo quy dinh eiia Hiep dinh Gionevo va cdng khai hd hao "lap sdng Ben Hai" de "Bae tien". Nhung boat ddng ciia My d mien Nam nudc ta da bpc lp ro da tam ciia chiing mudn bien mien Nam thanh thudc dja va can cii quan sy ciia My de chuan bi chien tranh xam lupc mdi nham danh chiem ca mien Bae Viet Nam, de bep phong trao giai phong dan tdc va ngan chan su phat trien ciia chii nghia xa hdi (CNXH) d khu vyc Ddng Nam A.
Phan tich tinh hinh tren, nhdn ro ke thu, Hpi nghi ldn thii 15 (nam 1959) ciia Ban Chip hanh Trung uong Dang (khda II) chi ro: My - Diem chang nhirng la ke thii ciia nhan dan mien Nam dang bi chiing thdng tri ma cdn la ke thii eua ca dan tdc Viet Nam, ciia nhan dan miln Bic da dugc giai phdng. Trong Dien van khai m^e Dai hpi ISn thii III ciia Dang, Chii
tich Hd Chl Minh ndi: "Nhan dan ta timg chiu dau khd vi bon de qudc va ngay nay con bi bon My - Diem chia cat dat nudc, giay xeo mien Nam. Ngay nao ma chua dudi dupe de quoc My ra khdi mien Nam nudc ta, chua giai phong mien Nam khdi ach thdng tri tan bao ciia My - Diem thi nhan dan ta van chua the an ngon ngli yen". Ciing vdi viec sdm nhan dien rd ke thii, nhat la am muu, thii doan, chinh sach CO ban ciia chiing ddi vdi nudc ta, Dang ta va Chii tich Hd Chi Minh cdn bet sire sang sudt, dya tren co sd quan diem each mang, khoa hoc, ddnh gid diing luaiig quan luc lucmg dich - ta, tir dd cd chii truong, quyel sach phii hop vdi timg thdi diem lich sir eu the, danh bai dieh timg budc, tien len gianh thang lgi hoan loan.
Vdi quan diem xem xet khoa hpc, bien chiing va each mang, Dang la da can cir vao ldng the cac yeu td va khang djnh: My va tay sai cd quan ddng nhung khdng cd ca sd chinh Iri sau rdng va virng chac, tuy quan su chiing cdn manh, nhung chinh tri ciia chiing lai rat yeu ma yeu nhat la d nong thdn. Tir nhan dinh nay. Dang ta xac djnh: "Con dudng phat trien co ban ciia each mang Viet Nam d mien Nam la khdi nghia gianh chinh quyen ve tay nhan dan". Vdi chii truong diing dan dd, phong trao Ddng Khdi d mien Nam Viet Nam da nd ra va nhanh chong phat tnen thanh cao trao, khdi nghia timg phan \'a gianh thang loi, dua each mang miln Nam
58
NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° 4 (151).2013vupt qua thir thach sdng cdn, chuyen tir the giQ gin luc lugng sang thl tien cdng. Day la sy md dau cupc khang chiln chdng My, cim nudc rat dpc dao, sang tao ciia Dang ta.
Tir nam 1965, khi dl qudc My d at dua quan vao miln Nam, thyc hien chien luge chiin tranh cue bo, trong mdt sd ngudi da xuat hien tu tudng "sg My", hoac danh gia qua cao ve siic manh cua de qudc My, td ra thilu ldng tin vao thang lgi cua sy nghiep each mang. Nhung Dang ta sang sudt nhan dinh: My la mot dpi quan manh nhung vao miln Nam khdng phai trong the manh, ma trong the ylu, thl bi dpng. Chd yeu co ban nhat ciia chiing van la ve chinh tri. Cdn ve phia ta, liic nay khdng chi da manh ve chinh tri ma ca ve quan su. Day la co sd de Dang ta ha quyet tam danh My va thang My. Nghj quyet Hpi nghi Trung uang lan thii 12 ciia Dang (12-1965) da de ra nhiem vy: "Dong vien luc lugng cd nuac kien quyet ddnh bgi cuoc chien tranh xdm luge ciia de quoc My trong bdt cie linh huong ndo". O mien Nam, Dang ta da chi dao kien quyet giO viing the chien luge tien cdng, danh My, diet nguy, nhat la sau khi dap tan hai cudc phan cdng chien lupc miia khd 1965-1966 va 1966- 1967, ta cang day chiing vao the bi ddng. CJ mien Bae, quan va dan ta da danh thang hai cupc chien tranh pha hoai bang khdng quan CLia dc quoc My, dac biet la tran "Dien Bien
•" tai Ha Ndi, Hai Phdng. Nhu
vay, so sanh lyc lupng giira ta va djch phai xem xet ca quan su va chinh tri, ca sd lupng va chat lugng, ca lyc lugng va thl tran, ca 6 chiln trudng nudc ta va tinh hinh chinh tri nudc My. Thuc tl da chimg minh, quan diem danh gia so sanh lyc lugng ciia Dang ta la hoan toan chinh xac.
Sau Hiep dinh Pari (1-1973), quan My va ehu hau bupc phai nit khdi mien Nam, cue dien chiln trudng, so sanh lyc lugng giira ta va dich cd sy thay doi ldn. Van de dat m liic nay la lieu quan nguy cd thl thay the quan My, quan chir hau va lieu My cd kha nang can thiep trd lai khdng? Truoc tinh hinh bpn nguy tay sai dugc My tilp siic tien hanh cac chien djch "tran ngap lanh thd", lan chiem lai nhieu vimg giai phong ciia ta, Trung uong Dang da ra Nghi quyet 21 (7-1973) chi dao each mang mien Nam kien quyet phan edng, giii viing vimg giai phdng, tao the, tao lyc, tao thdi co va ddn thdi co de tien len gianh thang lgi quyet dinh bang cupc Tong lien cdng va ndi day miia Xuan 1975, md dau la tran then chot Budn Ma Thudt va kit thiic bang chien dich Hd Chi Minh lich su, gianh thang lpi hoan toan trong vdng chua day hai thang.
Th^ hai: Gidi quyet lot moi quan he giiia hai nhiem vu chien luge xdy dung mien Bdc vd ddu tranh gidi phong mien Nam.
Tir thang 7-1954, Dang ta da xac dinh phai xay dung mien Bae thanh can cii dia each mang ciia ca nudc. Tai Hdi nghi Ban Chip hanh
Hai hf)e o^ il/ lanh itao...
59
Tking uong lan thii 7 (3/1955), nhiem vu ciia hai mien dupe xac dinh rd hon: "IVIiln Bae ed vai tro quyet dinh nhat ddi vdi toan bd sy nghiep giai phdng mien Nam, thdng nhat nudc nha; mien Nam cd vai trd quyet dinh tryc tiep trong viec danh dd ach thdng tri ciia de qudc My va be lu tay sai de giai phdng mien Nam, thong nhat nudc nha, hoan thanh each mang dan lpc dan chu nhan dan". Den Dai hdi dai bieu toan qudc lan thii III cua Dang (9/1960), vi tri ciia each mang mdi mien dupe Dang tiep tuc khang dinh: "Tien hanh cudc each mang XHCN d mien Bae la nhiem vu quyet dinh nhat doi vdi su nghiep phat trien ciia toan bp each mang Viet Nam, doi vdi sy nghiep thdng nhat nudc nha". Cdn "ddng bao ta d mien Nam cd nhiem vu true tiep danh dd ach thdng tri ciia de quoc My va bpn tay sai ciia chiing de giai phong mien Nam"^. Ddng thdi eiing la "theo yeu cau ciia ca nudc, gdp phan bao ve mien Bae va tao dieu kien thuan lgi cho mien Bae xay dung CNXH". Thyc te da chirng minh, sy gan bo ciia each mang hai mien da tao siie manh vd dich tren loan dat nudc. "Mien Bdc da doc vdo chien tranh giii nuac vd cthi nuac todn bd siec mgnh ciia chi do XHCN vd hodn thdnh mot cdch xudt sac nghia vu cdn cu dia cdch mgng cua cd nudc "^. Cdn nhan dan mien Nam dudi sy lanh dao trye tilp ciia Trung uong Cue da the hi?n vai trd quylt dinh trye tiep trong viee
danh dd de qudc My va be lu tay sai, thyc hien sang tao dudng ldi each mang cua Dang trong cudc chien dau kien cudng, deo dai, vugt qua mpi thir thach ac liet, sang tao ra nhieu each danh day uy lyc nhu ddng khdi, vanh dai diet My, danh dich bang hai chan, ba miii, ba vimg...
xiing dang la Thanh ddng cua Td qudc.
ThA ba: Gm vUng doc lap, tu chu, dong thai thuc hien duong loi doi ngogi mem deo tranh thit su dong linh ung ho ciia cdc nicac tren the giai, phdt huy siec mgnh ddn toe vd siec mgnh thai dgi
Chiing ta tiln hanh cupc khang chien chdng My, cuu nudc trong bdi canh qude te phiirc tap, vira cd nhieu thuan lgi, nhung ciing khong it khd khan, nhat la su bat hda, tham ehi cd ca khuynh hudng thda hiep vd nguyen tie.
Ke Ihii ciia chiing ta la mpt de qudc cd liem luc vat chdl, vii khi, ky thuat diing hang dau the gidi. Chiing am muu xam ehiem mien Nam tiln tdi xam chiem ca Viet Nam; ddng thdi thyc hien chia re Bae - Nam, chia re cac nudc XHCN. Cudc dp siic giiiu nhan dan Viet Nam va de qudc My xam luge trd thanh "cupc dung diu lich sir", cudc dp siie dien hmh va vd ciing quyet liet giira each mang va phan each mang.
Trong bdi canh dd. Dang ta da luon neu cao tinh ddc lap, ty chii trong viec hoach dinh dudng ldi khang chien chdng My, ciiu nude cua minh.
^ Dang Cpng sin Vifit Nam, tldd, tr. 289.
' Nghien ciru vdn ki^n Ddng ve chdng My. cuu nu&c, Nxb Sir that. Ha Npi, 1986, tr. 325.
60
NGHIEN CLTU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° 4 {151).20l3Dudng ldi iy phan anh dung nguyen vpng va y chi quylt tam ciia nhan dan ta, dan tdc ta, phil hgp vdi dilu kien, hoan canh dat nudc, con ngudi Viet Nam va xu the tien bd cua nhan loai, tao su doan ket nhat tri, phat huy sue manh cua ca dan tdc, ddng thdi tranh thii sy giiip dd ciia cac nudc XHCN anh em va sy ling hp ciia nhan dan yeu chupng hda binh tren the gidi, tao siie manH tdng hgp de danh My va thing My. Do dd, mdt mat chiing ta tap trung phat trien tiem luc cua chinh minh, mat khac thuc hien dudng ldi ddi ngoai diing dan, tranh thu dugc su ddng tmh ung hd cua cac nudc tren the gidi, ma tnrdc het la sy ddng tinh img hd va doan ket hiep ddng chien dau ciia hai nudc Lao va Campuchia, su giiip dd quy bau ciia cac nude XHCN, nhat la Lien Xd, Trung Qudc, Cu Ba... Ve van de nay, Chii tich Hd Chi Minh la ngudi cd tam nhin chien luge sau rdng, sac sao^ sang tao ldn. Tir 1956, Ngudi da viet tren bao Sy that cua Lien Xd: "Trong tinh hinh quoc te hien nay, nhiing ddc diem ddn toe vd nhimg dieu kien rieng biel a timg nuac ngdy cdng tra thdnh nhdn to quan trong trong viec vgch ra chinh sdch ciia moi Ddng Cong sdn... vd nhiing vdn de dugc di ra cho ddng ndy hoac ddng khac tuyet nhien khong phdi la viec rieng ciia mdi ddng md co quan he thiit thdn den todn bo giai cdp vd sdn qudc li"^
Vdi tim nhin chien luge iy, Ngudi giai thich vdi ban be qudc tl ring: "Viec ddn toe Viet
Nam phdi vgch ra nhiing phuang phdp vd bi^n phdp rieng cua minh de chong dm muu cijadi quoc My vd chinh quyen tay sai hong vtnh viin chia cdt ddt nuac ciing nhu de qud do ddn ddn len CNXH la diiu that ro rdng, nhung luc nay thi su dodn ket thuc su cda phe XHCN vd cua cdc ddn loc yeu chuong hda binh Iren the gioi ddi vai chiing toi cdng cdn thiet khong kem gi hoi khdng chien chong Phdp"
Dang ta dac biet coi trpng ddc lap, tu cliu trong xac dinh chii truang, dudng loi cua minh, ddng thdi cimg nhan manh tang cuong doan ket qudc te. Nghi quyet Hdi nghi Ban Chap hanh Trung uong lan thii 21 (7-1973) da khang dinh: "Nha thuc hien dodn ket qu6c te den muc cao nhdt vd giU viing doc lap /i/
chu trong duang loi, chu truang, chinh sack cua minh, khi tinh hinh the giai thudn loi ciing nhu luc kho khdn, phuc tgp, chiing la da dugc cdc nuac XHCN anh em, phong trao cong sdn vd cong nhdn qudc ti, phong irao doc lap ddn loc vd nhdn ddn todn thi gidi, ke cd nhdn ddn lien bo My ung ho vd giup M trong do su giup da eita cdc nudc XHCN la cue ky quan trong"^. D I tang cuong doan kit qudc tl. Dang ta chu truong tranh thu mpi lire lugng cd the tranh thii,. tan dung mpi nhan t6 tich cue cd the tan dung dugc, hoan nghenh mpi sang kiln vi hda binh, kien quylt moi
*Nt.
' Nghi quyat Hpi nghi Trung uong lin thu 12 (12- 1965).
^ Van ki$n Ddng todn tdp, tip 34, Nxb Chinh Ui qu6c gia. Ha Npi 2004, tr. 222, 22.
Hal hoet o^ sit Idnlt ttao^..
each cd nguyen t i c , ddng thdi khdn kheo, mem deo, kien tri thuyet phyc nhim ban chl nhimg nhan td tieu cue trong quan he qudc t l .
Ddc lap, ty chu gan lien vdi sy sang tao Irong viee dinh ra va chi dao thuc hien dudng loi cLia Dang ta, do eiing la ngudn gdc sire manh ciia each mang Viet Nam. Chien dich Ho Chi Minh lich sir da ket thiic toan thing qua trinh "danh cho My cut, danh cho nguy nhao" ciia dan tdc ta dudi su lanh dao eua Dang. Tir thang lgi vT dai ciia sy nghiep giai phong mien Nam, thdng nhat dat nudc, ehiing ta cd CO sd de phat huy cao dp tiem lyc ciia ca nudc, thuc hien dai doan ket 54 dan tpc anh em trong mdt Nha nudc ciia nhan dan, do nhan dan, vi nhan dan, dudi su lanh dao cua Dang, khac phuc mpi khd khan, thoat ra khdi khimg hoang kinh te - xa hdi, bao ve Td qude va lam Iron nghia vu qudc te, thyc hien dudng ldi ddi mdi, dua dat nudc phat trien m ^ me va toan dien, day manh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda theo djnh hudng XHCN. Ben canh nhung co hpi ldn, chiing ta phai ddi mat vdi nhirng thach thiic khdng nhd. Nhiing nguy co ma Dang ta da chi ra den nay van tdn tai va dien bien phiie tap. Trong bdi canh dd, viee khdng ngimg Cling cd va tang cudng su lanh dao cua Dang la yeu td quyet djnh eiia mpi thing lgi. Nhimg bai hpc ve chi dao ehien luge diing dan va s5c ben ciia Dang ta trong sudt 30 nam chien h-anh giai
phdng va bao v | Td qudc cho den nay van cdn nguyen gia tri trong sy nghiep xay dung va bao ve vimg chac Td qudc Viet Nam XHCN.
Trong tmh hinh hien nay, de thuc hien tdt ca hai nhiem vu chien luge, ddi hdi chiing ta phai cd nd lue rat ldn. Phai gift vihig dn dinh ve chinh tri, tang cudng xay dyng luc lugng vii trang nhan dan, xay dung nen qudc phdng toan dan gan vdi nen an ninh nhan dan, ket hpp chat che kinh te vdi qude phdng, qudc phdng vdi an ninh va ddi ngoai, tap trung nang cao chat lugng tdng hgp, siic manh ehien dau ciia eae lye lugng vu trang nhan dan, qimn dpi nhan dan... Ddng thdi Dang ta ciing canh bao: "Tinh trgng suy thodi ve chinh tri tu tuang, dgo ditc, loi song trong mot bo phdn khong nho cdn bo, ddng vien vd tinh trgng tham nhung, ldng phi, quan lieu, nhimg tieu cue vd te ngn xa hoi chua dugc ngdn chdn, day liii md con tiep tuc dien bien phiec tgp... ldm gidm long tin ciia nhdn ddn doi vai Ddng va Nhd nuac, de dog su on dinh.
phdt trien cua ddt nudc"^. Nghi quyet Hdi nghi Ban Chap hanh Trung uong 4 (khda XI):
Mdt sd van de cap bach ve xay dyng Dang hien nay, Dang ta chi rd: "Cong tdc xdy dung Ddng vdn con khong it hgn che, yeu kem, thdm chi co nhieng yeu kem, khuyet diem keo ddi qua nhieu nhiem ky chdm dugc khac
' Ding COng sin Vi^t Nam, Van hen Dgi hgi dgi biiu loan quoc ldn thu XI, Nxb Chinh irj qu6c gia. Ha NOi, 2011,tr. 173.
62
NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES RtVltw n t t i a i L i u i aphuc, ldm gidm siit ldng tin cua nhdn ddn doi vai Ddng... Id thach thiec doi vdi vai tro ldnh dgo cua Ddng vd su ton vong ciia che do"
Vi vay, vin dl cap bach Nghi quyet dl ra, trong dd "diu tranh, ngan chan, day lui tinh trang suy thoai ve tu tudng chinh tri, dao diic, ldi sdng eua mpt bd phan khdng nhd can bd, dang vien" la trpng tam, cap bach nhat, can tap trung chi dao chat che va thudng xuyen.
Nhung dl tu phe binh va phe bmh dat hieu qua thilt thyc, tranh hinh thiic, chieu le, moi td chite Dang, mdi can bd, dang vien can nhin thang vao sy that, danh gia diing su that, khach quan, khdng ne nang, khdng ne tranh.
Chiing ta can nhan dure sau sac van de nay, cd nhieu bien phap tich cyc, thiet thyc de xay dung, chmh ddn Dang, tang cudng mdi lien he giiia Dang va nhan dan, xay dung khdi dai doan ket toan dan, trong do ndng cdt la khdi hen minh gjiia cdng nhan, ndng dan va tri thiic. Dieu d^
biet chii y la phai ciing cd va xay dyng "the tran ldng dan", ma ndi dung eo ban la: Ciing cd sy nhit tri ve chinh tri-tmh than trong nhan dan, sy gan bd giua nhan dan vdi Dang, gjira nhan dan vdi che dp chinh tri do Dang lanh dao.
Sau 38 nam chien thang ciia Chien dich Hd Chi Minh Hch sur, ngay nay dat nudc ta da dat dugc nhftng thanh tyu rat quan trpng, nhit la nhiing thanh tuu sau hon 26 nam thirc hien dudng ldi ddi mdi ciia Dang, tren cac mat kinh tl, chinh tri, van hda, xa hdi, qufic phdng, an ninh, ddi ngoai, v.v. lam thay doi bd mat cua dat nudc va eupc sdng eua nhan dan, nang cao vj the va uy tin cua nudc la tren trudng qudc te trong thdi ky mdi. Siic manh tdng hop ciia dat nudc duoc tang cudng, tao dieu kien cung ed vihig chac doc lap dan tdc va bao ve vung chac To quoc Viet Nam XHCN. Quan va dan ta dudi sir lanh dao cua Dang, phat huy nhiing thanh qua each mang da dat dugc, kien djnh muc tieu dde lap dan tdc gan lien vdi CNXH; tiep tuc quan triet va thuc hien tdt nhiem vu ma Dai hdi Dang lan thu XI da chi rd, phan dau thue hien thang lgi dudng ldi ddi mdi toan dien, hudng tdi muc tieu "dan giau, nuoc manh, xa hpi, dan chii, cdng bing, van minh".
Nghi quyit Hoi nghf Ban Chdp hdnh Trung uang 4 (khoa XI), Hi Noi, 2012.
