CUOCCHI € NTR fl NHX fl AALUOCTH € G l 6 l

C U O C C H I € N T R f l N H X f l A A L U O C T H € G l 6 l C U R D € Q U O C N G U V € N M O N G ( T H € K V X I I I )

N a m 1206, mot K h u r i n t a i (dai hoi quy toe) m a tren b a song O n o n , giai cap N o y a n da ton T e m u j i n lam Tringhis K h a n (Thanh Cat T u Han), nghTa la Han (vua M o n g Co) manh nhat. Den day, m o t nha nuac phong kien quan su doc tai tap quyen ra dai. T u cuoi the ky X I I , quan he phong kien nay sinh sam trong xa hoi M o n g Co, nay da phat trien manh me. D i e u nay da khien cho qua trinh hinh thanh bo toe M o n g Co dugc day manh, khac phuc t i n h phan tan bo lac; t u do, k i n h te va van hoa co dieu kien phat trien. N h u n g l g i ich t u viec thong nhat quoc gia M o n g Co that to lan, n h u GS. Ha V a n Tan da danh gia cao hanh dong cua T r i n g h i t Khan la "cd y nghia tien bp ldn" .

T u y nhien, su tien bo chi dung lai v a i nguai M o n g Co k h i ho thanh lap quoc gia thong nhat va buoc vao xa hoi phong kien, nhung v a i the g i a i d u a n g thai thi khong phai nhu vay. "Nghien nat ke thu vd nhin chiing ngd xudng dudi chdn nguai, gianh lay nhung con ngua vd hang hod cua chirng vd nghe dan bd keu khde tham t h i e f². D o la l a i dap

' Ha Van Tan, Pham Thj Tam (1970), Cuoc khang

chien chong xdm lucre Nguyen Mong the ky' XIII, NXB Khoa hpc xa hpi, Ha Npi, tr. 41.

: Harold Lamb (2003), Thanh Cat Tu Han, NXB TP Hd Chi Minh, tr. 120, 5.

T h s . B u i T h i A n h V a n

Trwdng Cao ddng Npi Vu Ha Npi

cua Thanh Cat Tu Han vai cau hoi tu mot sT

quan trong doi can ve, rang: "Tren ddi nay, cai gi cd the mang lai hanh phiic ldn nhdt? "

V i vay, ngay sau k h i thong nhat cac bo lac M o n g Co, Tringhis K h a n va tap doan quy toe phong kien da dem tat ca t i n h luc cua bo toe M o n g Co vua h i n h thanh doc vao cuoc chien tranh x a m luge va no dich cac dan toe khac. N h u n g doan k y b i n h M o n g Co lai 6 at keo sang p h u a n g D o n g va p h u o n g Tay,

"gieo rac kinh hoang vd chet chdc xudng nhung viing xa han a chdu Au vd chdu A"³. Harold L a m b cho rang, Tringhis K h a n "dd bien minh thanh chit nhan ciia cd the gidi md ngudi ta biet den liic bay gia, vd dd gay cho nhan loai mpt su kinh hdi keo dai nhieu the he"⁴. Co le the, trong suot cuoc d o i m i n h , ong ta dugc gan cho rat nhieu ten goi: K e Sat nhan VT dai, Ban tay T r u n g phat cua T h u o n g de, m o t chien b i n h hoan hao, bac thay cua de v u o n g . . . N h u n g ong ta dugc thien ha biet nhieu h o n d u o i cai ten Genghis K h a n (Thanh Cat T u Han).

Cong cuoc chinh phuc the g i o i cua d<§

quoc nay co the khai quat n h u sau:

3 Ha Van Tan, Pham Thi Tam (1970), sdd, tr 42

4 Nt. tr. 44.

5 0 NGHIEN CUU CHAU A U - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° 0 5 (128J.2011

- T h a i Gengis K h a n (Thanh Cat T u Han) da chi huy tien cong c h i n h phuc m i e n Bac T r u n g H o a (Bac T 6 n g , 1211 - 1216), Khanrezm va Sogdiana (1219 - 1221), Khorasan va A f g h a n i s t a n (1221 -1222);

- T h a i cua Batu K h a n (tuc la Bat D o - con trai Gengis K h a n ) chi huy danh chiem Nga va Hungari (1236 - 1242);

- T h a i H u l a g u , M o n g Co chinh phuc tiep Iran, Irac va X y r i (1256 - 1260);

- Den H o t Tat Liet ( K u b i l a i Khan) hoan thanh chinh phuc T r u n g Hoa (tieu diet N a m Tong), lap ra nha N g u y e n (1279);

- Sau k h i lap ra nha Nguyen, quan M o n g Co - ma tir day t r a d i trong sir sach ghi chep la N g u y e n M o n g , tiep tuc cuoc vien chinh D o n g Bac A va D o n g N a m A .

1. D a n h p h i a D o n g (Danh Nam Tdng vd cdc vuong quoc khde)

Hanh dong x a m luge cua M o n g Co the ky X I I I xuat phat d i e m khong phai tir y thirc ba quyen the g i a i . Cac nghien cuu cho thay:

The k y X I I I , n g u a i M o n g Co b i t d i u phat trien, va "cd nhu cdu md rpng lanh thd, tim nhung ddng co mdi, nguon nude mdi"⁵. B a i vay, ho da tien hanh nhung cuoc chien tranh chinh phuc lien mien, ac liet, tan bao n h i m dat t a i tham vong ciia chinh m i n h . T u y nhien, theo su phat trien cua cuoc chien tranh, muc dich do khong con nguyen ven ma da dugc bo sung them, a tam ba chu the g i o i .

5 Lirong Ninh (chu bien), 2005, Lich su Dong Nam A, NXB Giao due, Ha Noi, tr. 107.

D a u the k y X I I I , n u a c K i m a phia Bac T r u n g Quoc dang tren da suy yeu. Nguyen nhan ca ban ciia su viec nay la do nhung lan noi day lien tiep cua cac cuoc k h a i nghTa nong dan T r u n g Quoc. B e n canh do, su k h u y n h loat lan nhau ciia b o n phong kien da anh h u o n g k h o n g nho den cue dien nay⁶. N a m 1211, quan ciia Tringhis K h a n vao m i e n Bac T r u n g Quoc, tien danh nuac K i m . D e n nam 1215, quoc gia nay da chiu than phuc va cong nap cho Trighis Khan. Tuy nhien, sau k h i da c u o p dugc nhieu ciia cai va tii b i n h , quan M o n g Co da khong dong quan lai T r u n g Quoc.

Suot tir n a m 1218 den 1223, vo ngua quan M o n g Co r o n g r u o i khap T r u n g A len Bac A . Thang l g i dat dugc la rat to Ion. Udc vong m a rong lanh tho sang phia Tay ciia Tringhis K h a n da dugc thuc hien. Sau khi keo quan t r a ve que h u o n g , dau nam 1226, quan d o i ciia T r i n g h i s K h a n lai tiep tuc chinh phuc Tangul ( T a y H a ) trong tham vong banh t r u o n g lanh tho quoc gia ve phia Dong. Day la cuoc chien c u o i ciing trong d o i Tringhis Khan. V a i cuoc chien tranh nay, D a i Han M o n g Co van n o n u c u o i ciia nguai chien thang. V a i ngay t r u a c k h i Thanh Cat T u Han chet, Tay H a nop thanh dau hang.

Sau k h i T r i n g h i s K h a n qua dai (1227), dai h o i K h u r i n t a i da tan thanh v a i quyet dinh ciia D a i Han, dua con trai ong la Ogoday (Oa Khoat D a i ) len ngoi Han. Luc nay, de quoc

6 Xem them: C. De Harlez, Histoire de I'empire de Kim ou empire d'or (A is in guruni suduri bithe), ban dich tu tieng M^n Chau. I nuvain 1 887

d^upe ciiiiu trunk xam tu'c/e. 5 1

M o n g Co da lam chu m o t lanh tho rong Ion chua t u n g co: phia Bac giap Trung Quoc, Tuyetkectan, v u n g T r u n g A , Iran, Capca va keo dai t a i tan ba song V o n g a cua N g a⁷. T u y nhien, ong hoang dau tien cua M o n g Co van dau dau noi niem chinh phuc lai nuac K i m de m a rong them bien g i a i de quoc M o n g C6 luc nay da rat m e n h m o n g . T r o n g Nguyen su; phan. Thai To ban ki, co ghi chep lai l d i dan do cua Thanh Cat T u Han v d i hau due cua m i n h : "Quan tinh nhue cua nuac Kim clong do d Dong Quan, phia Nam dua vao nui dai, phia Bac ngdn bdi song lan (Hoang Hd), khd thang nhanh dupe. Neu muon dudng cua Tdng, Tdng vd Kim ddi ddi thu nhau, chdc se cho ta muon. Ta se dem quan xudng dat Ddng, dat Dang rdi danh thang len Bien Luong (Khai Phong). Trong luc cap hach, Kim tat phdi dau binh d Ddng Quan ve, nhung vdi sd quan may van phdi di nghin ddm d Ddng Quan ve cuu vien, ngudi ngua deu met moi, tuy den noi nhung khdng the danh duoc, vi vdy cd the danh bai quan Kim la mpt dieu chdc chdn "⁸. N a m 1232, Ogoday va T o l u i tan cong Ha N a m , roi dung len kich ban lien m i n h v d i N a m T o n g de danh chiem lai nude K i m . Cai goi la "lien minh" nay da dem lai cho M o n g Co hai van quan va m u d i van thach l u o n g tir phia N a m T o n g k h i ho bao vay Thai Chau. Sau k h i nude K i m bi tieu diet, k h o n g nhung k h o n g den dap tam thinh tinh ciia N a m T o n g nam nao, M o n g Co lien tien danh luon quoc gia nay vao nam 1236,

7 Ha Van Tan, Pham Thj Tam (1970), sdd, tr. 46.

8 Nguven sir. phan Thdi To ban ki, Dai hpc KHXH &

NV. '

m d man cho cuoc chien tranh keo dai gan nua the k y x a m luoc N a m Tong.

Den d d i M o n g k e , ong nay da ciing em la Hot Tat L i e t ( Q u b i l a i , K h u b i l a i ) van tiep tuc cuoc chien tranh chinh phuc m i e n N a m Trung Quoc. Cong cuoc nay da hoan tat vao nam 1279, v d i su sup do ciia nha Tong. M o t trieu dai ciia n g u d i M o n g Co da duoc thiet lap d T r u n g Quoc - trieu N g u y e n . Day la Han l d n nhat trong cac Han ciia M o n g Co, duoc goi la D a i H a n N g u y e n . "Khubilai tic bd tap quan ciia to tien, di chuyen trieu dinh sang Trung Hoa vd tu bien minh thanh ngudi

Trung Hoa han la ngudi Mong Gdn trong sinh hoat ddi thudng"⁹. Trong cai t r i , ong ta to ra biet tiet che va doi xir v d i cac dan tpc than phuc m i n h m p t each nhan dao. T r o n g The Travels of Marco Polo, Macco Polo da de lai cho n g u d i doc mpt buc tranh ro net v6 trieu d i n h cua ong t a^{1 0}. N h u n g cupc chidn tranh x a m lupc t i n h tir day t r d di gan lien v d i D a i H a n nay, ma ten gpi doi v d i luc l u p n g xam lupc ciia no la quan Nguyen Mong.

2. M d r o n g ve p h i a T a y 2.1. Danh Tay A

Ket qua tir cupc chien m d man tai nude K i m (1211-1215) m a n g lai da khien Tringhis K h a n hang hai xiic tien da tam m d rpng lanh tho M o n g Co. B 6 n nam sau, vao nam 1219, dpi quan thien chien ciia Hoang d § M o n g C6

9 Harold Lamb (2003), Thanh Cat Tu Hdn, NXB TP Ho Chi Minh, tr. 227.

1 0 M. Polo, 77?e Travels of Marco Polo, Liberary Guild of America Classic Scries, Dai hoc KHXH &

NV.

5 2 NGHIEN C u u CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° 0 5 (128).2011

clugc tang c u o n g n h u n g khau phao pha thanh bang cac chat chay de danh sang vung T r u n g A va Tay A . C h i n h nam nay. quan M o n g Co tien ve v u o n g quoc K h o r e x m o (Khorezm).

Sir huong b i n h cua Sa Muhamet khien Tringhis K h a n n o i gian. D a i Han dau tien cua M o n g Co da t u n g n o i . khong phai chi mot lan: "Tren bau trdi chi cd mdt Mat trai, chi cd mpt sue manh cua Thuong de. Vd tren trdi dat nay chi cd mpt Kha Khan" . N h u n g ngudi l i n h H o i giao gan da nhung met m o i da r o i v ao tinh canh k h o n don. bat lire, trudc su k h o n ngoan cua v i chien b i n h gia M o n g Gon va tai nghe dieu b i n h khien t u d n g dieu luyen ciia ong ta. Cuoc chien ket thiic nhanh chong va dut diem. Su dung manh va thien chien da giup quan dpi M o n g Co dat dugc su thong t r i ciia m i n h len v u o n g quoc nay.

K h o n g chi d K h o r e x m o . ngudi ta se thay rat ro rang ve su quyet liet trong k h i t i m hieu ve chien tran tai thanh Bukhara (Buqara) noi tieng. r o i tran danh d thanh t h i giau co va co xua v d i m p t nen van hoa rue r o d Trung A la Xamackhan (Samarqand) ciia V u o n g quoc A Rap vao nam 1220; va dau nam 1221 la tran chien d thanh M e c v o (Men*). N h a n dan cac quoc gia nay khong chim budc trudc siic manh ciia quan x a m lupc. da anh dung chien dau.

Chiem dupe K h o r e x m o . quan M o n g Co da thang tay tan sat nhan dan n o i day. D i e u do dupe ghi chep lai trong bp sir bang tieng A Rap Kamil ut-Tevarilk (Toan sir) ciia tac gia Ipan A t l a . hoac trong cuon Trudng xuan

11 Harold Lamb (2003). sdd. tr. 191.

chdn nhan tay du ky ciia dao si K h a u X u Co k h i d i qua do vao n a m 1222. N h u n g nghien c u u cua GS. H a V a n T a n cho thay: Su tan pha nay that ghe g d m . no khien cho

"Khorexmo, mpt qudc gia van minh. phdn vinh trudc day, nay dd trd thanh mpt vung hoang vdng... Nhieu thanh thi tra thanh gd hoang" . C o n t r o n g Trich luc bien nien.

C.Mac da viet ve hau qua ciia cupc chien tranh ma M o n g Co tien hanh d T r u n g A nhu sau: "Nghe thuat, nhung thu vien phong phii, nen ndng nghiep ini viet, cung dien vd giao dudng - tat ca sach khdng "^{! 3}.

Sau K h o r e x m o . T r i n g h i s K h a n tiep tuc tien hanh ke hoach m d rpng lanh tho Mong Co d o i v d i cac nude T r u n g A con lai. Cong cupc danh c h i e m d o i v d i Adecbaizan, tiep do la Grudia dien ra vao n a m 1221.

N g u d i ke v i T r i n g h i s K h a n la Ogoday.

Ong Hoang m d i ciia M o n g Co da xiic tien cong cupc c h i n h phuc sang chau A u . Sau khi Ogoday chet (1241), dat nude M o n g Co roi vao t i n h trang mat on d i n h , nhieu cupc thanh t r i m g lan nhau xay ra giua nhung n g u d i thua ke. T r o n g nghien c u u ciia m i n h , GS. Ha Van Tan cho rang, nguyen nhan dua den tinh trang nay la do "cdc gia tpc ddng Tringhit Khan mau thuan vdi nhau" . Ben canh yeu to tren, m p t nguyen nhan sau xa ntra dua den su phiic tap d M o n g Co d u o n g t h d i do la viec banh t r u d n g qua tham l a m ciia de quoc nay, dua den cho k h o n g the k i e m soat dupe

12 Ha Van Tan, Pham Thi Tam (1970), sdd, tr. 44.

1 3 Xem C.Mac, Trich luc bien nien, Luu tru C.Mac va F. Anaehen, ban tieng Nga, tr. 221.

1 4 Ha V3n Tin, " " ^{J J} ' "

Ciupc chien tranh xtiin lude... 5 3

v u o n g quoc cung n h u n h u n g vung dat m o i chiem. T h e m vao do, sy rong Ion qua m u c cua de quoc da tac dong manh den t i n h doc lap a cac U l u s (dat phong) cua nhung n g u d i con Tringhis K h a n . M i n h chung ro net cho van de nay la su thanh lap nude han K i m T r u d n g ( L e u V a n g ) cua Jotri - n g u d i con trudng Tringhis K h a n , vao nam 1242. Sau nay, nam 1256 dieu do tai dien v d i su ra d d i cua mot quyen luc H a n m d i cua H u l e g u d Han Batu. H a i H a n nay thuc \k da thoat l y khoi chinh quyen trung u o n g cua D a i Han M o n g Co.

Sau dai hoi K h u r i n t a i nam 1251, M o n g Ke duoc c u l a m D a i Han. N h u n g cuoc chien tranh x a m luge lien m i e n cua M o n g C6 van tiep dien. T u nam 1253 t r d d i , quan M o n g Co tiep tuc b i n h d i n h not nhung vung dat Arap. Cong cuoc c h i n h phuc Ba T u da tien hanh nhieu lan tir nam 1231 va dang con dang dd, nay lai tiep tuc. Sau k h i gianh dugc thang l g i d I x m a i n (19-11-1256), quan M o n g Co do t u d n g H u l e g u dan dau tien cong Bagodat (Bagdad). Thang 2 - 1258, Bagodat - k i n h do co k i n h n o i tieng v d i nhieu cong trinh k i e n true van hoa, da b i tan pha nang ne. Sau k h i gianh thang l g i d Bagodat, dai quan nay ciia M o n g Co tran sang danh chiem L u d n g Ha, x a m nhap vao X y r i . T u y nhien, tran chien tiep theo tai A i Cap, khue ca khai hoan da k h o n g vang len v d i d o i quan x a m luge. B o i canh do buoc H u l e g u phai d i m g chan va quay t r d ve Ba T u (Irac ngay nay), tien hanh sap nhap Adecbaizan, A c m e n i ,

Grudia vao v u o n g quoc nay de thanh lap m o t nude H a n m d i .

2.2. Danh Tay Bac A va chau Au

N h u n g thang l g i trong chien tranh x a m luge may v u o n g quoc d T r u n g A vao nam

1221 la K h o r e x m o , Adecbaizan, Grudia, da khien Tringhis K h a n n u o i d u d n g tham vong danh chiem v u n g Bac A va chau A u . Quan M o n g Co da mao h i e m v u o t n u i Capcado tien len phia Bac, tran den C r u m va danh chiem viing Xudac. S y de doa b d i nguy co den tir phia D o n g da k h i e n cho cac quoc gia d day lien ket l a i , tao d u n g m o t lien m i n h chong ke thu chung. L i e n quan N g a gom 8 van n g u d i da tao nen buc t u d n g thanh kha chac chan d b d song Canca ( K a l k a ) . T u y nhien, luc l u o n g nay da b i that bai trudc d o i quan M o n g Co d u d i sy chi huy cua t u d n g X u b u t a i va Jebe vao nam 1223. K6t qua cac cong t r i n h nghien c u u ve chidn tran nay cho thay: Thuyen lien quan "bi dot chay trui, sd quan thoat dugc khong qua mpt phdn mudi"'⁵. K h o n g d i m g lai d day, quan x a m luge tiep tuc tran den Bungary. Tai day, chung da gap phai sy khang c u manh me ciia nhan dan quoc gia nay. T u y nhien, sue chidn dau cua ho chua du dk danh bai quan x a m luge, nhung k h o n g hi6u v i l y do g i m a cu6i nam 1225, Thanh Cat T u H a n ra lenh keo quan ve nude. T r o n g tac p h i m Viet Nam vd Dong Nam A thdi ky chong xdm luge Nguyen Mong (thi ky X I I I ) , tac gia N g u y e n T h i T h u T h u y da rat co l y k h i cho r i n g : V i qua met m o i trong cac cuoc v i e n chinh lien

Ha Van Tin, Pham Thj Tam (1970), sdd, tr. 44.

5 4 NGHIEN CUU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° 0 5 ( 1 2 8 ) . 2 0 n

mien k h i do nen n g u a i M o n g Co k h i do m a i co hanh dong n h u v a y¹ .

K h i Thanh Cat T u H a n qua d a i , su nghiep m a mang b d coi sang phia Tay van tiep tuc dugc quy toe M o n g Co quan tam den. Ngay trong dai h o i K h u r i n t a i nam 1235 (va trudc do la nam 1228), van de vien chinh l u u vuc song V o n g a va v u n g t u do ve phia Tay lai dugc de cap. N g a y sau do, dau nam 1236, 15 van quan M o n g Co d u a i su chi huy cua thong soai Batu (chau Tringhis Khan) ao at tran sang phia Tay. V i e c danh chiem dugc cong quoc Riadan thang 12 nam 1237, da giup cho M o n g Co lay do l a m ban dap tan cong M a t x c o v a . D a u nam 1238, M a t x c o v a b i chiem dong. C u n g t h d i gian nay, n g u d i M o n g Co cung dat dugc su thong t r i cua m i n h len cong quoc V a l a d i m i a .

Tien trinh chien tranh x a m luge cac cong quoc d N g a keo dai suot den cuoi nam 1240 m d i ket thuc. v d i phan thang thuoc ve quan xam luge tai Ucraina. Thang l g i 6 Ucraina da giup cho quan M o n g Co co dugc ban dap danh chiem Ba Lan. M o t loat nhung that bai quan su. buoc Ba L a n lien m i n h v d i Due de bao ve chu quyen dan toe. T u y nhien, cung giong n h u chien tran a N g a nam 1223, 3 van lien quan Due - Ba L a n da bi danh tan vao thang 4 nam 1241. T h a i gian sau do, viec chiem dugc H u n g g a r i , N a m T u la thanh qua tiep theo cua M o n g Co.

1 6 Nguyen Thj Thu Thuy (2000), Viet Nam va Dong Nam A thai ky- chdng xdm luoc Nguyen Mong (the ky- XIII), NXB Tre, TP H6 Chi Minh, tr.' 19.

Cuoc chien tranh d chau A u t u nam 1241 da m d rong, dua quan d o i ciia nguoi M o n g Co tien gan V i e n vao thang 7 nam 1241, va dau n a m 1242 da gan tien den thanh V a n i d a cua nude Y . Su k i e n nay. theo cac sir gia danh gia, da l a m cho "cd chdu Au chdn dong"¹⁷. D i e u do dugc khac hoa ro net khi doc tac pham Histoire des Mongols depuis

Tchinguiz khan jusqu' a Timour ciia tac gia D'Ohsson, hoac tac p h a m Cupc khdng chien chdng xdm lucre Nguyen Mong (the ky' XIII) ciia GS. H a V a n Tan. Co the thay dugc su run ray ciia chau A u d u o n g t h a i trudc doi quan x a m luge den tir chau A , qua noi dung bai k i n h cau n g u y e n rat mang t i n h thdi su liic do, xuat hien d D i i c : "Chua cuu vdt chung con khdi can thinh np Tata (tuc Mong Co) . C o n Giao hoang L a M a la Gregoire I X thi len tieng keu g o i thanh lap nhixng doi quan Thap T u c h i n h de chong lai vo ngua xam lang ciia de quoc M o n g Co. Tat ca nhung dieu do cho thay, ca chau A u luc nay dang rat lo sg.

Viec danh c h i e m r o n g ra da khien Mong Co k h o n g d i i luc l u g n g dong quan va kiem soat. Luc l u g n g b i dan m o n g lam doi quan x a m luge nay gap n h i e u kho khan va thiet hai kha nang ne k h i l u o n phai cang ra doi pho v d i quan d o i ciia cac nude vira bi chiem dong tap k i c h . K h o khan do buoc doi quan ciia Batu vao dau nam 1242 "phdi rut quan ve phia Dong, qua Bungari vd Nga, den viing

1 7 Ha Van Tan, Pham Thi Tam (1970), sdd, tr. 49.

1 8 Theo D'Ohsson, Histoire des Mongols depuis Tchinguiz khan jusqu' a Timour, La Haye et Amsterdam, 1 834. tr.2.

@u£e. ehiett trunk xdm Lu'o'e.. 55

Vonga"¹⁹. N h u n g ro rang nhan thay, cuoc chinh chien sang phia Tay da co l o i cho Jotri (con trucmg T r i n g h i s K h a n ) trong viec rao

-ong va thanh lap nuac Han K i m T r u o n g (Leu Vang). Sau nhung su k i e n nay, nuoc Nga phai c h i u ach thong t r i cua nuoc H a n nay han 200 nam.

3. D a n h D o n g Bac A

H o n nua the k i chinh chien, lanh tho cua de quoc M o n g Co duoc m a rong han bao g i a het. K h i cong cuoc danh chiem T r u n g Qu6c sap hoan thanh, nam 1274, de quoc nay da phai sir than den Nhat Ban, bat Nhat Hoang sang chau de to long than phuc. T u y nhien, su so hai da khong xay ra d trieu d i n h Nhat Ban, bang c u la ho da khang c u lai y chi cua Dai Han M o n g Co. L o n g t u trong b i xuc pham, trieu d i n h M o n g Co lien dieu dong mot luc l u g n g hai thuyen hiing manh xam luge Nhat Ban.

Ngay k h i do bo len dat Nhat, quan M o n g Co da b i "quart dpi Nhdt Ban do tudng Mojo Tokimura chi huy danh trd quyet liet" . Sau m o t t h a i gian thay khong the nao danh bai dugc quan Nhat, quan x a m luge buoc phai x u o n g thuyen, rut ve nuoc. Chien thang da thupc ve nhung con n g u o i chinh nghTa co long dung cam v o i bau nhiet huyet yeu nuac. T u y nhien, n g u d i Nhat khong v i men say chien thang ma chii quan, l a la viec canh phong dat nude. "Khi quan dich rut lui,

1 9 Ha Van Tan, Pham Thj Tam (1970), sdd, tr. 50.

2 0 Nguyen Thi Thi Thuy (2000), Viet Nam vd Dong Nam A thai ky chong xdm hcac Nguyen Mong (thi ky A7//y,NXB Tre, TP H6 Chi Minh, Tr23.

lap tuc cdc tudng lanh Nhdt Ban tich cue xay thanh dap luy d nhung nai trong yeu de phdng thu"²¹.

That bai k h i x a m luge quoc gia D o n g Bac A nay, de quoc cua n g u d i M o n g Co tiep tuc cupc c h i n h phuc x u o n g v i i n g D o n g N a m

\ . Den nam 1281, quan N g u y e n M o n g quay lai tan cong Nhat B a n . Rut k i n h nghiem chien tran nam 1274, lan nay quan x a m lupc huy dpng m p t luc l u p n g hung hau hon.

N g h i e n cuu ve cupc chien tranh chong x a m lupc nam 1281 d Nhat, trong tac p h i m Viet Nam vd Ddng Nam A thdi ky chdng xdm luac Nguyen Mong (Thi ky XIII), tac gia N g u y e n T h i T h u T h u y cho r i n g : "Cupc chien xay ra rat dc liet"²². T u y nhien, trong cong trinh nghien c u u ciia m i n h , hpc gia L u o n g N i n h da khang dinh: "Ngudi Nhdt ciing td y chi quyet chien dau chdng cu, nhung cupc chien ldn dd khdng xdy ra"²²¹. Co the thay ket luan ciia GS. L u a n g N i n h la diing, b d i le bao bien da l a m suy giam siic chien dau ciia d p i quan x a m lupc. L o i thd dia ly v d i bien ca menh m o n g , gidng n h u m p t buc t u d n g thanh t u nhien r i t v u n g c h i c , da giup quan dpi Nhat Ban r i t nhidu k h i ddi mat v d i quan thu. T r o n g tran chidn nay, "thinh linh mpt can bdo ldn dp tdi lam va tan chien thuyen cua Nguyen Mong tren viing biin Nhdt Ban", "Dai quan Nguyen Mong mpt phdn bi tieu diet trong cdc trdn danh, mpt phdn bi chet do dam thuyen trong trdn bdo,

Luong Ninh (Chii bien), 2005, Lich sit Dong Nam A, NXB Giao due, Ha Noi, tr. 107.

5 6 NGHIEN CUU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° 0 5 (1 28J.2011

mpt so it song sot thi chay ve Trung Quoc" . N h u vay, sau lan x a m luge t h u hai that bai, y do x a m luge cua de quoc N g u y e n M o n g doi v o i Nhat Ban da b i chon v u i .

4. D a n h D o n g N a m A

T u lau. M o n g Co da rat them m u o n vung D o n g N a m A , do do k h i cong cuoc chinh phuc sang phia Tay ca ban hoan thanh, de quoc nay da trien khai ke hoach tan cong vung dat mau m a va giau co n a y^{2 5}. Bang con mat cua mot nha quan su, H o t Tat Liet da nhin ro vai tro quan trong cua D a i V i e t tren ban do D o n g N a m A : Day la quoc gia dau tien, dong vai tro la cay cau n o i vung D o n g Bac A xuong phia N a m ; de t u do M o n g Co co the v u o n x u o n g "cdc nude xa han a Ddng

' ~ 26 ' Nam A vd ban dao An Dp" . B a i the, sau khi chiem dugc D a i L y , nam 1254, Hot Tat Liet rut quan ve Bac de danh nha T o n g va giao cho N g p t L u a n g H a p D a i tiep tuc chinh phuc cac bo lac nuac D a i L y va x a m luge Dai Viet de lay d u a n g danh nha T o n g t u phia N a m .

Cuoc x a m luge D a i V i e t lan t h u nhat nam 1258 da hoan toan that bai, nhung that bai nay cung khong l a m quan M o n g Co t u bo am m u u danh chiem quoc gia cua n g u a i Viet. Dau nam 1285, quan N g u y e n M o n g tien danh D a i V i e t bang hai gong k i m : t u Trung Quoc x u o n g va Champa len, nhung b i

2 4 Xem 20.

2 5 Xem them Bui Thj Anh Van, (2010), Lan song xdm lucre cua de qudc Nguyen Mong xudng khu vuc Ddng Nam A (the ky XIII), Tap chi Nghien ciru Dong Nam A, s6 9/2010.

2 6 Ha Van Tan. Pham Thi Tam (1970), sdd, tr. 123.

quan dan nuac nay danh cho tan tanh. Su cu ghi l a i : "Quan giac chet vd bi thuong rat nhieu, chem dugc dau nguyen sodi Toa

27 '

Dd" . Cuoc chien tranh x a m luge D a i Viet lan t h u 3 dien ra t u 1287 - 1288, cung da bi that bai.

T h a i gian 1280 - 1281, nha Nguyen cir su than den d u do Champa than phuc nhung k h o n g dugc, l i e n quyet d i n h chinh phat dat nuac nay. N a m 1283, H o t Tat Liet huy dong m o t luc l u g n g I o n , Dai Viet su ky todn thu co g h i co "khoang 5 van quan den Chiem

28

Thanh" . D u a i su c h i huy cua vua Indravarman, quan dan Champa kien cuong danh tra. T r a n chien dien ra quyet liet tai thanh go. C u o i cung, N g u y e n M o n g da bi that bai. Nguyen sic, phan An Nam truyen cho biet: Quan Toa D o b i that bai nang ne, phai lieu chet m a i thoat dugc v o n g vay, chay ve doanh trai . D o n g t h a i v a i cuoc tan cong x a m luge Champa, quan N g u y e n da tham do va xay d u n g ke hoach danh vao Campuchia.

Su sach de lai k h o n g n o i gi nhieu ve cuoc x a m lang cua N g u y e n M o n g vao Campuchia, n h u n g theo n h u n g tai lieu nghien cuu ve Campuchia t h i d p i quan x a m luge nay da bi tieu diet va bat song kha nhieu.

C u o i n a m 1289, H o t Tat Liet da phai hai van b i n h m a tien danh Indonexia. Cupc khang chien dang trong giai doan gay go va ac liet t h i bat nga nam 1292, vua Kritangara

2 7 Ngo ST Lien (1998; Dai Viet sic ky toan thu, tap 2, NXB Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, tr. 49.

2 8 Ngo ST Lien (1998;, sdd, tr. 43.

2 9 Din theo: Tran Quoc Virong - Ha Van Tan, Lich su chi do phong ki"" V*J* ^K'"™ t.§" ^{1 ;}- *kt ? T. ' W

dude allien f rait ft xdm lifrie...

bi giet. Va khi quan Nguyen do do doc Yi

k ' o m u s u den Tuban ngay sau do vao nam 1293, quyen l y c cua nha vua Kritangara da sup do. T r o n g hoan canh do, V i j a y a (con re vua Kritangara) da k h o n kheo lanh dao nhan dan Indonexia khang chien. M o t nam sau, quan N g u y e n phai n i t ve m a khong dat duoc ket qua dang ke.

Cung n h u Campuchia, vucmg quoc M i e n Pagan huy hoang m o t thua nay budc sang the k y X I I I da suy yeu. T u y nhien, chinh su suy yeu da k h i e n cho long can dam ciia n g u a i M i e n k h o n g d i i de ho bao ve dat nuac. Ca hai lan N g u y e n M o n g x a m luoc (1277; 1283), Pagan deu that thu. C u o i nam

1285, vua M i e n da c h i u than phuc va nhan trieu cong. Sau do v i vua nay b i sat hai, Pagan lai r a i vao t i n h trang hon chien. N a m 1287, N g u y e n M o n g lai tan cong Pagan lan t h i i ba, quoc gia nay nhanh chong dau hang.

N h u vay, Pagan la quoc gia dau tien a D o n g N a m A b i de quoc N g u y e n M o n g dat ach thong t r i hoan toan.

K h i N g u y e n M o n g thon tinh dugc Pagan, bien g i a i quoc gia cua n g u d i Thai da bi de doa nghiem trong. T r o n g boi canh do, qudc v u o n g Rama K a m h e n g da c u su than cua m i n h t d i nop cong vat va thua nhan quyen luc cua N g u y e n trieu trong nam 1292.

N a m 1293, N g u y e n M o n g da n i t k h o i Lan- N a^{3 0}. C u 6 i nam 1297, M o n g Co tien hanh cuoc tan cong t r u n g phat Chiang M a i do su b u d n g binh cua ho. N h u n g cuoc chien tranh

3 0 Xem them: G.Coedes, (1944), Histoire ancience de Etats Hindouisesd' Extreme- Orient, Ha Npi, tr. 371.

5 7

giai phong Pagan do ba anh em n g u d i Shan lanh dao thanh cong n a m 1298, khien cho y do ciia N g u y e n M o n g v d i Chiang M a i khong thuc hien dugc. Cuoc tan cong vao M i e n D i e n va Chiang M a i cuoi nam 1300, dau nam 1301 v d i ket cue that bai hoan toan ciia N g u y e n M o n g ciing da chon v u i luon y do x a m luge ciia chiing tai day.

N h u vay, tai D o n g N a m A , cuoc chien tranh x a m luge ciia N g u y e n M o n g gianh dugc thang l g i chang dugc bao nhieu ( d Pagan), ma that bai t h i nhieu ( d D a i V i e t , K h o m e , Champa, Chan Lap, Java...). Day la dieu ma quan N g u y e n M o n g h i e m k h i phai chap nhan k h i x a m luge d nhung n o i khac.

V d i m o t d o i quan v i e n chinh gom cac doi k y b i n h thien chien, vo ngua x a m lang ciia M o n g Co, ma sau nay la N g u y e n M o n g . da giay xeo rat nhieu quoc gia t u chau A u sang chau A suot trong the k y X I I I . M o t de quoc rong l d n da dugc h i n h thanh v d i su cai tri ciia cac H a n (Hoang de), ma Han l d n la Dai Han N g u y e n tren phan lanh tho T r u n g Quoc. D a i Han N g u y e n sau k h i thanh lap da xuc tien cong cuoc chinh phuc nhung phan dat con lai ciia the g i d i . Cuoc chien tranh x a m luge the g i d i ciia n g u d i M o n g Co, ma sau nay la de quoc N g u y e n M o n g , da tac dong khong nho den t i n h h i n h the g i d i d u a n g thai. Co le the, sii gia Phap G.Coedes co binh luan rang: "Lich su thi giai a thi ky XIII dien ra dudi dau an cua nguai Mong

Co'³¹.

G.Coedes, (1944), Lich sit cd dai cdc nude An Do hod. tap 2, NXB Vien Dong, Ban djch Dai hoc Su pham Ha Noi, tr.60.