Tình hình nghiên cứu văn học Đài Loan tại Trung Quốc Đại lục

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DAI LOAN -IIONG HONG -MACAO

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TlNHH1NHNGHleNcOOVANHOCDAILOAN _.

TAl _. TRUNG ou6e ^{DAI LUe} _. _.

cac nha van hQc he't phai

va tinh

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am van gchung

he binh

.?m dti<;lc

thi phai

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la phai va phai l~i, tac g"mau c khong

c phAm

T heo da cai cach md cita, tti duy cua ngtidi Trung Qu6c ciing dtt<;lcd6i moi, van hQc Dai Loan dB.dlln dlln trd nen quen thuQc d6i voi dQc gia cua Trung Qu6c D~i l\lc.

Lich sit, kinh te', XB.hQi va van hQcngh~

thu~t Dai Loan dtt<;lcd~ c~p thtidng xuyen tren cac bao hang ngay, cac t~p chi "Thu ho?ch", "Dttdng d~i", "Hai hi~p", "Hoa thanh", "Trttdng giang",

"Nhan dan van hQc", "Van hQc Thti<;lng Hai", "Van hQc Phuc Kie'n" v.v... Ngoai ra con co hai t~p chi chuyen dang tac phAm va nghien cuu v~ van hQc Dai Loan - Hang Kong nhtt "Dai Cang van hQc tuy~n san" va "Sang tan". Glin 40 nha xu6t ban nhti Nha xu6t ban Nhan dan van hQc, Nha xu6t ban Phat thanh, Nha xu6t ban Kboa hQcxa hQi,Nha xu6t ban Nhan dan Phuc Kie'n, Nha xu6t ban Quang Tay v.v... da Mn Itt<;ltin nhung tac phAm cua cac nha van Dai Loan va nha van g6c Hoa t~i hai ngo~i. Nhflng trao ltiu van hQc tren van dan Dai Loan tu dllu th~p ky 20 de'n nay, bao gam ti~u thuye't, thd ca, tan van, kich cua glln 200 nha van Dai Loan Mn Itt<;ltdtt<;lcgioi thi~u voi dQc gia dong dao d D~i l\lc.

Nhung tuy~n t~p tac phAm cua cac nha

~i nh ting

! ^moicua

I

ky moi.

I

[" nhting

~ vftn co tua cach

II.khong

van hQc t ly lu~n pt, thie't

~et Nam

Le Huy

Lt BUY TItU*

van tieu bi~u dtt<;lCin nhtt "Quynh Dao tac phAm t~p", "Tam Mao tac phAm t~p",

"Dtidng Quy tac phAm t~p", "Ngo Duc Lttu ti~u thuye't tuy~n", "Chung Ly Hoa ti~u thuye't tuy~n", "Trlln Anh Chan ti~u thuye't tuy~n", "Hoang Xuan Minh ti~u thuye't tuy~n", "Hai Tang" (tuy~n t~p ti~u thuye't cua Vttdng Thac), "Dai Loan d~t s~" (tuy~n t~p ti~u thuye't cua Nhie'p Hoa Linh), "Tuy~n t~p ti~u thuye't Trlln Nhti<;lc Hi", "Tuy~n t~p ti~u thuye't cua Trtidng H~ Qu6c", truy~n dai "Kim Lang tit m6t rai" cua Nhie'p Hoa Linh, "L~i th6y cay CQ, l?i th6y cay cQ", "Khao nghi~m", "Tam nhan hanh" cua Vu Le Hoa, "Ba khuc hat cua ngttdi Dai Loan"

cua Chung Tri~u Chinh v.v...

NhiIng tac ph~rn tren dtt<;lc gioi thi~u d D:;J.il\lc, da thuc d~y s1;igiao hiu van hoa giua hai bd bi ngan cach tu 3, 4 th~p ky nay. Khi thAy hai tac ph~m

"Dai Loan d~t s1;i"va "Dau xanh, dao hang" cua rninh dtt<;lcin tren D?i l\lc, nha van Nhiep Hoa Linh noi: "S1;ixuAt hi~n cua hai tac ph~rn d trong D:;J.i.l\lc la gid phut carn dQng nhAt trong ddi

sang tac cua toi". Vu Le Hoa thAy sang

PGS. Van h9C

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78

NGHItN ciru TRUNGQu6c so 4(62)

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2005

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TInhI taco ph~m "Lli\i thfiy cay cq, lli\i th~y cay

cq" cua minh dUQc de'n voi dQc gia Dli\i h,lc, noi: "Toi vui suong hdn ca lfin dfiu dUQc in d Dai Loan". Khi th~y ti~u thuye't cua minh dUQc tai ban d Dli\i h,lc, nha van Bli\ch Tien Dftng vie't thu cho bli\n, noi: "Se co mQt ngay wi trd lli\i que hUdng, ndi da san sinh ra ti~u thuye't Hoa Kieu Vinh ky".

D6ng thdi voi vi~c in tac ph~m, nghi€m cuu van hqc Dai Loan cling dUQc tri~n khai voi quy mo Ion. Trong th~p ky 80, cac bao va tli\P chi trong ca mioc Trung Qu6c bao g6m tli\P chi khoa hqc cua cac tntdng dli\i hQc da Mn lUQt gioi thi~u, t6ng thu~t, binh lu~n len Wi hang nghin bai. Tu nam 1982 de'n 1984 da t6 chuc nhieu CU9Ch9i thao mang tinh to~m qu6c ve van hQc Dai Loan va H6ng Kong.

Cac h9i thao d~ c~p de'n tinh hinh, di~n mliJ.o,khuynh huong van hQc dlidng dliJ.i Dai Loan d~c bi~t chli trQng de'n hai dong "Van hQc hlidng th6" va "Van hQc hi~n dliJ.i",hai khuynh hliong tieu bi~u cua van hQc Dai Loan. Hi~n nay, van hQc Dai Loan da dliQc dlia vao chlidng trinh giang dliJ.yd m9t so' trlidng dliJ.ihQc d h,lc dia, Tu nam 1981 trd di, DliJ.ihQc Phlic Dan, DliJ.ihQc Trung Sdn, DliJ.ihQc Ki Nam da md chuyen de ve van hQc Dai Loan. Sau d6 glln 20 trlidng dliJ.ihQc nhli DliJ.ihQc Lan Chau, DliJ.ihQc Tu Xuyen, DliJ.ihQc Biic Kinh, DliJ.ihQc Lieu Ninh v.v... cling md chuyen de van hQc Dai Loan ho~c dlia van hQc Dai Loan vao chlidng trinh dliJ.ytrong lich sli van hQc hi~n dliJ.iva dlidng dliJ.iTrung Qu6c. M9t s6trlidng nhli dliJ.ihQc Ki Nam, DliJ.i'hQc HIiJ.Man va Sd nghien cuu Van hQc thu9C Vi~n Khoa hQc Xa hQi tlnh Phlic Kie'n can thanh l~p phong Nghien cuu van hQc

Dai Loan va H6ng Kong d~ nghien cuu mQt cach toan di~n hdn, chuyen sau hdn.

Llic dllu nglidi ta chi gioi thi~u CU9C ddi va tac ph~m cua tung nha van ho~c gioi thi~u tli tlidng, ngh~ thu~t cua m9t tac ph~m nao do. Nhung nam glln day, di~n nghien cuu da dli<;1Cmd r9ng, t~m miit cua cac nha nghien cuu da ph6ng nhin xa: S\i phat tri~n cua trao lliu van ngh~, s\i di~n bie'n cua cac trlidng phai ngh~ thu~t, ti~u thuye't, thd ca, tan van, hi kich, di~n anh va cac th~ lOliJ.ikhac deu trd thanh d6i tli<;1ngnghien cuu. C6 nhung bai vie't di sau vao nghien cuu qua trinh phat tri~n tli tlidng sang tac cua nha van; c6 bai d~t m9t nha van vao trong tie'n trinh lich sli phat tri~n cua van hQc Dai Loan, chi ra dia vi va anh hlidng cua hQ d trong lich sli van hQc; c6 bai vie't d\ia tren cd Sd tli li~u da tim dli<;1c,ban Wi CU9Cdilu tranh giua cac trlidng phai van hQc, d~ng Um ra quy lu~t cd ban cua s\i phat tri~n van hQc Dai Loan trong mily th~p ky qua. D~c bi~t c6 nhieu bai ban ve hai dong ti~u thuye't "Hlidng th6"(1)va ti~u thuye't hi~n dliJ.ichu nghia.

Nhung bai nghien cuu nay do di sau, di~n r9ng, mang tinh khai quat cao va c6 gia tri hQc thu~t, nen dli<;1ccac nha van, hQc gia DliJ.ih,lc, Dai Loan va nlioc ngoai danh gia cao. M9t so' gia nglidi H6ng Kong da cam khai n6i ding: "Nhin lliJ.i H6ng Kong, thily rilt it hQc gia nghien cuu toan di~n ti~u thuye't Dai Loan. Tu d6 moi thily s\i n6 l\ic quy bau cua cac hQc gia DliJ.ih,lc".

Tuy vi~c gioi thi~u van hQc Dai Loan d Trung Qu6c dliJ.il\lc da dliJ.tdli<;1Cm9t so'

thanh de pha

Due Dai Lo nhung

trinh ( hon ml 1) V d9. Vi Duong la co tL chi mo:

chu yei con the dU<;Jcbl hQc thi ph~m <:

dU<;Jcto, Loan,

2) V~

hQc pM nghia cj hQc "Ht dliJ.ichu co van . van hQc van hQq van ho~

miit tin~

Nha va~

nhieu t~

trudng .

cua

^{hQ I}

khuynh cling th~

sli. Vi vua vie'~' ti~u th thuye't T~p va .

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hien cuu sau hdn.

i~u cUQc van ho~c

cua mQt g~n day, Qng, t~m ii ph6ng hiu van dng phai , tan van, lo~i khac cuu. C6 hien cuu sang tac van vao tri~n cua vi va anh -n hQc;c6 ,u dii tim

giua cac m ra quy van hQc qua. D~c

.

dong ti~u

Ihuye'thi~n

[

do di sau, t cao va c6 Ic nha van, IIniac ngoai [gt:ldiH6ng I "Nhin l~i

.a nghien :iLoan. Tu

, ? ,

au cua cac

Dai Loan

\:l<;lcmQt so

TInh hinh nghien coo van hQc I)ai Loan...

79

thanh t1;lu, nhung vftn con khong it v~n d~ phai ban nhu:

Dudng nhien vi~c gioi thi~u van hQc Dai Loan d h;lCdia tuy thanh t1;lukha IOn nhung vftn la buoc dfiu. Muon nang cao trinh dQ hQc thu~t len cfin phai n6 l1;lc hdn nua.

1) V~ so lu<;lng ma n6i la con c6 muc dQ. Vi d1;1chi c6 mQt so nha van nhu Dudng Quy, Chung Ly Hoa, Ngo Luu...

la c6 tuy~n t~p con mQt so nha van khac chi moi gioi thi~u mQt vai tac ph~m va chu ye'u dung d gioi thi~u ti~u thuye't, con thd tan van, kich chua gioi thi~u du<;lcbao nhieu, ly lu~n va tu li~u van hQc thi qua it oi. Chi b&ng vao mQt so tac ph~m dB. in d D:;ii I1;1Cthi kho ma hi~u dU<;lctoan bQ di~n m:;io cua van hQc Dai Loan.

2) Van hQc Dai Loan la mQt n~n van hQc phuc t:;ip. Co van hQc hi~n th1;lc chu nghia cung c6 van hQc sieu th1;lc; c6 van hQc "H udng th6" cung co van hQc hi~n d:;ii chu nghia; co van hQc yeu nuoc cung co van hQc chong cQng; ngoai ra con co van hQc ai tinh uot at, van hQc V1;1an, van hQc thong t1;1c,van hQc kie'm hi~p, van hQc giai tri v.v... Cfin phai c6 con mAt tinh ddi moi phan bi~t du<;lcr:;ich roi.

Nha van Dai Loan cung r~t phuc t:;ip. Co nhi~u trudng phai khac nhau, cung mQt trudng phai nhung canh ngQ va sang tac cua hQ l:;ii khong giong nhau, th~m chi khuynh huang sang tac cua mQt nha van cung thay d6i theo s1;lbie'n thien cua Jich s11. Vi d1;1nha van Quach Y Dong, ong vua vie't ti~u thuye't chong CQng vua vie't ti~u thuye't tinh yeu, vua vie't ca ti~u thuye't phe phan hi~n th1;lc Dai Loan.

T~p van cua ong c6 du giQng "hi nQ ti~u

ma", cham bie'm du lo:;ii nglidi, tu quan de'n dan ong khong chua ai ca. L:;ti vi d1;1 nha van Chu Tay Ninh cung dB. tung vie't' nhung bai van chong CQng, nhung sau d6 ong hoi h~n cho r&ng nhung tac ph~m ~y "d~u la r~t ~u tri, da phfin la ho kh~u hi~u chu khong phai la sang tac van hQc", sau nay ong dB. d6i chi huang, muon sang tac "ghi l:;ii cUQc song cua nglidi dudng d:;ii, d~ cho con chau sau nay bie't dU<;ICt6 tien hQ dB. tUng song nhu the' nao tren manh d~t nay". Ti~u thuye't "Nuoc thep" va "Ngudi luy~n kim" cua ong c6 suc h~p dftn ngh~ thu~t nh~t dinh.

R6 rang doi voi nhung tac ph~m nhu v~y phai xu~t phat tu tinh hinh lich s11 C1;1th~ moi c6 th~ danh gia mQt cach khach quan du<;lc.

0

day cfin ph3.i c6 thai dQ th1;lcs1;ldu thi. Ne'u cu may moc, ddn gian se giam nhi~t tinh nghien cuu van hQc Dai Loan, nhung ne'u vi doan ke't, huu nghi ma bo qua t~t ca nhung khuynh huang sai lfim cua hQ thi cung anh hUdng de'n tinh khoa hQc trong vi~c nghien cuu van hQc Dai Loan.

3) Van hQc Dai Loan hinh thanh trong di~u ki~n lich s11va hoan canh xii hQi d~c bi~t. Danh gia n~n van hQc nay khong nen thoat Ii khoi th1;lc te' cUQc song cua Dai Loan, khong nen dung thuoc do cua Van hQc Cach m:;tng d~

danh gia van hQc Dai Loan. Chi nen dung thuoc do van hQc lanh m:;tnh, tie'n bQ, yeu nuoc d~ do van hQc Dai Loan thi moi tudng doi phil h<;lpvoi th1;lcte'.

T~t nhien cfin phai xu~t phat tU-toan bQ sang tac cua nha van nua.

0

nha van Dai Loan thudng c6 nhi~u mau thuftn.

Nhi~u khi hQ ly lu~n mQt d&ng nhung

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NGHItN COOTRUNG Qu6c so

4(62)

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sang

tac l~i mQt m~o.Khong nen chi nhin tha'y cay ma khong tha'y rung.

Cung khong nen h~ tha'y tac ph~m nao ta th~c, co hinh thuc dan tQc li~n khimg dinh no la t6t, trai l~i h~ tha'y ba't cu tac ph~m nao thuQc dong van hQc hi~n d~i chu nghia d~u coi la xa'u.

Truy~n dai "Hoang Nguyen" cua Tu Ma Trung Nguyen v~ cd ban la sang tac theo but phap t~uy~n th6ng, ngon ngu dan gia d~ hi~u, co th~ noi la ra't dan tQc, nhung nQi dung l~i ra't phan dQng,xuyen t~c cUQckhang chie'n ch6ng Nh~t va cUQc chie'n tranh giai phong cua nhan dan. Ky Huy~n la nha thd thuQc trudng phai hi~n d~i chu nghia co h~ng, t~ vi minh 19.con soi co dQc gao thet trong rung r~m

.nhung bai thd "Hi~n th1jc" cua ong l~i noi dUQccai mau thuAn giua hi~n th~c Dai Loan va ly tUdng cua nhan dan.

M~c du trong vi~c gidi thi~u va nghien cuu van hQc Dai Loan

d

Trung Qu6c d~i h,ICdn phai dUQcnang cao hdn nua, nhung phai thua nh~n rling gidi nghien cuu Trung Qu6c da co nhung nh~n dinh chinh xac nhu:

1) Van hQchi~n d~i Dai Loan da phat tri~n dudi s~ anh hUdng va s~ nuoi dudng cua truy~n th6ng van hQcmdi thdi N gu Tu, no da ghi l~i duqc cUQc da'u tranh ch6ng s~ no dich cua phat xit Nh~t, chua d1jng tinh thlln yeu nudc, truy~n th6ng dan tQc, y chi ch6ng de' qu6c va phong kie'n.

2) Van hQc"Hudng th6" dudng d~i Dai Loan ke' thua va kien tri con dudng cua chu nghia hi~n th~c, v~ch tdn va phe ph an nhung cai xa'u xa trong xa hQi Dai Loan, d6ng cam va thudng xot d6i vdi qulln chung lao kh6.

3) Van hQc "Hudng sllu"(2)la dong van hQc IOn cua Dai Loan, no th6 lQ tinh yeu que hudng, n6i nhd nhung d6i vdi ngudi than d T6 qu6c.

4) MQt so' nha van g6c Hoa d nudc ngoai d~c bi~t la nhung nha van s6ng d My cung hat nhung "Bai bi ca cua dua con du Iang", phlln IOn th6 1Q n6i kh6 ma't g6c dang tim v~ cQi.

5) Tuy van hQc dudng d~i Dai Loan dang bi nhung lu5ng gio cua phudng Tay lam nghieng nga nhung dong van hQc lanh m~nh, tie'n bQ, yeu nudc vAn trudng thanh trong da'u tranh va dang gianh dUQc uu the'.

6) Vi~c gidi thi~u va nghien cuu nghiem tuc tac ph~m van hQc hi~n d~i va dudng d~i cua Dai Loan ra't co y nghia. No co kha nang rut ng:in khoang cach doi bd va thuc d~y s~ nghi~p th6ng nha't da't nudc chong trd thanh hi~n th~c.

Vi~c gidi thi~u va nghien cuu van hQc Dai Loan va cac nha van g6c Hoa d nudc ngoai cua Trung Qu6c gQi

y

cho Vi~t Nam chung ta vdi tinh thlln g~n d\lc khdi trong, vdi tinh thlln th~ ta't, thong earn nhung co nguyen t:ic cung co th~

gidi thi~u va nghien cuu nhung tac ph~m van hQc tie'n bQ cua ngudi Vi~t d xa xu, d~ng lam giau cho n~n van hQc nudc nha.

. TJ

CI

1

(TBCN)

nhung ] the ky

ung nhl dong di thi~u q dan tie1 nay.

1. N

"Quoct~

Nam Kinh t~

DCS Trt

"Che' d~

dong vGj. ^j nghi ch~

.

XHCN9 Sau va'n dg CNXH cho rAn doanh thi tru~

hinh th, th~c s tnidng.

CHU THICH:

(1) D~c tinh cua ti~u thuye't "Httdng th6"

1a n{>idung va hinh thUc d~m da tinh dan t{>c.Dong van h9C "Httdng sllu" (n6i bu5n nM que) cling co th~ coi 1a thu{>c ph~m tru cua van h9C "Httdng th6" dtt\1~.