KINH DOANI
KIEM SOAT CHAT LI/0NG
SAN PHAM CA NGlJ DAI DlTCfNG VIET NAM, NHIN Tl/ C H u 5 l CUNG LfNG SAN PHAM
CA NGI/ PHILIPINE
• TRAN VIET HUNG
TOMTAT:
S5n pham cd ngtf xua't khau la mot trong nhffng nguon Idi dem lai glS tri cao cho Viet Nam.
Cic nh6ni san ph^m ca ngtf hien dang dtfdc tfa chupng tren thi tn/cing, co gia tri cao trong xua't khau. Tuy nhidn d^ dap tfng tieu chuan xua't khau. san pham ca ngir dai dtfdng can dtfdc to chu'c theo chuoi cung iJng. Tif do, sdn pham dtfdc kiem soat ve chat Itfdng tot nhat, mu'c dp th6a man nhu cau khdch hang cao. Nhffng kinh nghiem ttf chudi cung tfng san pham ca ngff dai dtfdng lh Philippine co the giup cho san pham ca ngff VICM Nam cai thien ve cha't Itfdng. nang cao gii tri xuat kh^u.
Tff khoa: Chuoi cung iJng, cha't Itfdng. san pham ca ngff dai dtfdng. cd ngff Vi^l Nam.
Philippine.
I. Thffc trang chudi cung u'ng san pham ca ngff dai dffdng cua Philippine
/./. Tinh hinh xud't khdu sdn phdm cd ngit dgi dii/itg cua Philippine trong nhiing ndm gdn day
Philippine la quoc gia co san Iffdng san xua't va xuat khau cJic san pham ca ngff ldn tren the gidi. Ia nhA cung cap ca ngff \a> vang ttfcfi ldn nhat vao Lien mmh chau kv\. C<ic loai ca ngff dffdc Philippine khai thac dd la: Ca ngtf vhn va ca ngff niil to. Cd ngff \ j \ \ ang. Dpi tau khai thac ca ngff eua Philippine bao gom co: 98Ti- cdc tau nhd hoat dong gan bd va tau cd ldn chiem 2'^'e tong so Iffcfng iau khai thac ca ngff dai dtfdng. \'iec khai thac ca ngff dai dtfdng cua Philippine co dp dung nhieu I*iWngphap\athielbi khac nhau. |46] (Bang I)
Gid tri xua't khau cd ngff dai dtfdng ciia Philippine tdng manh tff nam 2011 - 2013 (theo so
lieu thong ke cija Trademap.org). Trong thdi ky nay. cac san pha'm dtfdc xua't khau nhieu cua Philippine la cac san pham da qua che bien. Stf tham gia nhieu quoc gia cung cd'p cac san pham ca ngff che'bien da lam cho gid tn xua't khau ciia nhom san pham nay su> giam. Thay vao do, nhdm san pham ca ngff dong lanh (vdy vang) xua't xtf ttf Philippine co xu htfdng tang len ve Itfdng vd gia tii xua't khau. T\ trpng san pham ca ngff dong lanh chiem gan 20*"? gia tri xud't khau san pham ca ngff cua Philippine. Mot imng nhffng yeu to giup cho stf tang trtfdng cQa san pham cd ngff dong lanh vay
\ang thay doi. do la chat Iffdng do'i vdi sdn pham dtfdc cai thien rat nhieu. Chd't Itfdng dtfdc kiem soat trong cdc khau cua chuoi cung tfng san pham cd ngff dai dffdng cho th; irffdng xud'i khau mot each nshiem ngat.
S o l -Thong 1/2020 243
TAP eii CONC TIMNE
Bang I, Thong ke xud't khdu son phdm cd ngCt chinh cua Philipine {theo ma HS) Odn Vj: l.UUU UoU MaHS
030232 030289 030239 030234 030231 030235 030233 030270 030342 1 030343
030349 030341 030344 160414 1 160419
long 2011 6,755 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 74,475
1,399 3 0 0 209,779
2,528 294,939
2012 8,293 0 0 0 0 192
0 0 91,373
6.410 187
0 0 304,880
30,944 442,279
2013 20,031
0 0
"
0 0 0 0 78,370
349 136 363 0 561,005
61,250 721,504
2014 12,136
0 2 2 0 0 1 0 75,508
487 1,674
0 7 326,002
16,703 432,522
2015 12,262
0 0 0 0 0 76 0 43,259
390 916 0 0 229,495
2,509 288.906
^ 2 0 1 6 15,889
0 118
0 0 0 764
0 48,590
727 212
°
0 179,168156 245,624
2017 17,506 6.515 24 11 0 0 0 0 104,019
4.118 2.063 0 0 370,241
2,955 507,452
20ia 18,682 13,898 7 5 1 0 0 0 83,474
1,830 528 8 0 353,022
699 472,154 Nguon: Tradeinap.org
1.2. Chuoi cung iing sdn phdm cd ngii vdy vdng, cd ngii vdn ciia Philipine
- Cdi hogt dcmg trong chuoi: Chuoi cung tfng san pham cd ngff dai dffdng ciia Philipine {cd ngff vay \ dng. ca ngff vdn) bao gom cdc hoat dpng: Xdc dinh viing khai thdc; xdcdinh loaicd ngff khai thac;
siy dung phtfdng phap khai thdc: \dn chuyen bdng tau ve cang; thtfc hien hoat dong che bie'n (phan thdnh 2 nhdm san pham: san pham che bien ky vd san pham itfdi diing cho cac mdn sashimi).
- Dong chay sdn pham trcvig chudi: Cd ngff vdy vang cd nho \a ca ngff vdn. sau khi ddnh bdi dtfdc chuM-n len bd dtfdc cung cap trtfc tie'p cho doanh nghiep che bien. hoae thong qua trung gian thtfdng mai cung cap cho cac cd sd che bien va phan phoi cho thi trtfdng npi dia. Nhffng san pham che bie'n iff cd ngff vay vang (cd nho) va cd ngff vdn mpt phan sc dtfdc xua't khau sang thi trtfdng Chau .Au va Ba'c M\. Miu phan khac dtfdc tieu thu d thi trtfdng ndi dia. Cac phe pham trong qud trinh che bie'n dtfdc san xuat thanh cdc sdn pham phan bdn hiJu cd cung cap cho nong nghiep.
Ca naff \ JN % ans cd ldn sau khi dffdc khai thdc
vd van chuyen len bd, dtfdc phan loai thanh 3 nhom: A, B, C. Nhom A vd B sau khi dtfdc loai b6 rupt va mang dtfdc xua't khau sang thj trtfdng Nhat Ban thong qua dtfdng hang khong hoae dffdng bien.
Nhdm C, cd ngtf dtfdc cdt dtfdi dang phi le, cdt Idt sau do van chuyen cung ca'p cho thi trtfdng Nhat Ban va Hoa Ky.
Mat khac. do'i vdi nhdm san pham che bid'n, c6 stf lien kel chiit che giffa cac doanh nghidp thtfc hign irong cac cong doan tff danh bat, van chuyen.che bien va xuat khau, vi du trtfdng hdp cua Ihanh pho General Santos:
Ddnh bdi, co stf tham gia cua cac cong ty:
Domingo Teng Fishing Industry; Mommy Gina Tuna Resources; San Andrew Fishing Resources and Industry; St. Mary Fishing Industry; Seatrade;
Ocean Canning.
Van chuyen. bao gom cdc doanh nghiep nhtf:
Mommy Gina Tuna Resources; San Andrew Fishing Resources and Industry; St. Mary Fishing Industry.
Che bien, co cdc doanh nghiep: Former Rivera Fishing Management: SeaU-ade: Ocean Canning.
244 So 1 -Thang 1/2020
KINH DOANH
Xudl Uidu. cdc cong ty nhff: Mommy Gina Tuna Resources: San Andrew Fishing Resources and Indusiry; Seatrade; Ocean Canning: General Tuna;
Alliance Tuna.
- Chia se ibc'ing tin: Viec chia se thong tin dtfdc rfnhdnh thong qua he thong. Cdc thong tin tff viing Uiai thdc. phffdng phap ddnh bdt, hoai dpng \an chuyen cd ngff sau khai ihdc cho cdc uiing gian va nhi che bie'n xua't khau dffdc cap nhdt va chia se diocdcb&n cdiien quan. Tff do, giup cho cdc thdnh Mt-n trong chuoi c6 the xff ly kip thdi cac vd'n de phdl smh va thtfc hicn ke hoaeh tde nghiep phii hdp vdi lieu chuan dai ra. [461
Hogl dgng khai ihdc: Mac dii so' Itfdng lau nho Uiai thac cd ngffdai dtfdng chiem phan ldn, nhtfng nhiing lau nay lai dffdc trang bj cac thie't bi khai tff dgng d mtfc do cao, nham ho ird hoal dpng khai ihdc. C6 3 hinh thtfc khai thdc: Khai thdc cd ngff biSng li/di vdy: biing hinh thffc cdu tay va be Iffdi ctf dinh de thu gom ca (FADs: Fish aggragation devices). Trong dd, phffdng phap khai thac ca ngff
dai dtfdng bdng tay dtfdc khuye'n khich \ a dtfdc coi la phtfdng thtfc khai thdc than thien vdi mdi trtfdng. dtfdc cd quan quan ly khuye'n khich. Thiet bi chia se thong tin ve trff Iffdng ca ngff da i dtfdng, cdc thong tin khde dtfdc sff dung Ihtfdng xuyen.
Tau bien: Philippines cd so Itfdng ldn tdu cd thtfdng mai. thupc sd hffu cua cac cong t\ kli.ii thdc ca ldn. Cdc lau ldn cd the lien hanh nhffng chuye'n bien dai ngay d phia Nam cua Philippines, trong vung bien ihtfdng mai (> 15 km ngoai khdi).
An Dp vd Thai Binh Dtfdng va Papua New Guinea.
Doi lau ddnh cd Philippines gom khoang 500.000 chiec. trong d.i hdn 98% Id tau nho cua thanh pho hoal dpng irong khoang 13 km gdn bd.
san Itfpng tff tau nho chiem 53*7^ long sdn Itfdng cd ddnh bdt. 2''./ con lai la cdc tdu cd ldn, thtfdng sff dung nhieu phffdng phdp ddnh bat khde nhau. Cdi.' tau ndy hoat dong ra ngoai khu vffc 15 km trong vLing bien ihffdng mai vd chie'm 4T/e san Itfdng ca danii bat. (Hinh 1)
Hlnh 1: ChuSi cung Cfng san phdm ca ngi/ i3gi di/dng Philippine
Bien
SulOH-fsl
Tau lirdi vay
Tnmg gian
Chi c. !
•) ngu p 1 dong
r
Ca ngir dong hqip cho th] tnrang npi d\a
Chau A U v a iiftc MS
K
T h , I r u o n g Philipint
cangir vay
vang Call
tay
-
B *'. chai I luong 101
Nhgl Ban
Che bien dinn dang phi le
Ca agii c i l lat.
che bien sao
P J
Nhal Ban va Hoa
Ky
i truinig npi d,a
Y Van cbuyen. phan loai
L
Nguon: UiChe bien. xuat khau loai
So 1 -Thdng 1/2020 245
TAP eil CONG TltfONG
1.3. H? thdng cdng bien va thtictng mgi Phihppmes co cdc khu cang ca chinh. gom: Khu lien hdp cang ca General Santps; Khu lien hdp cang cd \\i\oijs: Khu lien hdp cang ca lloilo: Khu lien hdp cang cd Lucena; Khu cang ca Zamboanga;
Khu lien hdp cang ca Davjo; Cum cang cd Suai.
Tong san Itfdng d Santos vd Khu cang cd Navotas chiem tdi '^y'c sdn Itfdng ca. ttfdng ihig vdi 111.lb?) tan. Cdc cang na\ bao gom cac du diem cdp ben cua cac lau ca. cdc cd sd Itfu trff. cd sd phdn loai va phong bdn da'u gid ddp tfng cac yeu cau cua EU ve ve sinh \ii an loan thffc pham. Cue Kiem sodl Thuy sdn va Thiiy sdn (BFAR) cd mat tai cdc cdng niiy ihffdng xu\ cn dc xac minh tinh hdp phdp
\d nguon goc cua cdc sdn phamcd danh bdt \ a HCMI hdnh cd'p phep iheo qu} dinh. Vice quan l> cac cang nay ihupc irach nhiem cua Cdquan Phat tfien Thiiy san Philippine (PFDA).
Vdi hdn 7.000 hon dao. 7 cang ca quy mo Idn. so' tau Clia ngff dan dja phffdng chi chie'm 16'^'r. S49f so lan cap be'n ciia cdc idu ciia ngff dan dien ra tai cdc cang nhd. Nhffng cdng nho hdn phdl trien mang linh cha't ttf phdl \a thieu cdc ming thiet bi hd trd cho boat dpng nghe cd. Cd sd ltfu trff. cd sd phdn loai vd cd sd da'u gid ihie'u. Quan irpng hdn. cdc ben bai nhd hdn nd\ khdng ddp ffng dtfdc tieu chuan ve sinh vd \csinh vd kicm sodl cua BFAR.
Cbe bicn: Sau khi cdc lau cap be'n tai moi irong 7 cang cd iren, mot phan ca ngtf dai dffdng dffdc ban cho cdc nha may de che bie'n. mpt sd dtfdc ban dd'u gid ngay tai cang. Chudi cung tfng san pham cd ngtf dtfdc to chtfc to't. cd stf lien kel mpt cdch chat che gitfa ngffdi khai thac - van chuyen - Uung gian thffdng mai - nha che bie'n xua't khau. Trong dd. cdc phffdng lien van chuyen dffdc to chffc hdp ly de van chuyen san pham nhanh nha'l de'n ndi ticu thu.
Diem dd'u gid cd ngff cd vi iri ihudn ldi gdn ^d^ bay hoae cho phep md\ bay irtfc thang do \a chd hang ra sdn ba\ gan nhd'l \dn chuyen di cdc thi trtfdng.
Sau khodng thdi gian tff 12- 48 lie'ng cap be'n. cd ngff dffdc van chuvcn cho cac nhd may che bien, hodc dtfdc van chuyen bdng dtfdng hang khong den ndi tieu thu. [3]
.V(/t djnh cdc nii ro tiem dn:
Stf phu thupc ldi chinh ciia ngtf dan irtfc tiep vao cdc tram ihu mua. tac dong lich ctfc va tieu ctfc de'n hoal dpng khai ihac, ngu\ cdliem an \e chdi Itfdng va chudi cung ffng.
Chuoi lanh cd Uie xay ra do thieu cac ihie'i bi tfdp lanh vd ddng bdng ihich hdp iren mot so tdu.
MOI SO chuoi cung ffng con hoat dong khong hieu qua.
Nhdm ^idm thieu cdc riii ro item chi ircmg cbuoi cung ling ldn phdm cci ngi( lUii diicfng. ciin phdi chu V den cdc vdn de siiu:
- Thtfdng xu\en iien hanh cong tde kiem tra cheo, nhdm \dc mmh mffc do tuan lliu cdc yen cdu dd'i vdl hoat dong khai ihac. to chffc khai ihdc va van chuyen cd ngff \ a san pha'm cd ngff dai dffdng.
- Kiem sodl \ e nhiel dp bao quan cd ngff/ sdn pham cd ngff trong chuSi.
- Tien hanh kiem tia ngdu nhien doi vdi cdc hoal dpng hau can.
- Xay dtfng he thong phffdng phap kiem tra, danh gid phu hdp va dap ffng cac tieu chuan xuat kh^u.
- Danh gid va thong tin chi tiet ve doanh nghiep Ihtfc hien hoat dpng khai thdc, che bie'n sdn pham cd ngff dai dtfdng. Dong thdi, lien hanh danh gia vi$c sff dung lao dpng irong san xua't va kinh doanh cua cdc doanh nghiep ndy.
- Yeu cau cung cap bdng chtfng chffng minh mtfc dp tuan thii trong khai thdc, che' bien, van chuyen,,.
cho cd quan quan ly nhd ntfdc.
Xudl khdu
19 cong ty che bien san pham cd ngff dai dtfdng dat lieu chuan ciia xua't khau sang thj trffdng EU.
75% cdc nha mdy che bien cdc san pham tifdi vd dong lanh, nhffng nha may cdn lai tap trung san xud'l cdc san pham ddng hop. Cac doanh nghiep cung ca'p san pham cd ngff ddng hop tap trung d cdc thanh pho', nhtf: Manila, Batangas, Cebu va General Santos/Davao.
Cdc nha mdy che bien san pham dong lanh va ddng hop cua Philipine deu phai dat dtfdc cac tieu chuan ve ve sinh an todn thtfc pham, tieu chuan HACCP, tieu chuan cua Cue Nghe ca va Thiiy san Philippine (BEAR).
2. Thffc trang cha't Itfging san pham ciia chuoi cung ffng ca ngff dai dffdng Vi$t Nam
2. /. Gid tri xual khdu cd ngii Vi^t Nam Viet Nam xud'i khau cd ngff sang 105 thi trtfdng.
Co 8 thi irffdng xua't khau san pham cd ngtf ldn nha't cua Viet Nam Id. Mv. EU, Israel, ASEAN, Nhat Ban, Canada. Trung Quo'c va Mexico, chiem 87%
long gia tri xua't khd'u.
^ San Itfdng cd ngtf trong vimg dac quyen kinh te Clia Viet Nam tfdc tinh khoang 27.000 la'n. Binh Dinh la tinh khai thac ca ngtf ldn nha't vdi 9.400 tan, Khdnh Hoa vdi 5.000 ta'n va Phu Yen khai Ihdc vdi 4.000lan.(H-inh2)
246 So 1 -Thang 1/2020
HWi 2, Xufi) khd'u cd ngil cua Viel Nam, Kl nam 2009 - 20IS
KINH DOANII
X
•- 4 »
60
\
2010 2011 2012
^ C i n g u m i K S D 3 •
2013 2014 2015
• C i ngir ch4 b<tn mJ HS16
Nguc'm: 141
Nhuiti san pham ca ngtf dai dtfdng che bien cd xu hifdng tang (ttf ndm 2009 - 2018), nhom san phlmcd ngtf Iffdi, dong lanh... thuoc nhdm ma HS 03 c6 xu htfdng gidm. Mpt Irong nhffng nguyen nhan dan den st^ suy giam do'i vdi nhdm san pham CJ ngffdai dffdng ma HS03 la do chat Iffdng chffa ddp ffng dffdc nhu cau ciia thj irffdng xua't khau.
Neu xem xet chi liel nhtfng san pha'ni chinh, do'i
vdi san phdm cd ngffdai dffdng xual khau iheo ma HS()3. 16 {Bang 2). Cdc san pha'm cd ngtf vay vdng ttfdi vd san pham cd ngff vay vang phi le cd sff suy giam Iff nam 2013, dat mtfc xua't kha'u tha'p nha't nam 2016, de'n nam 2017 lang nhe. Cac san phd'm ca ngff tffdi vd phi le thupc hp Thunus va ca ngtf mat to cung CO sff suy giam ve gid trj xua'l khau iff ndm 2011 ldinay.
Bang 2. Gia tri xudl khdu, theo nhom san phdm ca ngii dqi dffdng chinh cua Viet Nam (Ma HS03,16)
Ddn vj: 1000 USD MaHS
030232 030239 030255 030236 030231 030233 030234 030235 030342 030349 030343 030344 030341 030390
2011 6,596 36,478 0 0 0 245 7,406 0 3,688 24,686 12.318 19,498 17 0
2012 31,016
3,867 0 0 0 695 33,634
0 9,877 26,954 14,648 7,568 67 1,043
2013 18,223
690 0 0 0 0 13,146
0 5,274 17,510 8,672 521 856 112
2014 10,403 881
0 0 0 0 7,627
0 7,500 11,851 2,318 373
5 287
2015 7,067 68
0 0 0 0 2,301
0 1,111 40,042
3,200 7 0 283
2016 1,944 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 21,924 14,016 3,653
145 11 423
2017 3,588 43
0 0 31 0 15 0 26,347 11,979 1,685 763 68 572
2018 1 3,317
232 , 129 26
0 0 0 0 14,653 12,439 3,235
156 1 0
So 1 - Thong 1 /2020 247
TAP Cll CiNE TIlflNS
MaHS 2011 030345 0 030346 0 160414 14«,879 160419 1 87,856
long 347,667 2012
13 6 214,108
93,566 437,062
2013 0 10 246.692 89,500 401.206
2014 0 19 228,416 10M73
~370,263 2015
0 0 202,812
" 109,431 366,322
^ 2016 0 11 217,071
^95,632 354,839
2017 1 6 3 ^ 107 251,822 120,835 418,018
2018 0 0 248,945 117,744 400,677 J Nguon: Tradeiiiap.org 161
Ngtfdc lai. stf su> giam ve gid Ui xud'i khd'u cac san pha'm cd ngff tffdi phi le, dong Ianh. cdc san pham ca ngff dai dtfdng che bie'n cd sd tang trtfdng mdl cdch on dinh. Tuy nhien. gid tri cua cdc sdn pham che bie'n cd mffc gid thd'p. htfdng tdi nhdm doi urdng khdch hdng ihong thtfdng. N'honi doi ttfdng khdch hang cua cdc sdn phamcd ngtf ttfdi, ddng lanh dap ffng cdc mon sashimi hien nay ciia Viel NJIII con tha'p, dieu nd\ dtfdc minh chtfng ihdng qua gid in xua'l khau cdc cac san pham nay iff ndm 2011 - 2018 (Bang 2) Ne'u so sdnh sdn phamcd ngtf md HS 030232. 030342 vdi Philippine, gia tri xud't khd'u cua Viel Nam iha'p hdn ra'i nhieu. Doi vdt vdi san pham che bicn, gid Iri xudl khdu ciia Viel N.im cung thap hdn Philippine (so sanh vdi Bang 1).
2.2. Chdt lUffiig cd ngii trong cdc hogt dgng khai ibdc, vgn chuyen vd bdo qudn
Chdl liicfng cd ngif sou khai thuc:
- Phtfdng phdp khai ihac:
Hien nay. phtfdng phdp khai thdc cd ngff chu yeu sffdung dd la: cau, Itfdi re \a Itfdi \ a \ . Trong dd. vdi nghe Itfdi \i\s cd 02 loai va\ ngd} vd vdy dem kct hdp phtfdng phdp dan du bdng dnh sang.
Cac tdu sff dung phtfdng phdp Itfdi \d\ deu khong stf dung cha va chu ye'u khai thdc cd ngff dffa tren kinh nghiem. Hien nay. khoang iren 50% so lau trang bi may ihu Itfdi. nhieu lau trang bi ihie't bi tam ngtf. (Hinh 3)
Phtfdng phdp Itfdi re. thao tac thd Itfdi bdng ihii cong. cdng doan thu Itfdi dtfdc thtfc hien bdng may.
Thdi gian iha. ngam. thu Itfdi phu thuoc vao nhieu
\eu to, nhtf: chieu dai cua Itfdi. loc dp ihu tha Iffdi, tap qudn ciia ttfng dia phffdng.
Phtfdng phdp cau cd ngff dai dtfdng: stf dung 2 hinh thtfc la cau \an va cau la\ ket hdp \di anh sang. Ddi \6\ hinh ihtfc cau vang. chieu dai, kich thtfdc. kel cdu cua cau vang phu ihupc vao cong sudl ciia lau thuyen va cong nghe dffdc irang bi tren moi phffdng tien. (chieu ddi ciia cau vang tff 40 - 60
Hinh 3: Cd cau d6i tau khai thac ca ngd, phdn IcKii theo hinh thCfc khai thac
I Cor cau d^i tau cau ca ngu dai I duxmg > 90cv
• 90 - <2S0cv " 250 - <400cv ^ lAOOcv
I •• CSu tav c5 ngir • CSu v i n g c 4 ngir Nguon:11]
km, so' day cau va Iffdi cau ttf 700 - 1000 Itfdi).
Ngodi ra, nghe cau tay cung dtfdc ap dung d Viet Nam Iff nam 2011. Phffdng phap nay id sff ket hdp cau tay va den cao dp. Ve nang sua't, nghe cau tay CO nang sua't cao, nil ngan thdi gian khai thdc bang 2/3 so vdi cau vdng. nhffng cha't lffdng cila hinh Ihffc cau tay tha'p hdn so vdi cdu vang, ty le cd ngff dat tieu chuan sashimi tha'p.
248 S d l -Thang 1/2020
\8y
KINH DOANI
Bang 3. San lUcing khai thdc c a ngCf dai dacJng d Viet Nam giai dogn 2011 -2015 CM: rah 2011 I 2012 [ 2013 2014 ^ 20li TBTBQ(%Mmj"
3.424 3,761 , 2,260 ' 'Jxo 2 026 ^12^3 11.603 17 859 14,0 Ca ngij mat to
Ca ngu vay vang 10.576 12 456 13.917 Cangilm^tto
CangO vay vang Ca ngif soc dua
Ca ngif mit to Ca ngil v3y vang
Ca ngif spc dua long
606 884 11.142
688 3.899 18.350 49.569
363 1.024 20.988 965 3.336 22.638 65.631
400 2.823 36.496 805 2.784 18 895 78.360
641 173 32 789
1.572 4.229 27 485 80.842
453 628 38 821
1925 6.431 37.454 105.597
-7.0 -8,2 36,6 29,3 13,3 19.5 20,8 . \ u Khai thdc thiiy sdn - Te'ing i uc Thiiy sdn ndm 2015 Vdi cdc hlnh ihtfc khai thdc ca ngff dang cd hien
nay d Vi^l Nam va qua Bang 3, cd the tha'y rdng cSc hinh ihffc khai thac ca ngff pho bien dang ap dung (Id Id Iffdi vdy, Iffdi re va cau lay. Vdi cdc phifdng phdp tfen, tfu diem chi phi re, nhtfng nhtfdc diem Id cho chd't Itfdng cd ngff dai dffdng sau khai ttiSc cd cha't Iffdng tha'p. Ddy la mot trong nhffng nguyen nhan dnh hffdng den Itfdng cung cd ngtf ilam bao lieu chua'n chp xuat kha'u.
-Vilngkhai thac:
Ngtf trtfdng ddnh bat ciia nghe cau vang cd ngff dai dudng dtfdc chia thdnh 2 khu vtfc theo miia ro ldng. Vdo mua gid Dong - Bac (tff thdng 10 de'n lhing 3 ndm sau), ngtf tnfdng ca ngff ndm d khu vtfc phia Bdc bien Dong vd gdn quan dao Hoang Sa d4'WN- l6''30Nvdtff 1I2''00E- 115°00E) ndi cd (1^ sdu ldn tfung binh ttf 400 - 4000m. Vao mua gid Tay Nam (iff thdng 4 den thang 9), cdc tau cau cd ngff llai dtfdng di chuyen xud'ng phia Nam Bien Dong vd quan dao Trtfdng Sa (tff 6"00 N - 11"30 N va tff lOm) E -113"00 E) ndi cd dp sau trung binh tff 200 - -lOOOm. Mpl so' it tdu cau ca ngtf dai dffdng van hoat
"Jpng danh bai d \'ung bien tff Qui Nhdn de'n Nha Trang, chuyen bien thtfdng keo dai ttf 7 -15 ngdy.
Neu ddi chie'u cdc dieu kien vung khai thdc so vdi mCn Ml quoc gia nhtf Philippine (thdi gian cfiuven bien 4-.^ ngdy) vd Nhal Ban (didi gian chuye'n bien taing binh la 2 ngay). viing bien khai thdc cda Viet Nam xa hdn, thdi gian chujen bien tidi ngay hdn. Day cung la diem bat ldi do! \di cac san pha'ni ttfdi, ddn den lam suy giam chat Itfdng Uli xua'l khau.
-bao quan:
+ Cong nghe bao quan tren tau khai thac Ham bao quan iren cac tdu khai thac sff dung chli yeu la: Xop ghep, xdp thoi. mol .so'tau sffdung bai vd nhffng ta'm xo'p rdi lot trong ham bao quan.
Ngoai ra. viec sffdung dd xay trong bao quan cung dtfdc sff dung chO ye'u do'i vdi cac tau khai thdc. Rat it tau sff dung cdng nghe da long, ham lanh cd ldp dat thie't bi ldm lanh. Ne'ucd ldp ddi cac thie'l bi lam lanh, nhffng do lanh sau chffa dap ffng dtfdc yeu cau. Do'i vdi cac tau sffdung phtfdng phdp Itfdi vdy con sff dung hinh thtfc bao quan bdng khay nhtfa hodc rdc muoi trtfc de'p len ldp cd, Idp dd dtfdi ham baoquan. |7]
Thdi gian xff ly. sd che, phan loai va rffa cd ma'l nhieu thdi gian. Cong doan ngam, ha than nhiel nhieu tau khong ihffc hien dung quy trinh trong xff ly. sd che do'i \di\dicd ngffdai dffdng.
Nhff vdy. vdi cong nghe bao quan dang dtfdc dp dung con ton lai nhieu nhtfdc diem ddn tdi dnh htfdng den cha'l Itfdng cd ngffdai dtfdng sau khai ihac:
Tlninhdi: NTiiet do lam lanh ihd'p, khong dat tdi nhiet do -20" den - 25'C do lanh trong than cd khong dat mtfc -10"C. Dan den nguy cd lam giam chat Itfdng ca ngtf va cdc vi sinh vai cd the phdt trien.
Thiihai: Sff dungdd xay irong baoquan se lam dnh htfdng den cha't Itfdng cam quan cua cd ngff.
khd cd the kiem soat dffdc ham Itfdng vi sinh vat cd tfong ntfdc da dan de'n nguy cd ca ngff sau bao quan khong dam bao dieu kien v^ ve smh an todn thtfc pham. nhiet do lam lanh khong sau. Mdt khac. mot ,s6' tau sff dung muoi trong bao quan se tac dpng rat
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TAP Ml CONE TIIDNG
Idn den chat Itfdng san pham. Dan de'n ty le ca ngff dai dtfdng khong dii lieu chuan .\ua'l khau sau khai thac con d mffc cao.
Tluiba: Cong nghe bao quan tren khong phii hdp vdi cac chuven bien dai ngd\. Do vay. chdi Itfdng cd ngff sau khai thdc su\ giam chat Iffdng va dat ty le xua'l khau thd'p.
+ Cong nghe bdo quan trong chebien Trong che bien. cdc doanh nghiep dd chu y den cac cong nghe bao quan san pham. bao gdm cac khdu: Du'de, trong vd sau che bien nhdm dam bao chat Iffdng cung cap ra thj trffdng \a xua't khdu. Cac cong nghe cap dong ddp ffng cac lieu chuan cao vd cong nghe cd'p ddng sieu id'c dang dffdc dp dung.
Ngodi ra. doanh nghiep che bie'n cung da dp dung cac lieu chua'n quan ly chat Iffdng. nhtf HACCP.
SGS. TCVN 1SO22000' 2007:1SO22000: 200.^. ISO 9001: 2008. 201 ,S... Tff dd. san phd'm ddp ffng lol cdc yeu cau \c tieu chuan chat Iffdng san phdm \d tfuy sud'l nguon goc cua cdc thi trtfdng xud't kha'u.
3. .MOt so'giai phdp >L' chdft lffdng >d gia tang gia trj xuS't kh&u d8'i vol san phS'm ca ngff dgi dffdng
3.1. Nhom gidi phdp ve khai thdc vd baoquan - Ttf kinh nghiem ciia Philippine, \iec khai thdc ca ngffdai dtfdng can stf dung cdc phtfdng phdp than thien vdi mdi trtfdng, duy tri chat Itfdng ca sau khai thac. Trong dd, phtfdng phdp cau vang nen dtfdc chu trpng nid rpng trong khai thac cd ngffdai dffdng.
- Giam tlidi gian sdchetrencdclau ca, tffdo giam dffdc stf suy giam chat Itfdng cd do tac dong bien ddi 1\ hda cua cd \a nidi trtfdng.
- Dam bao quy trinh sd'c cd. ha than nhiet cd nhanh nhd't. ffng dung phtfdng phdp va cong nghe bao quan mdi (khdng sff dung dd xa\, muoi. tfong bao qudn cd ngff dai dtfdng sau khai thdc). giup ha than nhiel cd d mtfc<'10'*C \a nhiel dp lam lanh be mdt ngodi Id > 25"C. Cd the stf dung cdc cong nghe lam lanh Nano va ham bao quan mdi. Tu\ nhien. chi phi he Ihong ldm lanh \d ham bao quan can c6 sff Iham gia thiet ke cua doanh nghiep trong nffdc nhdm giam chl phi \'d gid thanh cho he ihdng tfen tau. Tff dd, giam chi phi loi thieu cho ngtfdi khai thdc cd ngff dai dffdng. ddp ffng dffdc yeu cau bao qudn ca ngff dai dffdng trong thdi gian ddi.
- Cd sff lien ke't doanh nghiep thu mua. doanh nghiep che bicn ddi vdi ngffdi khai thdc ihong qua
\ iec thici lap cdc hdp dong dai han. chia se thong tin thffcfng xu\ en giffa cac ben v6 chat ltfdng ca ngff khai ihdc. \ e phffdng phap. cong nghe. cdc dieu kien ve
iru> sud't nguon goc. linh hinh ihi truftng vu.ii khau..
- Ddnh gia \ d thong tin chi tie't \ e ngffdi khai tlidc.
che bien sdn phamca ngff dai dtfdng
- Cd quan quan 1> nhd ntfdc thtfdng xuyen ucn hanh kiem tra mffc do ludn thii doi \ di cdc hoat dpng khai thac. che bie'n san phd'm cd ngff dai dtfdng. Ben canh dd. hoan thien cac phtfdng phdp kieni tra, danh gid mffc dp phu hdp vdi tieu chua'n xud'i khau ciia san pha'm cd ngff dai dtfdng.
- Ddi vdi cd quan qudn ly nhd nffdc, can kiem sodl chdt che \d pho bien tuyen truyen. hffdng dan cho ngff dan cac quy dinh ve vung khai thdc, mua khai thdc, loai ca ngff khai thdc phu hdp vdi quy djnh vd dieu ffdc quo'c te. Dong thdi, htfdng ddn ngff dan cdc yeu cau do'i vdi ghi chep thuyen infdng, trang bi cdc thiet bi thong tin can thie't de xdc dinh ngff trtfdng, xdc dinh vung danh bat, ngtf trtfdng danh bai nhdm ddp ffng yeu cau ve truy sua'l ngudn gdc cd ngff dai dtfdng khai thdc.
3.2. Nhom gidiphdp ve hgu cdn nghe cd - Vdi ddc diem viing khai thac cd ngffdai dtfdng Clia Viet Nam xa, cd ihdi gian khai thdc dai ngay, Ihtfdng Iff 2 - 4 tuan, dan de'n anh htfdng khong nhd den chat Itfdng ca sau khi dtfdc dtfa len bd. Nhdm gidm thdi gian van chuyen ca tff khi khai ihdc de'n khi van chuye'n len bd, can thiel td chffc cdc dpi tau hau can, ihtfc hien viec van chuyan cd ngff sau khai thdc vdo bd. Cung vdi dd, dpi tau hau cdn cd the cung ca'p cdc nhu ye'u pham, nguyen lieu can ihie't cho hoal dpng khai thac tren bien dai ngdy hdn. De ddp ffng dffdc dieu ndy, vifec thiet lap he thdng thong tin lien lac giffa tau hau c^n vd cdc tdu khai Ihdc phai dffdc duy tri ihffdng xuyen, cung nhffcdc lieu chuan ddi vdi he tho'ng bao quan ca'p dong dtfdcdau ttf hien dai ddp ffng yeu cau vd cha't ltfdng san phd'm trong bao quan.
- To chffc viec tiep nhdn cd ngff tai cdc he tho'ng cang bien, trong dd tang cffdng cai tao he thdng cd sd ha tang ddi vdi cang bien, giai quyet cdc va'n de ve ve sinh an lodn thffc pham khi tiep nhan cd ngffdai dtfdng.
- Quy hoaeh lai he thd'ng cang cd, ben ca vao nhffng vi tri thuan ldi cho giao thdng, de dang van chuyen ca ngff ttfdi dii tieu chua'n xua't khau dtfa ra sdn bay trong thdi gian ngdn nha't.
- He thong kho bao quan dam bao tieu chuan ve kho lanh va cdc tieu chuan ve ve sinh an loan thtfc pham, cdc dich vu sffa chffa tdu thuyen, ngtf Itfdi cu can dtfdc chuyen biet hoa thuan tien cho cdc tau ra vao sffa chffa •
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KINH DOANI
1\1 LIEU T H A M K H A O :
/ Svuyin THAI. Dinh Xuan Himg (2019). -Ddnb gid bien trgng cong nghe bdo qudn tren tdu cdu cd ngif dat dUcfng cung sud'l lif 400CV trd len", Vien Ngbien ciiu Hdi sdn.
I Haruko Yamashita (2008). -The value chain for pbilippine tuna cemimodity: Recent developments and fiitiirv dirrclions", Faculty of Economics. Meikai Universit.
.?. Willem van der Pljl - Arie Pietei van Duijn -Rik Beukers. The Philippine seafood sector A value chain cmalyMs.
Cenire for the Promotion of Imports from developing countries. 2012.
4.Vas€pcom.vnn'in-Tuc/1019_56185/Toiig-quan-nganh-ca-ngu.hm
5. TSng c\tc Thtiy sdn. Vu Khai tbdc thiiy sdn (2015). sdlieu vS sdn lucmg khai thdc cd ngif dgi difcfng theo hai hinh thai thdc.
6. Trademap.org
7. htlp://lhiiy>einvielncim.com. vn/hao-qucin-ca-tigu-sau-khai-lhac-anicle- 7355 i s vn
Nuaj nhdn bai: 16/12/2019
Ngdy phan bi^n danh gi^ va sG'a chffa: 26/12/2019 Nga) chfi'p nh^n dSng bai: 6/1/2020
Thdnglintdcgid:
TRAN VitT HLfNG
Khoa Thffdng mai - Dai hpc Kinh doanh va C6ng ngh^ Ha Npi
CONTROLLING THE QUALITY OF VIETNAM'S TUNA PRODUCTS BASED ON EXPERIENCES
OF PHILLIPINES' TUNA SUPPLY CHAINS
• TRAN VIET HUNG Faculty of Commerce, Hanoi University of Business a n d Technology
ABSTRACT:
Tuna products is one of high value export products of Vielnam. Tuna products are currently popular in the market and they have a high value in exports. However, tuna products need lo be produced in organized supply chains to achieve the best quality in order to meet export standards and high level of customer satisfaction. Experiences from the Philippines" tuna product supply chains can help Vietnam to improve its tuna products" quality and export \ alue.
Keywords: Supply chain, quality, tuna products. Viemamese tuna. Philippines.
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