TAP CHI KHOA HQC T R l / d N G D/jJ HQC H 6 N G PlTC - SO 41.2018
Bl/6C DAU TIM HIEU Y N G H I A CUA TlT "THAY" TRONG TAC PHAM CUA NAM CAO
Le Thi Binh^
TOM T A T
Tir goc dp nghia. tic "thay" trong tdc phdm cua Nam Cao mang nhimg noi dung, y nghia khdc nhau. Tinh da nghia cda tic "thay" hay hien tuang dong dm khdc loai cua tir
"thay" dugc Nam Cao van dung linh hoat trong viec khai thdc nhung khia canh tdm ly khdc nhau cua nhdn vat trong tdc phdm.
T u Idida: Tir "thay", nghia cua tir, tinh da nghia.
l . D A T V A N D E
Til la don vi co ban cua ngdn ngG. Tu dudc nghien cmi a ca ITnh vuc Tu vung hpc va Ngii phap hpc. Vdi ngii phap chuc nang, mdt khuynh hudng nghien ciju ngdn ngii mdi, hien dai, tfl (va cac don vi ngdn ngu khdc) dupe nghien cflu tren ca ba binh dien: ngiJ phap, ngu" nghia va ngu dung.
Trong thuc te sfl dung, nhihig hiln tupng ve tir nhu tir da nghTa, tir ddng am la nhimg hien tuong thu vi cho thay su phong phii, da dang cua tir tieng Viet. Tu "thay" la mdt hien tuong nhu vay. Tir "thay" xuat hien kha nhieu trong tac pham van hpc (dac biet trong cac sang tac cua nhd van Nam Cao - mdt bac thay ve sir dung ngdn ngu) song, chua cd cdng trinh nao nghien cflu sdu sac, ddc ldp vl hien tupng ngdn ngft nay.
Trong cac tac pham cua Nam Cao, ben canh cac hiln tuong ve cdu (nhu cau cd de ngiJ, cau tdn tai), cac hiln tupng ve tir (nhu sir dung vdi tan sd cao cac hu tu "thi, la, ma", sir dung tir xung hd...), tir "thay" xuat hiln kha nhieu cung la mdt dac diem gdp phan lam nen phong each ngdn ngu: cua nha van qua viec su dung tu.
2. NOl DUNG
Theo Tu dien tieng Viet (Vien Ngon ngu hpc, OS. Hoang Phe chu bien), tii "thay"
dupe giai thieh nhu sau: "thay dg 1. Nhan biet dupe bang mat nhin. Dieu mdt thay tai nghe. Nhin tru&c nhin sau, chdng thay ai. Tim chua thay. 2. (thudng diing sau mpt sd dg).
Nhan biet duac bang giac quan ndi chung: Ngiri thay thorn. Noi nho qud, khong nghe thay gi. Thay dpng lien bo ehay. 3. Nhan ra dugc, biet duac qua nhan thuc. Thay duac khuyet diem. Phdn tich cho thay ro vdn de. Thay be that tha, ai cUng men. Tu (hay minh sai. 4. Cd cam giac, cam thay. Thay vui. Thay kho chiu trong ngu&i" . Vdi ket qua khao sat budc dau tir "thdy" trong tac pham cua Nam Cao, budc dau chung tdi nhan dien mdt so y nghTa cua tir "thay" nhu sau.
Gidng vien khoa Khoa hgc Xa hoi, Tntang Dai hoc Hdng Ddc
TAP CHI KHOA HQC TRlTdNG D ^ HQC HONG DlTC - SO 41.2Q18
2.1. "Thay" chi hoat dpng nhan biet bang mat
Ddi vdi giac quan la mdt, hoat ddng vat ly cua nd duac diln dat bdng tir
"nhin/xem/trdng". Khi diln dat b§ng tu "thdy" y nghia da cd su thay ddi ve chdt: chi s\r nhan bilt bdt ngudn tu hoat dpng "nhin/xem/trdng" cua mat. Bdi the, "thdy" trudc hit gdn lien vdi "mdt" trong tnrdng lien tudng ngii nghTa, viec sur dung tir "thdy" da ham y chi ddi tuong la "mdt". Doi tuong nay da trd thanh tiln gia dinh bach khoa trong tu duy cua nguoi sir dung ngdn ngii ma khdng cdn phai xudt hien. Tham chi, nlu xu§t hien thi su diln dat sg trd nen ngay ngd. Trong tac phlm cua Nam Cao, "thdy" (boat ddng nhan biet bang mat) xudt hien kha nhilu. Dd cd thi la "thdy" mdt ddi tupng nao do. Vi du:
(1) Thdv vacon, anh nhlch mieng co guong mpt cai cudi meo xech... [11; tr.21]
(2) Va chilu hdm §y khi thdy con cho d vudn thi chang gdn nhu rnung ra. [11; tr.33]
Hay "thay" mdt sir viec nao dd. Vi du:
(3) Va hp thdy Chi Pheo ldn Ion du&i ddt vita keu vira lay manh chai cdo vdo mat.
[ll;tr.38]
(4) Chung tdi den nha hSn thi thdy hdn dang ndm thudn tren mot cdi giuang tre.
chieu rdch vd bdn. [ 11; tr. 170]
(5) Chi thay tir ddng xa, bong mot ngudi vdc mot cdi khung cui ngenh ngang chgy /a/. [ll;tr.209]
(6) Bua an ba quan thay hdn nhai ba mom ra cdng chua nudt. [11; tr.388]
2.2. "Thay" chi nhSn biet npi tam
Tat ca cac cung bac cua cam xuc, tat ca trang thai cua boat dong npi tam deu xuat hien trong tac pham cua Nam Cao. Nao la vui, buon, yeu, ghet, xotxa, dn han, bdn chdn, lo lang, scrset, buc boi hay tiic, udt ire, nghen ngdo... Tu "thay" khi ket hpp vdi cac ddng tii chi boat dpng ndi tam ke tren mang net nghTa nhan biet npi tam, tam ly cua chinh chu the mang ndi tam duac ndi den trong cau. Cac dpng tii chi boat ddng ndi tam cd the dung ngay sau tir "thay" vdi cau true dan gian (1 tir) hay phuc tap (1 cum tir). Vi du:
(7) Chpn xong thi cung thdy tide tiin. [ 11; tr. 145]
(8)Tirth5v^Q-...lll:tr.316]
(9) Bdi vi ban thdy can phai gap Tiln. [11; tr.561]
(10") Han thay vira vui vira buon. [11; tr.64]
{\\)'D\x^^b6nchdnvkvdnva thuong, hdihanhay\a then. [11; tr.33]
(12) nin t^nhuc han \a thieh, hudng hb\aisa. [ l l ; t r . 6 5 ]
O cac vi du (10,11,12), tac gia da sir dung cum tu gdm nhilu dpng tir chi hoat ddng npi tam de dien dat nhung tam trang dan xen, giving xe.
Cac dpng tfl chi boat dpng ndi tam cung xudt hien ciing vdi tiX diln ta tuong minh trang thai: "Idng" tao thanh mpt menh dl. Menh d l nay xudt hien ngay sau bi "thdy". Vi du:
(13) Anh thay long chua xot, nude mdt ran ra hai ben ma lorn. [11; tr.23]
(14) Du M y long cung coi. [11; tr.33]
TAP c m KHOA HOC TRlT^NG B ^ HQC HONG BtTC - SO 41.2018
(15) Ngudi ta thay long thu thai, tri 6c thu th&i... [11; tr.216]
(16) ... tdi thay long ndng triu vd toi sdm lai. [11; tr.218]
2.3. "Thay" chi hoat dpng nhan biet sinh ly
Tu "thay" duac sir dung brong viec nhan bilt mpt hoat dpng sinh ly dan thuan.
Chang han, hai vi du sau ndi ve cai "ddi" va cdi "dau" nhu la trang thai cua ca the ba lao:
(17) Nhung ba Ido cdn thdy ddi [11; tr.274].
(18) Chi mpt liic sau, ba da thdy dau quan queo, dau cuong cudng [11; tr.275].
Song, theo ket qua khao sat, trong tac phdm cua Nam Cao, viec dua ra nhan biet mdt hoat dpng sinh ly da sd la de diln dat mdt boat ddng tdm ly. Dd la:
Tdm trang sa hai: Tam trang so hai dudc diln dat bang hinh anh vat ly "todt mo hoi". VI du:
(19) Chang thay todt mo hoi va nhat dinh khdng gilt con chd nfla [11; tr.34].
7am trang lo lang, hoi hop: Tam trang lo lang, hdi hop duac diln dat bdng hinh anh
"tim dap mau thon that" hay hinh anh an du "trong nguc dap ". Vi du:
(20) Toi thay tim dap mau thon thdt [11; tr.78].
(21) Nd da thay trong nguc dap nhung lam ra manh bao... [11; tr.383]
Tdm trang buon chdn, chdn nan: Tam trang buon chan cua nhan vat duac dien dat bang nhiing hinh dnh mieng ddng ngdt, nguoi moi met, tay chdn rai ra... Vi du:
(22) Han bang khudng nhu tirdi day, han thay mieng ddng ngdt, long mo ho buon.
[ l l ; t r . 6 2 ]
(23) Han thay nguoi moi met, tay chdn rdi rd \\\; 142].
Tdm trang tire gidn: Tam trang tiic gian dupe diln ta bdng mdt boat dpng sinh ly cd tinh bieu tnmg cao nhu vi du sau:
(24) Han thay mdu dua len co [11; tr.369].
2.4. "Thay" chi hoat dpng danh gia
Danh gia la bay td su nhin nhan cua ban than ddi vdi chinh minh hoac ddi vdi ddi tuong khac tfl nhiing gi minh quan sat, nhan thuc dupe. Bdi vdy, viec danh gia d day cd the hudng tdi ban than (ta danh gia) va hudng tdi ddi tuong khac, ben ngoai chu thi danh gid.
2.4.1. "Thdy" chi hoat dong lir ddnh gid bdn thdn
Danh gia ban than la truong hop ngudi ndi tu danh gia minh. Ngudi ndi cd thi ty danh gia ve ve be ngodi (danh gid hinh thiic) hoac npi tdm bin trong (danh gia ve tinh than).
Ddnh gid ve hinh thuc
(25) Thay cai mat ne khdng coi duac, thi giau giem me giii ngudi ta mua giura hop sdp ve debdi. [11; tr.l58]
Ddnh gid ve tinh thdn Danh gia ve vi the, tam vdc
(26) Va nghi thi. hdn thdy hdn cung oai. [11; tr.40]
TAP CHl KHOA HQC TRlTCRSG B ^ l HQC HONG DlTC - SO 41.2018
Trong vi du tren, nhan vat tu nhin nhan, danh gia v l tdm vdc, vi the oai oach cua ban than dii chi la huyen hoac.
Ddnh gia ve tinh cdch
(27) Diln thdy minh ich ky. [ 11; tr. 127]
Danh gia vl sir thay ddi, chuyin biln (28) Tdi thdy chung tdi thay doi. [11; tr.77]
Danh gia vl ung xii
(29) Anh thdy anh by sinh vd ly... [11; tr.92]
Nhan vat "anh" trong vi du fl-en tu danh gia minh da umg xii mpt each v6 nghia.
(30) Han do mat len, hdn thdy hdn da lam mdt viec qua budn cudi. [11; b-.244]
Nhan vat Han d vi du tren vira ty danh gia minh vira td thai dp che trach ban than ngd ngdn.
Danh gia ve tinh dung - sai cfla mpt sy viec
Trong tnidng hop nay, ehu the ddnh gia de cap den tinh dung - sai ciia mpt sy vile ma minh cd tham gia hoac tao ra nd.
(31) Hdn thdy hdn cd vudn la phai lam. [11; tr.201 ] Danh gid trong sy so sanh
(32) Hdn cudi khanh khach, bdi hdn thay hdn khdng gidng anh chang dy. [ 11; tr. 135]
2.4.2. "Thdy" chi hoat dong ddnh gid ddi tuang khdc Ddnh gid khdi qudt
Ddnh gia chung chung, khai quat la sy danh gia mang tinh chat tdng the, cd the tu mpt hanh dpng, mot trang thai, mot quan he hay mpt su ling xu. Vi du:
(33) Chi Pheo diing lai nhin. thay lao ciing hay hay. [ l l ; t r . 5 4 ] (34) Han thay tat ca ngudi udng ruau deu hay hay. [ll;tr.54]
(35) Nd thdy cai trd chim chudt nhau ciing hay hay. [11; b-.521]
Ddnh gid ve hinh thuc
Nhiing bieu hien vl ngoai hinh ciia nhan vat la tieu chi danh gia trong trudng hop nay. Dd cd the la hinh the, ddng ve hoac ehi la mot net nao dd tren khudn mat. Vi du:
(36) Tdi thdy chu gay gd the md cii vilt sudt ngay, tdi lo cho chu Idm. [11; tr.213]
(37) Nd thay cai mat ngay ngay cua Dflc budn cudi qua. [11; tr.380]
(38) Sao tao thay mat may lue nao cung dam chieu. [11; tr.523]
Ddnh gid ve tinh cdch
Nhiing dac diem vl tinh each cfla con ngudi nhu that tha, d l dai, hiln lanh d cdc vi du sau xudt hien trong suy nghT cua chu thi danh gia d chii ngii. Khi dd, tir "thdy" mang y ngbia cfla mpt dpng tir bilu thi y nghTa danh gia. Vi du:
(39) Jhdy hdn that tha, tdi ai ngai. [ I l ; t r . l 6 9 ]
(40) Chung thdy Nhu dl dai, nen com thudng thudng cii an thira. . . [ 1 1 ; tr.282]
(41) Thay Id ngudi cung hiln lanh, va nha lai kha giau, mu bdng Idng. [11; tr.339]
TAP CHI KHOA HQC T R U ' 6 N G P A I HQC H 6 N G B O C - SO 41.2018
Ddnh gid vephdm chdt Vidu:
(42) Vabdy gid ngudi tathay vp han rat chinh chuyen ma lai trung thanh. [ I I ; tr.45]
(43) Ngudi dan bd due hanh. thdy chdu ba sao ma di thi! [ U ; tr.67]
(44) Hdn thdy vp hdn khdng tl. [12; h-.63]
Ddnh gid ve khd ndng, sire khoe Vidu:
(45) Chua thay dua vdo dl nudi nhu the ay! [11; tr.374]
(46) Thay han lam khde, hp thue han lam. [11; tr.377]
Ddnh gid ve trang thdi
Mpt sd bieu hien cu thi cua trang thdi nhu the trang (trang thdi the chat) hay thai dp (trang thai tinh than) dupe the hien ro trong eae vi du sau:
(47) Tdi thdy nd it lau nay cham chap va nga ngan lam... [12; tr.74]
(48) Ba quan Thieh thay Due mdy hdm nay ludn ludn gdt gdng. [11; tr.385]
(49) Hiln thdy thdi dp cua ong that la limg. [11; tr.523]
Ddnh gid ve img xir Vidu:
(50) Nhimg tdi eii thay nd cd ve thu ghet tdi IJm lam. [ I l ; t r . l 7 2 ] (51) Hdn thay bd benh con ddu. [Il;tt.368]
(52) Han thay ba cd y khinh han la thang tham tuc. [11; tr.368]
(53) Thdy ngudi ta nudng lai cdng lam bp! [ll;tr.486]
Ddnh gid ve tinh chdt
(54) Nd thdy nhd te ngat nga. [11; tr.484]
2.5. "Thay" chi su cam nhan
Cam nhan bao gdm cam giac va nhan bilt. Day la su pha trpn giu:a hoat dpng npi tam va li tri. Nd khong ro rang la boat ddng ndi tam ciing khong ro la boat ddng li tinh. Bdi the, phdn cu thi hda sir cam nhan duac diln dat bdng tu "thdy" duac the hien qua mdt menh de tuong ddi hoan chinh.
Vidu:
(55) Tinh day, ban thdy ban gia ma van cd ddc. [11; tr.62]
(56) Cai thdy nd lam dii, budng tay nd ra. [11; tr.486]
(57) Thdy Hien vdn ehuacd ve nhdra, y ndi toang toang ... [11; tr.526]
(58) Va han ehpt thay trong dc mpt chan trdi vira he md. [12; tr.29]
2.6. "Th^y" chi k^t qua cua m6t hoat dpng
Ngoai y nghTa bieu thi sy nhan biet bang mat nhu da ndi d tren, "thay" cdn bilu thi su nhan biet bang mot giac quan khdc. Phong each hpc gpi la an du chuyen ddi cam giac.
Thuc te, cung can phdn biet hai trudng hpp: (1) chi k i t qua cua mdt boat dong khi "thdy"
di ciing va bd sung y nghia cho mdt dpng tir chi boat dpng "nghe thay, tim thdy, ngiii
TAP CHl KHOA HQC TRl/PfNG BAI HQC HONG BlTC - SO 41.2018
thdy, nhan thdy"; (2) hoan todn chuyen doi theo loi tu tir an du khi khong kit hpp vdi cac dpng tir khac.
Vi du (tnidng hap 1):
(59) Ke thi bdo hdn di vdi cai Nhi; hdn tim thay thi lan lut dau ngoai tinh va ban nhau cung di Sai Gdn. [11; tr.389]
(60) Ngudi ta ng/ie thdy nhiing tieng thd dai ddc len... [11; tr.261]
(61) Nhung hdn chpt nghe thay tieng cudi trong vd tieng cudi cua mot ngudi con gai. [ll;tr.544]
Vi du (tnrdng hop 2):
(62) Tdi d nha binh Tu v l dugc mpt lue thi thay tieng nhdn nhdo d bin nha lao Hac.
[ll;tr.301]
(63) Ddn chua tinh hdn ra, Dan da thay nhung tieng ga gay rat mong manh. . . [ I I ; b-.345]
Ddi vdi trudng hop sau, "thay" lai giO vai trd quan trpng ve mat nghia bdi nhiing dpng tu di trudc (nhu trong, nhin) cd the lupc bd nhung khdng luac bd duac "thay".
(64) Em tdi chang cdn trong thay mdt tdi bao gid. [11; tr.223]
(65) Han da trong thay caj thang chdng cua Ta rdi. [11; tr.241]
(66) Va den liic trong thay cai mat kha bi 6i cua chdng To, Han lai cang qud quyet them. [ll;tr.242]
Ngoai ra, "thdy" trong cac tnidng hpp sau duac su dung vdi tu each la mdt phd tfl mang y nghia chi ket qua cua mpt hoat ddng khac vd dl ddng thay "thay" bang "ra/ dupe".
(67) Hdn nhdn thdy su thay ddi ay, va bdt ddu hdi han. [11; tr.250]
(68) Ba nhan thdy nd khac xa bd nd. [11; tr.372]
(69) Lam thi nao nhan thay nhiing net tao tan cua ngudi bd bdn muai tr8n cai mat bu bam cua dua con chua day nam thang. [11; tr.372]
3. KET LUAN
Tfl gde dp nghia, tir "thay" trong tac pham cua Nam Cao mang nhiing ndi dung, y nghia khac nhau. "Thay" chi hoat dpng nhdn thiic cua mdt hoac cdc giac quan khac.
"Thay" chi su danh gia hay cam nhan, hudng tdi chii thi hay mpt ddi tuong khac. Ddng thdi, "thdy" cdn chi ket qud cua mdt boat dpng dupe thuc hiln bdng mdt. Tinh da nghia eua tir "thdy" hay hien tupng ddng am khac loai ciia bi nay dupe Nam Cao vdn dung linh hoat trong viec khai thac nhiing khia canh tam ly khac nhau cua nhan vat trong tac phdm.
Bai viet la kit qua budc ddu khi nghiln ciiu tir "thdy" til gde nhin ngii nghTa: nghTa tfl yung, nghTa ngii phap. Binh dien ngii dung vdi nghTa ngii dung cimg gia tri bilu dat phong phu cua nd se tilp tuc dupe nghien ciiu d cac cdng trinh tilp sau.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[I] Diep Quang Ban (1998), Ngu-phdp tiing Viet, tap 2, Nxb. Giao due, Ha Npi.
[2] Diep Quang Ban (2005), Nga phdp tiing Viet, Nxb. Giao due, Ha Npi.
[3] Le Bien (1995), Tit loai tiing Viet hien dai, Nxb. Dai hpc Qudc gia. Ha Npi.
10
TAP CHl KHOA HQC TRtfCWG BAI HOC HONG S f f c - SO 41.2018
[4] 06 Hilu Chau (1981), Tu- vung - ngu nghia tieng Viet, Nxb. Dai hoc Quoe gia, Ha Noi.
[5] D6 Huu Chau (2007), Giao trinh Tir vung hoc tiSng Viet, Nxb. Dai hpc Su pham.
Ha Noi.
[6] Nguyen Thien Giap (2010), Tu vung hoc tiing Viet, Nxb. Giao due Viet Nam, Ha Ngi.
[7] M.A.K Hahiday (2005), Ddn luan ngu phdp chuc ndng (Hoang Van Van dich), Nxb. Dai hpc Quoe gia, Ha Npi.
[8] Cap Xuan Hao (2004), Tiing Viet - So thdo ngu phdp chiic ndng, Nxb. Khpa hpc Xa hpi. Ha Noi.
[9] Ly Toan Thang (2004), Ly thuyit trat tu tu trong cu phdp, Nxb. Dai hpe Qupc gia, H^ Npi.
[10] Bui Minh Toan - Nguyen Thi Luang (2008), Gido trinh Ngit phdp tieng Viet, Nxb. Dai hpc Su pham. Ha Npi.
NGUdNNOCLlEU
[11] Tuyin tap Nam Cao (2005), tap 1, Nxb. Van hpc. Ha Noi.
[12] Tuyin tap Nam Cao (2005), tap 2, Nxb. Van hpc, Ha Npi.
AN INITIAL STUDY OF THE WORD "THAY"
IN NAM CAO'S WRITINGS
Le Thi Binli
ABSTRACT
In terms of meaning, the word "thdy" in Nam Cao's writings contains various impUcations. The polysemy or homonymy of the word "thdy" is flexibly applied by Nam Cao to clarify different psychological aspects of characters in his works.
Keywords: "Thdy", word meaning, polysemy.
