PHONG TUC NGirUI NHAT VA NGITOI VIET QUA TRUYEN CO TICH
LE THj QUYNH HAO'
Tom tat: Truyen cd tich la hinh thire sdng tde ddn gian dirac hinh thdnh ldu ddi trong lich sir phdn dnh tap qudn sinh hogt, gid tri quan vd khdt vong sdng eiia mdi ddn toe Truyin cd tich Viet Nam vd Nhdt Bdn di cap khd nhiiu din nhirng phong tue, tap qudn cita ngirdi ddn hai mrde, nhdt la nhirng phong tuc lien quan din ldt sdng, tin ngudng phong tue mai mdi vd tang ma. Nghien ciru so sdnh truyen ed tich Viet Nam vd Nhdt Bdn tir nhirng khia egnh ndy cUng cho thdy nhirng diim tuang ddng vd khde blet rdt ddng dm y-
Tir khda: Viet Nam, Nhat Ban, Truyen co tich, Phong tuc 1. Phong tuc lien quan den tin ngudng
va loi song
Viet Nam va Nhat Ban von la nhfl-ng nudc nong nghiep. Viec canh tac liia nudc thudng bj chi phdi va Ie thugc rat nhieu vao cac iye lugng ty nhien, cung do vay ma tin ngudng da than dugc hinh thanh d ca hai dan tdc.
Ngudi ta tdn thd cac the luc tu nhien xung quanh nhu nhfl-ng vj thiin de cau mong cho cudc sdng dugc binh yen, no du; nhfl-ng tin ngudng dd phan anh tam thirc cua cdng ddng va in dam dau an trong nhflng truyen cd tich dugc hinh thanh trong sudt qua trinh ljch sir lau dai dau tranh cai tao ty nhien va xa hdi.
Truyen cd tich Viet Nam cho ta thay rd quan niem "van vat huu linh" va tuc thd Cling da than cua ngudi Viet. Trong quan niem ciia ngudi Viet tfl- ngan xua, khdng chi con ngudi ma van vat xung quanh, tham chi den ca cay cdi cung deu cd linh hdn va cd cac than cai quan {Sir tich con Sam). De mong cudc sdng dugc binh yen, ngudi Viet cd phong tuc ciing te, td tam long tdn kinh vdi cac vi than lien quan den cudc sdng cua hg. Trong truyen Sir tich ddm muc dan lang thd hai con thudng Iudng vi nd da dam
• ThS, Khoa Ddng phuong hgc, Trudng Dai hgc Da Lat
chdng lai lenh trdi de cu-u sdng dan lang qua con ban ban va chiu sy tru-ng phat cua thugng de. Trudc nhung loai quai vat (thudng ludng, chan tinh, mang xa...), nhflng vj hung than ma con ngudi khdng chdng chgi ndi thi chung cung dugc thd ciing nghiem trang khdng kem de cau mong chiing khdng tac oai tac quai, gay hai eho con ngudi {Sir tich sdng Ky Citng, Am dirang giao chien, Nguyin Thi Bich Chdu, Tieu diet mdng xd, Thgch Sanh...)
Qua truyen cd tich, chiing ta cung biet dugc cu dan Viet di bien cd tuc le thd ca Ong (ca voi) loai ca cd nhiem vu curu vdt con ngudi gap tai nan d bien. Ngudi ta van tien hanh le mai tang chdn cat can than mdi khi thay xac chet ctia ca Ong va thd eung nhu mdt eon ngudi vdi niem tin se dugc ca Ong phu trg {Su tieh bdi Ong Nam). Trong cac tuc thd cung ma truyen cd tich phan anh, khdng the khdng ke den tuc thd thanh hoang lang. Trong Su tich dinh ldng Da Hda, Ba chdng thiin nghi... cd the thay rd vai trd, vj tri quan trgng cua thanh hoang, sy hien hiiu Clia than la mong mudn tha thiet ciia mdi ngudi dan: nhfl-ng khi can dieu gi hg thudng din cau xin su phan xet ciia thanh hoang.
Cung qua truyen cd tich, ta biet dugc bao y
NGHIEN cdru OdNG BflC fl, sd 1(143) 1-2013
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nghTa cua ngdi dinh lang vdi nhfl-ng tap tuc cua mdi cdng ddng dien ra d dd. Trong truyen Chua do dng nghe dd de hdng tdng, Vua heo, Cd gdi Idy chdng hodng tir..., mdi khi ai cd nhung mong udc gi tham kin thudng ra dinh cau nguyen; tham ehi vdi nhung muu toan ddc ac hg cung ra dinh nguyen cau de dugc nhu y {Thit gd thude chdng). Ngudi Viet tin rang cac vj than trong dinh cd the biet dugc y trdi, biet dugc nhung dien bien se xay ra trong lang ma bao mdng cho con ngudi de eon ngudi tim each ddi phd.
Cung gidng nhu ngudi Viet, ngudi Nhat tir xa xua cung cd tuc thd ciing da than va dieu nay cflng thay rat rd qua cac truyen cd tich cua Nhat Ban. Ngudi ta tin rang than linh cd khap mgi chd, dae biet la nhung noi cd ngudn nudc nhu thac, sudi, hd ao hay cac hdc da hiem trd. Chinh vi vay ma cac tap tuc le hdi dugc hinh thanh de cau cung, te le cac vj than linh, nham the hien udc mong cudc sdng hanh phuc, yen binh. Dieu dac biet la nhfl-ng phong tuc nay mang dam sac thai cua cu dan ndng nghiep tren xfl- sd dao qudc.
Trong truyen Con ma cita din Kogenji, le hdi Obon mdt le hdi ldn hang nam cua ngudi Nhat, dugc coi la ngay hdi tudng nhd linh hdn td tien va cau cho cac linh hdn ngudi qua cd dugc sieu thoat. Le hgi Obon cung cd y nghTa ngay xa tdi vong nhan nhu Clia ngudi Viet, nhung dugc td churc tung bimg hom. Cac dieu miia va cac bai dan ca dugc mgi ngudi trinh dien vui ve d nhieu noi tren dudng phd hoac quang trudng vao djp nay. Trong djp le Obon, cac gia dinh Nhat lai dugc dip quay quan. gap gd. Trong djp nay, ngdi den Kogenji ddn khach thap phuang tap nap den day vdi tam long thanh
tam cau mong cho cac linh hdn sdm dugc len cdi Phat. Truyen Dinh minh cuoc sdng' cho chung ta biet dugc mdt phong tuc ddc dao khae cua ngudi Nhat. Dd la hang nam vao ngay 11/11, ngudi dan lam nhirng chile banh nggt bang bdt gao rdi nem xudng sdng de tang cho quy nudc Kappa de hi vgng rang chiing khdng keo nhirng dira con cua hg xudng sdng.
Khao sat truyen cd tich ciia Viet Nam va Nhat Ban chiing ta bat gap khdng it chuyen lien quan den tap tuc ldi sdng. Anh hudng tir cac ludng van hda khae nhau nen ngudi Viet cd kha nhieu ngay le tet: tet Nguyen dan, tet Doan Ngg, tet Trung thu... Mdi cai tet mang mdt sac thai, huong vj rieng. Trong le hgi Vu Gia, Tu Uyen gap dugc Giang Kieu, Tir Thiie gap dugc Giang Huong trong le hdi xem hoa {Tii Uyin, Su tieh dong Tie Thircf... Tir xa xua d Viet Nam, Tet la ngay le dac biet nhat. Ngudi ta cho rang, cho du trong cudc sdng thudng ngay cd thieu thdn nhu the nao thi ba ngay Tet trong nha cung phai du day, ke ca phai di vay mugn bdi ''doi ciing ngdy Tit, hit ciing ngdy miia" {Tra tdn hdn dd). Cung qua truyen cd tich ma ta biet dugc tir xa xua, tuc Iam banh chung, banh day de thudng thiic trong nhfl-ng ngay Tet cung la mdt trong nhfl-ng tuc le khdng the thieu trong gia dinh ngudi Viet {Su tich bdnh ehung, bdnh ddy).
Ngudi Viet tir thud xa xua da cd tuc nhudm rang an trau; tat ca mgi ngudi tir dan dng den dan ba, tir quan lai den thudng dan deu an trau. Cung vi vay hinh anh trau cau hien dien trong rat nhieu truyen cd. Trong
' Nguyen Bich Ha. Tuyin tap truyen co tich Nhdl Bdn, Nha xuat bdn Dai hgc Qudc gia. Ha Ndi, 1999, trang 44.
" Nguyen Bich Ha. Tuyen tap truyen co tich Nhgt Bdn, Nhd xudt bdn Dai hgc Qudc gia. Ha Ndi, 1999, trang 49.
'' Lir Huy Nguyen - Ddng Van Lung, Hgrp tuyen truyen cd tich Viet Nam, Nha xudt ban Gido due. Ha Ndi, 1996, trang 96.
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NGHIEN cdru OONG BflC fl. SO 1(143) 1-2013Nghien cim khoa hoc
truyen Sir tich trdu cau, trSu cau dugc coi nhu hda than tir cai chit cua ba con ngudi cd sd phan eo le, mieng trau da tugng trung cho tinh duyen keo son cua hg cho den chet van cdn tham thiet. Trong Ddng tien vgn lich^, than phan mieng trau lai trd thanh cai cd de ngudi chdng ghen tudng rdi rudng ray vg chi bdi chj ta cho anh chang danh giam xin mgt mieng trau. Cdn trong truyen 7V//?? Cdm^
mieng trau xuat hien nhieu lan vdi nhung hoan eanh khae nhau. Mugn cd hai cau cung bd, me con Cam da giet Tam. Lan khae nd xuiit hien nhu mdt ky vat, neu khdng nhd mieng trau tem canh phugng thi vua da khdng nhan ra cd Tam. Sir doan tu na\' cho thciy sfl-c manh ciia mieng iniu ddi \di ngirdi Vict trudc day. Trau cau cdn dugc liia\- xuiit hien rat nhiiju trong cac truyen cd tich khae cua ngudi Viet nhu Cdi kien may kien cii khoai, Ngirdi cudi ma, Na linh chira trd eho ai, khdi tinh mang xuong luyen ddi chua tan, Ng duyen trong mong...'
Truyen cd tich cung eho biet. ngudi Viet tu- khi sinh ra cho den liic chet di. mieng trau gan lien vdi mgi le nghi trong cudc sdng cua hg. Khi mdi sinh, ngudi ta dung mudi hai la trSu cung mudi hai bii mu (mudi hai ba mu ia nhflng ngudi mil theo quan niem dan gian da tao nen hinh hai con ngudi). Ldn len, den tudi gap gd, yeu thuong, ngirdi ta dung milng trSu dl bgc Id tinh ciim, tao nen mdi quan he than thilt giua ngudi va ngirdi. Den khi dyng vg ga chdng, trau cau vira la sinh ll, vfl-a la thdng diep bao cho ba con hg hang biet hg da nen vg nen chdng.
Trong truyen Mot tdm guang hiiu tir . ta edn thay tue le, vao ngay hdi tre em. cha me thudng treo tren cdt cao sd ca bang sd con trai cua hg cdn nhd dudi bay tudi, treo trudc nha nhung giai cd hinh ca chep nhilu mau sac sac sd. Trong quan niem ciia ngudi Nhat, ea chep tugng trung eho sire manh. Day la bieu tugng udc mudn cua hg mong cac cau trai nay vugt qua cac chudng ngai trong cudc ddi nhu ca chep vugt vu mdn. Lc hdi miia xuiin vdi sd thich ngam hoa anh diio ciia ngudi Nhat dugc the hien rd net trong truyen Cdy anh ddo eiia den Ankokuf: "Mdi mua xuan den khi hoa anh dao nd, nhieu ngudi lai den ngam cay anh diio d den Ankokuji...
Van hda truyen thdng Nhat Ban \ ii Viet Nam deu dugc hinh thiinh tren co sd he sinh thai lay lua nudc iam ciiy trdng quan trgng CO biin. Chinh vi viiy. phong tuc, tin ngudng trong ddi sdng ciia ngudi diin hai nudc cd cd nhieu le hgi va nghi thu-c te le gan vdi vu mua ndng nghiep mang nhung diem luong ddng ben canh nhung net khae biet. Dieu niiy cho thay, mac du ciing thugc van hda phuong ddng, cung chju iinh hirdng nhieu ciia van hda Trung Qudc, nhung nen van hda Clia Viet Nam Va Nhat Ban cd sire sdng ngi tai rat rieng va day sire sang tao.
2. Phong tiic hdn nhan
Dan gian ludn tam niem ngudi ta lay nhau la do "duyen", do "sd" Cai "duyen" cai "sd"
Sy khdng phai at ty nhien cd dugc, ma do ed mdt "vj than mai mdi" tao ra. Bat ngudn tu- mgt tich chuyen ngay xua ben Tau ve mdt ngudi ten la Vi Cd. Mgt bflra di choi trang, gap mdt dng gia dang xe cac sgi day dd d dudi bdng trang. Hdi thi dng ay ndi rang: ta
* Nguyin Ddng Chi. Kho tdng truyen co tich I'icl Nam, Nhd xudt ban Giao due. Ha Ndi, 2000, trang 1042.
' Nguyen Ddng Chi. Kho idng truyen cd tich I'iut Nam, Nhd xudt ban Giao dye. Ha Ngi, 2000, trang 1167.
' Nguyin Ddng Chi, Kho ldng truyen co tich I'icl Nam, Nhd xudt ban Gido dye. Ha Ndi, 2000, trang 1137.
' Felicien Challaye (Ldi Viet: Ta Chi Ddng Hdi), Chuyen cd Nhgt Bdn, Nha xudt ban Tre, I la Ndi, 2004, trang 36.
' Nguyen Bich Ha, Tuyen tap truyen co tich Midi Bdn, Nhd xudt bdn Dai hgc Qudc gia, Hd Ndi, 1999, trang 35.
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la Nguyet lao eoi viec se duyen cho vg chdng nhan gian, ta da budc sgi day nay vao chan ngudi nao thi du the nao cung phai lay nhau. Vi the dan gian mdi cho rang vg chdng la cd Nguyet lao djnh trudc... va tu dd trong tam thirc dan gian dieu dd tdn tai nhu mdt tam niem, la dieu khdng the thieu dugc trong nhung mdi luong duyen ciia con ngudi'^ Cung vi the ma ngudi ta thudng ndi den nhumg ten ggi: dng To, ba Nguyet.
Nguyet lao, Trang gia vii hinh Ihiinh mgt le nghi quan trgng trong cudi hdi ciia ngudi Vict - le "Te to hdng". Qua cd tich ta thay rang mai mdi la van de vd eung quan trgng trong hdn nhan trudc day, la lc thuc dau tien xuat hien trong bat ky mdt eugc hdn nhan nao. Phan ldn nhfl-ng cudc hdn nhan trong truyen cd tich deu cd hinh iinh dng mai, ba mdi. Neu hg khdng true tiep xuat hien eung le vat, nhung cau ndi kheo leo thi cung xuat hien gian tiep dudi mdt hinh thirc niio dd. De cd dugc vai trd quan trgng niiy hg phai la ngudi kheo an ndi. gia dinh hanh phiic, con chau ven toiin. Ngirdi lam mai ludn nghe ngdng trong lang ngoai xdm, he ai cd con cai den tudi dyng vg ga chdng lii danh tieng dua tin. Cung cd liic hai gia dinh hoac trai gai da hira hen, the bdi vdi nhau trudc rdi mdi nhd mdi lai qua lai dc dugc cdng khai mdi quan he. Hg thay mat "dng to bii nguyet" di lam nhiem vu ket tdc se duyen cho nhung ddi trai gai va de bfl lai, hg cung dugc nhan nhung phan qua hau hinh. Cung ehinh vi vay, cd nhieu ke xuat phat tir muu lgi ca nhan da
"chia uyen re thuy" khdng it ddi nam nur.
Qua truyen cd tich, cai Kien giau cd da ldi keo ba mai nham lay ngudi yeu ciia cd gai nha ngheo nhe da. ca tin, dan den cai chet bi tham cho ngirdi xau sd {Cc'd Kiin mdy kien
eii khoai). Mu mdi trong truyen la ke cyc ky nguy hilm, chiit lgi ldc da khiln mu ndi long tham ma quen di vai trd ciia mdt ngudi lam mdi chan chinh. Mu vdn la ke duge tiln eua anh nha giau ma van chua thda man nen trudc nhfl-ng ddng tien cua cd gai nha giau, mu da dat dieu giem pha de chang trai dl dang rfl bd ngirdi veu ngheo khd. Nlurng ngudi lam nghe mai mdi cflng la nhung ke chju rat nhieu ldi qua tieng lai, nhflng cau ndi mia mai tham te neu phai lam cau noi cho nhiing gia dinh khdng mdn dang hd doi.
Chang Sg Dfl-a, chang De hay anh hgc tro ngheo khd chang may tham yeu trdm nhd con gai phu dng thi ngudi mdi mai cho hg la ke trye tiep lanh trgn nhung cau khinh bi, miet thj. Mdi lai cd the la ngudi dugc nha trai tim va nhd sang nha gai ndi chuyen {So dira, Ldy chdng f/e...)'" Trong mdt so trudng hgp, nha gai cung cd the tim mdi lai sang danh tieng vdi nha trai, neu cd gai la ngudi ddi ldt xau xi {Ngudi ldy cdc, Dl phdi thdng chit trdi, tdi phdi ddi sdu sdnh). Ngoai vice tae hgp cho nhirng ddi trai gai cdn son, hg cdn lam viec "cap lai rd ra" cho nhung ngudi "giua dudng dirt ganh" {Trinh plm hai chdng). Phong tuc mai mdi trong hdn nhan cflng xuat hien trong cd tich Nhat Ban nhung chiing tdi biet dugc chua nhieu. d Nhat Ban ngay xua, thudng khi "con trai den do tudi 20, con gai den do tudi 16" thi cha me nghT den viec dung vg ga chdng cho eac con ciia hg. Hg giao cho mdt ngudi ban lo viec cudi hdi va mai lo lang cham sdc hai tre (ed vai trd gidng ba mdi d ngudi Viet). Chinh ngudi ay lien lac gifl-a hai gia dinh, ehinh ngudi ay lo cho hai tre gap nhau d nha hg hay d nha mdt ngudi ban hoac cd the d rap hat hay trong mdt cudc rong choi. Trong hdn nhan
' Trdn Minh Thuong. ////;/; linrng Ong Ta Bd Nguyet '" Nguyin Ddng Chi, Kho tdng truyen co tich Viet Nam.
trong ran hda ddn giun. website: chutluulai.net Nha xuat ban Giao due. Ha Ngi, 2000, trang 1026.
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NGHIEN cdru OONG B^C fl. SO 1(K3) 1-2013Nghien cim khoa hoc
ngudi Nhat cd phong tuc: Cac ddi lira trao nhau le vat cudi: ao quan hay tien bac de sam sira quan ao, vai loai ea... tfl- dd ngudi ta coi nhau nhu vi hdn phu va vj hdn the"
Qua truyen cd tich Nhat Ban Sir biit an eiia con chdn ', ta biet dugc vao ngay cudi cd gai mac dd trang, dem den dau phu them chiec khan trang, hai dng ba mdi dan cd dau ve nha mdi" Phong tuc nay it nhieu tao nen sy tuong ddng gifl-a cd tieh hai nudc.
Mdt trong nhirng nghi thirc khdng the thieu trong cudi hdi dd la thach cudi vdi nhung do sinh le. Nd nhu la nhung tien de CO sd dam bao tinh hgp phap de hdn nhan duge thyc hien. Bdi chi can nha gai ddng y nhan sinh le thi cho du ehua cd hdn thu thi chuyen hdn nhan xem nhu da dugc xac djnh.
Sinh le cdn dugc ggi la "sinh tai" vi vay nd cung nhu mdt sy thii thach tai nang ddi vdi nhfl-ng ngudi con trai. Nhung dieu quan trgng nhat, sinh le duge coi nhu nhfl-ng thu tue bat budc the hien ban sac rieng. phong vj rieng cua xir sd ndng nghiep. Tuc thach cudi vdi nhung dd sinh le khdng biet cd tir bao gid nhung cd thi tfl- thdi ki dau cua xa hdi thj tdc mlu he vdi hinh thuc hdn nhan ngoai tdc, ngudi phu nfl- dtrgc coi nhu nhfl-ng nhan lye ehinh trong lao ddng, dam bao viec dieu tilt cudc song trong gia dinh. Vi the khi ngudi con gai di ISy chdng, sang mdt thj tdc khae, hg coi nhu mat di mdt lao ddng ehinh.
cho nen ngudi ta da yeu cau nha trai phai cd nhumg dd ll vat mang din coi nhu phan nao bu dap lai. Phong tuc hdn nhan nay cung dugc md ta kha ky trong cd tich ngudi Viet.
Xuat phat tfl- quan niem "con gai la con ngudi ta" nen nhfl-ng bac cha me cd con gai
den tudi lay chdng la tha hd "ra gia" mdi khi cd ai hdi tdi. The mdi ed hai tilng "ga ban"
khi ndi den viec ngudi eon gai thugc ve gia dinh ngudi khae. "Ga" thi "ga" nhung phai
"ban" nua, tiic la phai cd mdt gia nhat djnh thi nha trai mdi dugc rude dau ve. Cflng kl tfl- ngay dd, ngudi con gai phai hoan toan phu thugc vao gia dinh chdng, trong nhd due chju, ngudi con gai trd thanh mdt mdn hang dugc djnh gia tuy mdi gia dinh. Tue thach eudi vdi nhung dd sinh ll phai chang cflng bat re tfl- ddi Hflng Vuong thur 18 (trong truyen San Tinh-Thiiy Tinh)^^, khi ken chdng cho Mj Nuong, de thur thach tai nang cua cac chang re dire vua da dua ra nhfl-ng yeu cau ve le vat "Mdt tram van com nep, hai tram nep banh ehung, voi chin nga, ga chin cya, ngya chin hdng mao..." Vi tuc le thach cudi nay ma vdi nhfl-ng chang trai ngheo, lay vg la mdt viec bet siic khd khan. Chang trai ngheo trong truyen Ai mua hdnh tdi phai chat vat mai mdi cudi dugc mdt cd vg "den dui, xau xi" Viee thach cudi trong dan gian cflng khdng kem phan gay gat. Dang thuong cho anh chang lam nghe chdng dd ngang, vi khdng kiem du ba tram lang vang danh phai chju mat ngudi yeu. Niem vui, sy phan khdi trong anh da vdi tan bien vi cudc tinh xua chi cdn la ddng huyet udt dam ddi ban tay.
Qua viec thach eudi, bd ed gai cdn ngam ngam tao ra mdt rao can kien cd de chang trai khdng thi nao den dugc, mdt ldi tir hdn vd cflng kheo leo nhung khdng kem phan cay ddc {Niy tinh chua trd eho ai, khdi tinh chit xudng tuyen ddi chua tan). Trong truyen cd tich, ngoai nhumg cudc tinh gian truan, trdc trd, van cd nhflmg cudc tinh dugc sy can thiep, giup dd cua than thanh. Dd la
" Felicien Challaye (Ldi Viet: Ta Chi Ddng Hai IChuyen cdNhdt Bdn, Nhd xudt ban Tre, Ha Ndi, 2004, trang 89.
'- Filicien Challaye (Ldi Viet: Ta Chi Ddng Hdi), Chuyen cd Nhdt Bdn. Nha xudt ban Tre, Ha Ndi. 2004. trang 89.
" LO' Huy Nguyen - Dang Van Lung, Hgp tuyin truyen cd tich liet Nam, Nhd xuat bdn Giao due, Hd Ngi, 1996, trang 60.
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cudc hdn nhan cua ngudi thudng vdi ngudi mang ldt. Chang De, chang Sg Dira hay Son Tinh, Thuy Tinh deu dirng trudc sinh le thach cudi ma ngudi thudng khdng bao gid cd dugc. Nhd sy giup dd cua than thanh, hg da cd du mgi thir trong ehdc lat. Nhiing mdn sinh le "mudi mam lua dao, mudi con Ign beo, mdt vd rugu tam va mdt chTnh vang cdm" trong truyen Sg Dua, hay "mdt tram trau bd, mdt tram con Ign, mdt mam vang, mdt mam bac" trong Ldy chdng de... deu la nhflng thii ngoai sire tudng tugng ddi vdi mdt ngudi binh thudng. Cdn trong truyen cd tich Cdy tre trdm dot, vdi ldi thach cudi tudng chimg don gian cua phu dng danh cho anh Khoai "...cir len rirng chgn cay tre nao cd mdt tram ddt chat mang ve day, lao se cho lam le thanh hdn. Neu khdng cd thi lao se ga cho ngudi khae day" nhu nhung ldi phan quyet nghiet nga, cae dng bd ba me dua ra nhflng ldi thach dd day khd khan, tudng chirng dd la nhirng dieu khdng tudng nham muc dich ngan can chang trai den vdi con gai minh. Trong truyen ed tich, cac chang trai thudng dugc su trg giup ciia than linh bang cac yeu td than ki. Anh Khoai duge But giup dd, tim dugc tre tram ddt, trd ve gianh dugc hanh phuc. Nhfl-ng yeu cau ngoai sire tudng tugng nhu vay chi cd the thye hien dugc bang sire manh cua than thanh, cdn ddi vdi nhfl-ng ngudi binh thudng thi khd ma thyc hien dugc.
Tuc thach cudi cung dugc de cap trong truyen Cdng chua Kaguya '' (Nhat Ban).
Trong truyen cdng chua Kaguya chi cudi ngudi nao mang den cho cd nhirng thu- nhu:
"Mdt canh vang nang trTu nhung qua bang hd phach, nhfl-ng bg long thii ma long ciia chiing bang vang rdng, mgt cai quat sang
'^ Nguyin Bich Hd, Tuyen tap truyen co tich Nhdt Bdn, Nhd xudt bdn Dai hgc Qudc gia, Hd Ndi, 1999, trang 167.
chdi nhu mat trdi len, mdt chuoi hat duge lam bang nhumg con mat rdng, mdt td gidy phat sang len d nhumg noi tam tdi..." Viec thach cudi vdn da trd thanh lac hau, nhSt la trong ITnh vyc tinh cam, nhung da la phong tue thi bat eii ai sdng trong xa hdi Sy dlu phai tuan thu. Mdt quy luat ma lau nay con ngudi da nhan thurc dugc khi quan sat, danh gia the gidi khaeh quan dd la mdi sy vat, hien tugng deu mang trong minh hai mat, cd mat tdt va mat xau. Va thach cudi cung nhu vay, ban than nd lau nay tdn tai trong tam thirc ngudi dan Viet nhu mdt chiec cau noi tinh cam, dem den nhflng mdi nhan duyen tdt dep eho con ngudi. Nhung cung cd luc nd lai nhu mdt dap chan, ngan can hanh phuc cua con ngudi. Klii vai trd cua cha me d vi tri qua ldn trong chuyen hdn nhan cua con cai thi thach cudi vd hinh chung cd khi lai la cai cd de ngan can hanh phuc ddi lira. Thdi hien dai, tuy phong tuc nay khdng cdn nhieu nhung van chua han da mat di trong ddi sdng nhan dan hai nudc.
Van hgc la lang kinh khuc xa cudc sdng, phan anh chan thyc cudc sdng. Truyen co tich the hien nhirng phong tuc cudi hdi mang Iai cho ta cai nhin khach quan, chan thyc ve nhfl-ng ndi dau khd eua eon ngudi do nhung quan niem phong kien. Mdi sang tac van hgc dan gian den vdi con ngudi nhu mdt sy can bang tam li, nhung nd cung ddng vai trd la nhung vu khi tinh than dau tranh cua nhan dan. Nhflmg truyen phan anh tuc thach cudi vira phan anh nhfl-ng net dep van hda nhung nd cung la vu khi de con ngudi chdng lai quan niem phan hda giau ngheo trong xa hdi, chdng lai quan niem hdn nhan sap dat gay ra bao khd dau cho con ngudi.
3. Phong tuc thd ciing, tang ma
Tang ma la mgt trong nhflmg nghi le kha quan trgng ciia cudc ddi mdi con ngudi. Mdt
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NGHIEN Cdru OONG B^C fl. Sd 1(143) 1-2013Nghien cUu khoa hoc
ngudi chao ddi dugc ea ddng hg, lang mac chao ddn, an mu-ng, chia vui. Din lue lia ddi con ngudi eung duge ca ddng hg, lang xdm xdt thuang dua tiln bdi quan niem "nghTa tu- la nghTa tan". Dd la nhung le tuc trong cudc ddi cua mdt con ngudi. Vi quan niem "sdng giri thac ve" nen nghi ll tiln dua cung linh dinh khdng kem nghi ll chao ddn mdt con ngudi dugc sinh ra. Nghi ll tang ma trai qua nhieu nghi thire.
Trong cac truyen ed tich Viet, viee kham liem duge nhac den trong cac truyen nhu Hdn Truang Ba, da hdng thit, Quan dm Thi Kinh, Su tich khdn tang... Ddi vdi nhimg eai chit khdng binh thudng nhu cai chit budn cudi cua bdn dng su va viee chdn cdt len lut bdn thi hai ky chang tuan theo mdt nghi thurc nao. Kham liem chi tien hanh qua loa bang mdt manh chieu quan quanh thi thi ngudi chet. Trong trudng hgp gia dinh ngudi qua cd qua ngheo khd thi cung chi kham liem bang nhfl-ng vat lieu sSn cd trong nha. Sau khi kham liem thdng thudng ngudi ta cdn bd vao quan tai nhirng thtr vat dung can thiet va quan trgng ddi vdi ngudi chet, nhung cd khi chi la mdt manh guong vo {Nguai cuai maf^, vi con ngudi quan niem chet la chuyen den d mdt noi khae nen van can dung den mgi thu- nhu khi cdn sdng. Ngudi Viet quan niem, ngudi chet den sdng tai mgt the gidi khae nhung than xac, md ma ciia ngudi chit cung la noi de linh hdn nuong tya, di ve, dd la Iy do khien ngudi sdng Iudn cham lo den md phan ciia ngudi da khuat.
Khi cd ngudi qua ddi, nhfl-ng ngudi than trong gia dinh phai cd thir tang phuc rieng tiiy theo thu- bac, quan he than thugc gan xa vdi ngudi da khuat. Nhfl-ng thir ay cd gia trj tir khi phat tang den khi doan tang. Trong
truyen cd tich, chung ta cd thi bilt dugc mdt each chinh xac thdi gian ngudi sdng dl tang ngudi chit la bao lau. Trong Su tich dng ddu rau, ngudi vg da dl tang chdng trong ba nam. Viec dl tang cung dugc nhac din trong truyen Con cde liim nudc mua, Su tieh chim da da... Hoae cudc vieng tham thuy cung cua ngudi thg mdc khien gia dinh tudng dng da chet, khi dng quay v l thi thiy vg con cdn dang dl tang minh {Ngudi tha moc Nam Hoa) Du la thdi dai nao, ehl do xa hdi nao, tang phuc cd thay ddi din dau thi nd cflng bieu hien dugc mdt y nghTa nh§t djnh.
Viec nay rat quan trgng ddi vdi ngudi chit, cd ke sap lia ddi cdn ggi ngudi than din dl trdi tran viec de tang cho minh {Sir tich khdn tang). Cd the thay hinh thu-c tang phuc xult phat tfl- nhflmg sy tich va tinh cam ngudi sdng danh eho ngudi chet.
Xet d khia canh tam linh, bat cii dan tdc nao cung quan niem ngudi chet cd anh hudng den ddi sdng ciia nhflmg ngudi cdn sdng. Chinh vi the cac ll nghi khi chdn ckt rat quan trgng. Ngudi sdng cd lam "hai ldng" ngudi chet de khdng nhflmg hg khdng ve quay nhieu, trirng phat ma cdn phu trg giup do con chau ve nhieu mat. Cho nen ngoai thd cung, gid chap, viee gifl- gin thi the ngudi chet dugc "md yen ma dep" cung vd cung quan trgng. Ddi vdi ngudi Viet, hinh thiic chdn cat phd bien la dja tang. Khi trong nha cd ngudi qua ddi, ngudi nha nhd thay dja ly di tim chd dat tdt, tranh nhiing chd dat xau vi tin rang nhu vay se gay bat lgi cho con chau ve sau. Ngudi Viet tin rang su chi phdi Clia ngudi chet den ngudi sdng rat manh me. Diia con bat hieu vi tiec mdt con ga da ty dao huyet chdn me, khdng can lya chgn vung dat, kham liem, cung te, hanh
"Nguyin Ddng Chi, Kho tdng truyen co lich Viet Nam, Nhd xudt bdn Giao due, Hd Ngi, 2000, trang 1457.
" Nguyen Ddng Chi, Kho tdng truyen co tich Viet Nam, Nhd xudt ban Gidg due, Hd Ndi, 2000, trang 1032.
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ddng nhan tam ay dugc dap lai bang chinh cai chet cua anh ta {Tiie gd chdn me). Ddi vdi nhflmg cai chet khdng binh thudng thi viee chdn eat lai dien ra het siic so sai, chdng vanh. Vi ghen tudng ma ngudi chdng da danh chet vg rdi vdi va mang di chdn, cho du ngudi chet chua that sy chet ban {Anh chdng ho Ddo). Cai chet cua dng gia trong truyen Gidp Hdi ha> bdn dng su trong Cdi chit eiia bdn dng su deu ehju canh ay dudi ban tay cua lao sai, khdng chgn dat, chgn huyet hay tuan theo bat ky mdt nghi thu-c nao. Vdi vang hon niia la dng dd nho phai chdn ngudi yeu ngay dudi giudng minh.
Trudc nhfl-ng cai chet dot nggt ma ngudi trong cudc hoang sg, khdng kjp xii tri thi deu cap tang nhu vay ca {Duyen na tdi sinh)^'^
Hinh thiic hda tang cung xuat hien trong truyen ed tieh, dau an rd net qua truyen Nq tinh chua trd cho ai, khdi tinh mang xudng tuyin ddi ehua tan. O nhung noi phd phudng chat hep, ngudi ddng due, "tac dat tae vang" thi viec hda tang cang trd nen phd bien. Trudc nhfl-ng ddi thay cua cudc sdng, cac quan niem, phong tuc cua eon ngudi cung thay ddi theo de phfl hgp vdi thdi the.
Phong tuc chdn cat cua ngudi Nhat cflng dugc biet den qua truyen Con ma ciia din Kogenji. Qua truyen ta thay dugc ngudi Nhat khi chdn cat ngudi chet, ngudi ta dat sau ddng tien chinh vao trong quan tai va chdn theo ngudi chet de hg cd tien qua dd sang sdng Sanzu con sdng dua ngudi ta sang the gidi ben kia theo than thoai Nhat Ban'* Ddng sdng Sanzu ((HiiroiH Sanzu-no- kawa) ludn phii day suong khdi ma nhfl-ng vong hdn phai vugt qua de tdi dugc Higan
" Nguyin Ddng Chi, Kho tdng truyen co tich Viet Nam, Nhd xudt bdn Gido dye. Ha Ndi, 2000, trang 1340.
" Nguyin Bich Hd, Tuyen tap truyen cd tich Nhdt Bdn, Nhd xudt bdn Dai hgc Qudc gia. Ha Ngi, 1999, trang 44.
ben kia, noi hg se nhan su phan xet. Chi cd ngudi chet mdi cd thi qua sdng tren chiec thuyen ciia shinigami (Tii ThSn) neu hg du tien tra, neu khdng. mgi thir ngoai tru shinigami va nhirng chiec thuyen ciia hg se chim xudng day sdng (vi the ngudi Nhat mdi ed phong tuc dat sau ddng tien chinh trong quan tai va chdn theo ngudi chet). Trong Phat Giao Nhat Ban, ddng Sanzu cd 3 nhanh vdi mure do nguy hiem tuy thugc vao tdi ldi eua vong hdn gay ra khi ngudi dd edn sdng.
Do rdng cua con sdng thay ddi tuy theo tdi ldi cua cac vong hdn...
Trong truyen cd tich Viet Nam va Nhat Ban Phong eung xuat hien nhiing tinh tiet, cau chuyen lien quan den phong tuc thd cimg dng ba td tien. Hau het mgi gia dinh khi cd dng ba, cha me qua ddi, vao nhung ngay mat, ngay ram, le tet, mflng mdt...
ngudi sdng thuomg lam com, huong hoa, thap huong cau khan huong hdn ngudi qua cd ve sum vay, ddn nhan tam ldng thanh kinh, thuang nhd cua con chau. Hang nam den ngay gid eua ai dd trong gia dinh, ngudi ta td chirc ciing gid. Phong tuc nay the hien trong cae truyen Chdng re thong manh, Hai bdy muoi ba, Ciia thien trd dia, Qudn Tic (ngudi Viet). Ngudi Viet quan niem cung te trudc het nham dap iing ve mat vat chat cho ngudi chet de hg dung, sau dd la ngay de eon chau td tam ldng thanh kinh ddi vdi ngudi da khuat. Ngay gid nhieu khi la budi gap gd, doan tu, thiic tinh quan he rudt thjt trong can me dua chen vat chat tam thudng {Hd rdm hd rgc, Ciia thien trd dia...). Nhan bua gid ngudi ta cdn nhac nhd nhau ve le ddi, le dao... {Gdi ngoan dgy chdng. Con vg khdn ldy thdng chdng dgi, nhu bdng hoa ldi cdm bdl cut trdu...), nhung dd cung la noi ngudi
" Nguyin Ddng Chi, Kho iang truy?n cd tich Vi^t Nam, Nhd xudt bdn Giao dye, Hd Ngi, 2000, trang 1251.
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NGHIEN Cdru OONG BflC fl. sd 1(143) 1-2013Nghien cOu khoa hoc
ta thir thach, mia mai nhau {Ldy va cde). Tai hai hon nfl-a, bfl-a gid trd thanh noi dl ngudi ta thyc hien nhfl-ng am muu den tdi. Cd Tim bj me con di ghe gilt chit khi treo cau hai qua cung cha {Tdm Cdm). Chang Lia bj vay ham trong Trudng May cung chi vi mdt bfl-a gid vdi gai dep, rugu ngon. Cung ed khi bua gid trd thanh thdi gian va dja dilm dl con ngudi thyc hien viec tra thfl. Ngudi phu nu trong truyen Con cde liem nudc mua khi nhan ra tdi ac ciia ngudi chdng mdi, nhan bfla gid chdng cu, da gilt chit anh chdng mdi moi tim dang cung ngudi chdng cfl dl huong hdn ngudi chdng cu dugc ngam cudi noi chin sudi.
Trong he thdng thd ciing cua ngudi Viet, tuc thd dng ba da dugc nhilu ngudi xem nhu la mdt thir tdn giao (dao thd dng ba). Tfl- dao ly "udng nudc nhd ngudn" chim cd td, ngudi cd tdng nen thd ciing dng ba, td tien rat quan trgng trong mdi gia dinh ngudi Viet.
Ndi bat qua nhfl-ng truyen cd tich la hinh anh ngudi vg thd chdng, cd nhieu ngudi phu nu xau sd chdng chet sdm da phai thu tiet thd chdng cho den cudi ddi, nhung ai di budc nua cung phai lam trgn nghTa vu ciia minh vdi ngudi noi chin sudi trudc khi ra di. Cac truyen Su tich dng ddu rau, Chdng Lia, Con coc liim nuac mira^"... deu cd chi tiet ngudi vg thd chdng va lo toan chu toan ngay gid ky eua chdng. Cd khi dd la hinh anh thd cung dng ba, cha me ndi chung thdng qua cac dam gid trong cac truyen Gdi ngoan dgy chong, Chdng ri thong manh, Cita thien trd dia, Hd rdm hd rgc... Hinh anh thd ciing td tien rd net nhat, tieu bieu cho ca qudc gia, ca dan tdc dugc the hien qua truyen Sir tich bdnh chung bdnh ddy. De tim ngudi ndi ddi, cd rlt nhilu dieu de cd the dua ra thi thd.
nhfl-ng dudng ldi ddi ngoai, ddi ndi, tu than, te gia... nham trj qudc an dan, nhumg trong truyen Hung Vuong da dat vin dl thd ciing td tien len hang quan trgng, cudc thi dl ra nhfl-ng ai cd dugc cung phlm la, ngon, cd y nghTa se dugc truyin ngdi. Vdi nhirng cai chet vi sy sdng cdn, binh yen cua xa tie thi linh hdn ngudi qua cd dugc cdng ddng thd cung rat trang nghiem, sy tri an dd thi hien qua cac den dai, mieu mao d cac lang. Thanh Gidng, ngudi anh hung nhd tudi cua dan tdc Viet dudng nhu sinh ra chi dl thyc hien nhiem vu danh giae. Sau khi hoan thanh sur menh ljch su- cua minh da lang le vl trdi trong sy kinh phuc cua ca dan tdc, dugc ca dan tdc tdn thd, trd thanh mdt trong tur bit tii cua hdn thieng sdng mii Viet {Thdnh Gidng).
Cai chet cua Nguyin Thj Bich Chau trong truyen cd tich cung ten nham ciiu sdng vua tdi nha Tran, mai eho den mdt tram nam sau, vua Le cdn td chiic an tang ba theo nghi ll Clia mdt vuong phi va lap milu thd ba.
Trong cudc sdng thudng ngay, sy trd treu cua tinh ddi cflng dan den rat nhilu nhflmg cau chuyen cam ddng. Cai chet cua hai anh em nha hg Cao va ngudi vg da hda thanh nhung thii sudt ddi quan quyt lay nhau, dan gian lap den thd de an ui cho linh hdn ba con ngudi xau sd {Sir tich trdu eau). Linh thieng hon nflra la linh hdn ngudi con gai da di theo giup do chang nho sinh dd dat tren budc dudng hgc van, cam ta tam ldng ay, chang trai da xay ngdi thap bao an de thd nang {Su tich thdp Bdo An).
Phong tuc thd ciing dugc dan gian Nhat Ban de cap tdi trong truyen Gidc mc^' Di cdt Clia ngudi qua cd dugc dat trong mgt cai binh dyng trong mdt cai hop gd theo phong tuc hdi ay. Hay trong truyen Con sudi cdi
™ Nguyen Ddng Chi. Kho tdng truyifn co tich Viet Nam, Nhd xudt ban Gido dye, Hd Ndi, 2000, trang 967.
^' Nguyin Bich Hd, Tuyen tap truyen co tich Nhdt Bdn, Nhd xuat ban Dai hgc Qudc gia. Ha Ndi, 1999, trang 79.
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ldo hodn ddng' , phong tuc thd cung cua ngudi Nhat cung dugc md ta kha rd net:
"Trong gian phdng dep nhat trong nha, d mdt noi trang trgng nhat, d mdt ke gd lang cua tokonoma (kham thd) hg lap ban thd tudng nhd den 3 dura con trai. Mdi ngay trong mdt thdi gian dai. hg dat nhung thiic an tren mdt cai mam son, ddt nhang va dirng hang gid tudng niem linh hdn ngudi da mit"
Cd the thay, thd cung la mdt phong tuc kha phd bien cua cac dan tgc tren the gidi, trong dd cd Viet Nam, Nhat Ban. Khao sat phong tuc tang ma va phong tuc thd cung qua truyen cd tich hai nude ehung ta thay, tuy Viet Nam thugc Ddng Nam A, Nhat Ban thugc Ddng Bac A nhung ca hai nudc deu chju tae ddng ehung ciia tam ly phuang Ddng, deu cd ddi sdng tam linh rat phong phu.
Tim hieu van hda, phong tue ngudi Viet va ngudi Nhat the hien qua truyen cd tich chung tdi mudn nhin van hge, cu the la truyen ed tich. bang cai nhin van hda de nhan thirc sau sa hon ve con ngudi va van hda Nhat Ban va Viet Nam. Qua cd tich chiing ta thay, phong tuc chinh la nhfl-ng gi thugc ve ITnh vye tinh than, trai qua thdi gian, da trd thanh quy udc, thanh nhfl-ng hinh thiic mang tinh cd djnh chi phdi tdi nep cam, nep nghT sau dam, ben vfl-ng eua eon ngudi.
Tim hieu nhflmg phong tuc the hien trong truyen cd tich hai qudc gia lien quan den tin ngudng, cudi hdi, tang ma... bai viet hudng tdi sy hieu sau sac them ve van hda cua nudc ban ddng thdi thay dugc ve dep van hda dan tdc, thay dugc sy giao thoa gifl-a hai nen van hda va dieu nay rat cd y nghTa trong cdng cudc hdi nhap hdm nay.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Felicien Challaye (Ldi Viet: Ta Chi Dong Hai): Chuyen co Nhgt Bdn, Nxb Tre, Ha Noi, 2004.
2. Nguyen Ddng Chi, Kho tdng truyen co tich Viet Nam, tap 1,2; Nxb Giao due. Ha Noi, 2000.
3. Chu Xuan Dien, "Ve phucmg phap so sanh trong nghien ciiu van hoc dan gian", Tgp chi
Vdn hoc, {9), 1997.
4. Nguyen Bich Ha, Tuyen tap truyen co tich Nhgt Bdn, Nxb Dai hgc Quoc gia. Ha Noi, 1999.
5. Hoang Qudc Hai, Vdn hda phong tuc, Nxb Van hoa thong tin. Ha Ngi, 2000.
6. Van Hda (bien dich), Truyen co Nhgt Bdn, Nxb Van hda Sai Gon, Tp.Hd Chi Minh, 2009.
7. Dinh Gia Khanh, Van hoc ddn gian Viet Nam, Nxb Giao due. Ha Ngi, 2000.
8. LO Huy Nguyen - Dang Van Lung, Hgp tuyen truyen cd tich Viet Nam, Nxb Giao due, 1996.
9. Le Hdng Phong, Vdn hoc ddn gian Viet Nam (Bai giang tdm tat), Trudng Dai hgc Da Lat, 2008.
10. Dang Diic Sieu, Tinh hoa van hoa phuang Dong, Nxb Giao due, 2007.
11. Tan Viet, Mgt trdm dieu nen biet ve phong tuc Viet Nam, Nxb Van hda dan tgc. Ha Ndi, 1994.
~ Felicien Challaye (Ldi Viet: Ta Chi Ddng Hdi), Chuyen cdNhgt Bdn, Nha xuat ban Tre, Hd Ndi, 2004, trang 29.
