QUAN tY KINH TE
Co sd kinh te cua xdy dung trqm thu phi giao thong nhdm toi thieu chi phi cho xa hoi
NGUYEN VAN SONG NGUYEN XUAN HUtJ NGUYEN XUAN DIEP VUdNG THI KHANH HUYEN
r
hdi gian gan day, dU ludn oca hdi vd cdc phUdng tien thdng tin dai chiing cd nhieu y kien trdi chieu ve cdc tram thu phi giao thdng dUdc xdy dUng mdi d nhieu ndi, phi thu tai cdc tram thu phi tdng. Bdi viet phan tich, thao luan cd sd kinh te cua viec nen dat hoac khdng nen dat tram thu phi giao thdng detdi thieu hda chi phi cho xa hdi.Tvf k h o a : kinh tegiao thong, tram thu phi giao thdng, ha tdng giao thong, hdp tac cdng tU.
1. D a t v a n d e
Hien nay, trong toan qud'c co 88 t r a m t h u phi tren cac tuyen qud'c Id, trong dd 20 t r a m cd khoang each vdi t r a m lien ke dudi 60km (Manh Hung, 2016). TU H a Noi ve Thai Binh chi 100km nhUng cd tdi 4 t r a m t h u phi (Tien Manh, 2016). Qud'c Id lA cd tdi 37 t r a m thu phi. N h u vay, cU 62 km lai cd mot tram t h u phi giao thong (Tintaynguyen, 2016). Tii 1-4-2016, tuyen cao to'c Ha Noi- Hai Phong va qud'c Id 5 da ddng loat t a n g manh phi sii dung dudng bo vdi cac mUc tang 25% va 50%. (Vietnamnet, 2016). Tai cuoc tpa dam "Minh bach t h u phi du an BOT giao thdng" do Cd'ng thong tin dien tit Chinh phu to chUc; ong Nguyen Hong Trudng, ThU trudng Bd Giao thong van tai cho rang "Ngudn vd'n cua n h a dau tU (15 - 20%) cdn lai la ngudn huy ddng tU nguon vo'n vay tin dung, vay thUdng mai. Vi vay toan bd phuong an tai chinh dUdc xac dinh deu cd thdi gian hoan vo'n tU 15 - 20 nam".
De hinh t h a n h , cai tao nhiJng con dudng, dac biet la chi phi xay dung, stia chUa, bao dudng cac con dudng cao td'c chi phi ra't cao, ve nguyen tac ngUdi tieu dung phai t r a phi sii dung. Nhung tra khi nao, bang each nao, khi nao cho sii dung tU do (khdng phai t r a
tien t n i c tiep ma thdng qua ngan sach chinh phu), khi nao phai ddng phi triic tiep de td'i thieu hda chi phi cho xa hdi la mdt cau hdi ddi vdi cac n h a chinh sach va quan ly vi md.
2. T h a o l u a n
2.1 TrUdng hdp con dubng la hang hda cong cong thuan tuy
H a n g hda cdng cong t h u a n tiiy co cac dac diem cd ban khac vdi h a n g hda t u n h a n t h u a n tiiy dd la: thit nhdt, khdng the chia theo k h a u p h a n cho ngUdi sii dung; vi du; ldi ich qud'c phong, ldi ich tit den dudng, ldi ich t u cac ngon hai dang ddi vdi cac con tau di lai t r e n bien; thU hai, khdng the loai trit ngUdi s^ dtuig, cd nghia la loai hang hda ma khi ngUdi sii dung tU do sii dung ma chu sd hiiu khdng t h e loai trU dUdc ai, do khdng cd phUdng phap loai trU, va khdng the loai trii;
dac diem nay dSn tdi hien tUdng "an khdng"
trong tieu dung; vi du: chung ta khdng the loai trU mot ngudi mdi n h a p cU hoac mdi sinh r a do chUa ddng t h u e cho qud'c gia, nhUng v i n dUdc hUdng Idi ich qud'c phong, chung t a khdng t h e loai trtf cac t a u di t r e n bien khdng
Nguyen Van Song, GS., TS.; Nguyln Xuan HQu, Hoc vien Nong nghiep Viet Nam; Nguyen Xu^n Diep, Vuong Thi Khanh Huy6n; Truong dai hoc Thai Nguyen.
Nghien aiu Kmh tesS 12 (463)-Thing 12/2016 2 9
ca sd klnb te ...
tra tiln nhUng vkn c6 the hudng ldi tit vi$c dinh hudng di nhd cac ngon hai dang mang lai. TAtf ba, khdng canh tranh trong sii dung, hang hda cong cdng thuin tuy, ngUdi nay sit dung se khdng anh hudng khau phan tieu dtmg cua ngUdi tiSu d ^ g khac;
ngUdc l?i, hang hda tU nhan thu^n tuy thi ngUdi nay tieu dung se lam giam khau phan tiSu dung cua ngUdi ngUdi tieu diing khac. Vi du: ddi vdi hang hda tU nhSn nhu cai hanh ngUdi nay an 1/2 thi nhiing ngUdi
HINH 1: Biiifng la hang hoa cong cong
khac chi cdn 1^ 1/2. NhUng dra vdi hang hoa cdng cong thustn tuy vi du ngUdi hudng ldi tit qud'c phong, hudng ldi ttf ldi ich tii ngon hai dang nay, khong anh hudng tdi ddi tUdng hudng ldi khac quoc phong ho§c tu ngon hai dSng. Th^ tU, chi phi hidn thgm mot ddi tUdng sfi dung b^ng khdng (0). Vi du: chi phi quoc phong, chi phi xdy dung, duy tri ngon hai dang, he thdng den dudng se khdng tang khi so ngUdi, dm tUdng sii dung tang len.
thuan tuy (MC=0), cho SBf dung ttf do
Lephf
Nhuc&iai^l WTP
qua dudng do thu 1$
pW
QSdlu^xe qua dirdng
Ngf/^n: Nguyin Van Song, 2005.
Khi con dudng mang ddy du cac dSic £em cua mot hai^ hda cdng cdng thuin tuy dd la:
khdng thi chia theo kh^u p h ^ khdi^ thi loai trvf, khdng canh tranh, chi phi bidn them mot xe sv[ dung qua dudng b^ng khdng (MC=0), hoac rfft thlip, va ^^ ^ang Idn hdn (>) 4«B- Vdi trudng hdp nay chung ta cho sr( dung tU do, khdng lap tram thu phi vdi blit k^ hinh thtic nao. Bdi vi, x6t dUdi goc dd nguyen ly cd ban ve kinh t^, thang dU cua ngUdi tieu dtog la di$n tich dudi dudng c^u va tren gia. Nhu vay, khi chi phi bidn (MC=0) khi them mdt ngUdi sfi dung, tiic la gia cho s^ dung hang hda nay bang khdng; hay noi each khac gia nlim trung vdi true hoanh do dd tong dien tich dudi dudng cau chfnh la thSng dU cua ngUdi ti6u dung.
Trong trudng hdp cri thi nay chinh la tong ldi ich bign (IIM^ cua cac xe qua dudng. Khi Qu,i oB^ cua con dudng (Idia nSng cua con di^g) Idn hdn (>) %^ (lUdng sut dung khi gia bang 0, tyic la cho sij[ dung tu do); neu chung ta thu phi dudng lUdng xe £ dudng se giam tijf Q^^ vl Qvi- Nhu vay, ton th^ft 1^ ich cua xa hoi se la dien tich tam giac hinh gach. Day la dien tich nam dUdi dudng cau, chinh la tdng thang dU cua ngUdi tieu dung hay Idi ich bi6n cua moi xe qua c^u (JMBj), khi khdng cd chi phi (MC=0) khi them mot xe qua dUdng.
Tom lai, vdi tmJdng hdp con dudng la mdt loai hang hda cdng cong thuIn tiiy, chinh phu phai la ngUdi cung c^p tai chinh de xay dung con dudng nay (khong giao cho BOT) va cho sA
30 Nghien cdu Kinh t^sff 12 (463)-Th^12S016
ca sd kinh le ,
dung t u do, khdng t h u le phi. Bdi vi, khi t h u le phi se lam ton t h a t phuc ldi do lUdng xe qua dudng se giam tii Q^^ ve Qv^, do tim dudng khac re hdn hoac trdn phi giao thdng. Hien tUdng nay cdn gay he luy den nhiing dudng da xud'ng ca'p, dudng nhd, gay tai n a n giao thdng do cac xe t r a n h t r a m t h u phi giao thdng.
2.2 Trudng hap con dudng Id hang hda cdng cdng khdng thuan tiiy va khdng qua ddng xe qua lai
"max^Wkha niing'
Trong t r u d n g hdp con dudng la h a n g hda cdng cdng k h d n g t h u a n tUy, tUc la hoac cd t h e chia t h e o k h a u p h i n hoac cd sU canh t r a n h t r o n g sii d u n g hoac cd t h e loai trU hoac chi phi bien t h e m mot xe qua dUdng k h a c k h d n g (MC > 0). Vay, t r o n g trUdng hdp n a y d a t r a cho c h u n g t a cau hdi Idn la n e n cho sii d u n g tU do h a y t h u phi? Doi vdi loai dudng n a y c h u n g t a chia r a lam h a i (2) phUdng an q u a n 1^ t u y theo mUc chi phi cua xa hoi.
HINH 2: D u d n g la h a n g h o a c o n g c o n g k h o n g t h u a n t u y (MC>0)
P , M C
L ^ p h f
N ^
A: chi ph( giao d[ch & chi ph[
loaltrtf
T6n thSt phCic i<ji xB h^i do giam lur^g xe
que cSu
M C
1 ^ ^ " % ^ ^ C
Qgu™ S 6 lifot giam dl ' ^ ^ ^ u - i a m B qua duimg qua duiJng do thu IS
phf
NguSn Nguyen Van Song, 2005.
Trong trUdng hdp con dudng khdng phai la hang hda cdng cong t h u a n tuy (cd mot trong 4 dac diem cua hang hda cdng cdng khdng t h u a n ttiy khdng ton tai, vi du: chi phi cho mot xe qua dudng Idn hdn khdng). Cd quan quan ly va cac bo ph^n chiic nang phai xem xet, so sanh sU danh ddi cua chi phi t h a n h lap tram thu phi va chi phi khi cho sii dung t u do vdi nhau n h u sau: Neu cho sii dung tu do, so'xe qua dUdng se la Qn,„ (P =0); nhU vay chi phi cua xa hoi se la C, dien tich dUdng MC nam tren dUdng cau D. Nhung neu chiing ta lap t r a m thu phi thi chi phi xa hoi llic nay se la dien tich A (chi phi loai trijf, chi phi moi trUdng, chi phi cd hoi ve thdi gian xe
chd qua tram; thUdng dUdc goi chung la chi phi giao dich) cong (+) vdi lUdng xe qua dUdng giam nen p h a n thiet hai phiic ldi se la dien tich B (dien tich n a m dudi dUdng cau D va tren dUdng chi phi bien MC). Cd the xay ra hai (2) trUdng hdp:
Trudng hdp 1:
Chi phi giao dich (A) cong (+) chi phi do thiet hai phiic ldi xa hoi do lUdng xe giam (B) Idn hdn (>) Chi phi bao dudng dUdng (C) do lUdng xe di lai lam hao mdn, hu hai dudng vdi ludng sii dung td'i da. Trong trUdng hdp nay chinh phu phai la ngUdi cung cap con dUdng nay va cho sii dung tU do, khong thu le phi dudng, khdng de t u n h a n lam. Vi neu de t u
Nghien cuu Kinh tes612 (463) • Thing 12/2016 3 1
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nhan cung cap i^udi cung cap se thu phi, chi phi xa hdi se Idn hdn so vdi cho sut dung tU do.
Trudng hdp 2:
Chi phi giao dich (A) cdng (+) chi phi do thigt h^i phuc Idi xa hoi do lUdng xe giam (B) nhd hdn (<) Chi phf bao dUdng dudi^ do lUdng xe (fi vdi lUdng tfi da (C). T^dng iruSng hdp nay cd the khoan cho tU nhan lam hoac phai thu 1% phi cua cac xe qua dudng neu khdng thiet hai xa hoi se Idn.
2.3. Cdc yeu td anh hudng dih chi phi xa hoi khi cho sU dung tU do trong trudng hop con dudng la hang hoa cong cong khdng thuan tuy
Khi con dudng la loai hang hda cdng cong khong t h u ^ tdy nhUng dio sut dung tu do, dilu nay se dan tdi i^udi tieu diing se tieu dung d mtic t S da (Q„^ tUdng ti^ nhU mute gia bing khdng (0)).
Nhu vay, thiet hai do ngUdi tiSu dung sii dung t ^ da se la di$n tich dudng chi phi bien MC n ^ tren dudng cSu (difn tich C cua Ifinh 3). Dien tich nay thi hi€n si^ thiet hai cua xa hdi do sii dung khi ma chi phi (MC) HINH 3: Thi^t h^i khi cho sijf dung t\i do
cong cong khong
Idn hdn Idi fob (dUdng c^u D), p h ^ thifit had nay (dien tfch A hinh 3) phu thuoc vao 3 ylu to chfnh do la: yeii to thii nhdt, sil co gian cua ciu ve sut dung con dudng nay, neu ciu ddi vdi con dudng n^y cang co gian (dudng ciu khdng dSc, cd nhieu con dudng khac thay thi) thiet hai xa hdi cang Idn do. Neu ciu d^ vdi con dudng nay it cd gian dilu n^y se lam hi|t h ^ xa hoi se ft hdn. Hay ndi mot each khac ciu vdi eon dudng nay ckng ft co gian (dudng d u doc, cd it con dudng khac thay thi) thidt hai xa hoi c^ng nho. Yeu tdthil 2 anh hudng tdi thiet hai xa hdi khi cho sut dung tU do phu thudc vko d$ doc (it co gian) cua dudng chi phi bien khi thSm mdt xe sut dung con dudng.
Neu chi phi bidn MC it co gian thi thi$t hai xa hoi cang Idn. NgUdc lai, chi phi hi@n cang CO gian thi thi$t hai xa hdi cang it (di^n tich C cua Hinh 3). Yeii tdthii 3 anh hudng tdi mute thiet hai eua xa hoi khi cho sut dung til do la do Idn cua dudng chi phi bien (MC), neu chi phi bign c^ng Idn thi thigt h^i xa hoi khi cho sut dung til do cang Idn va chi phf biSn cang nho thi thi|t hai xa hoi cang nhd khi cho sut dung ti^ do.
trong trtfdng hdp con difdng la hang hoa thuan tuy (MC>0)
3. Ket luan
Ngudi sut dung phai tra tien dd la nguyen tac cung cau va thi trudng; nhiing khdng phai ba't cut hang hda, dich vu cdng nao Chinh phu
ciing thu phf tixic tiep ngUcd sut dui^. Co nhOng khoan thu gian tilp thdi^ qua thue moi ngUdi dan phai chiu va difnh phu cung cSfp ti?
do hang hoa dich vu nay dii phf xa hdi se ihlp.
32 N^micAiiGnhtSsSl2(463)-Thingm.
ca sd kinh te
Khi h a n g hda, dich vu la h a n g hda cdng cdng t h u I n tiiy, khdng t h e dinh lUdng dUdc lUdng tieu dung, khdng t h e loai truf khi tieu dilng, thi chinh p h u phai la ngUdi cung ca'p hang hda, dich vu nay cho ngUdi d a n sii dung t u do, khdng t h u phi, chi phi xa hdi se t h a p . Neu de t u n h a n lam hoac t h u phi chi phi xa hoi se Idn, hoac khdng t h e lUdng hda dUdc khau p h a n hoac khdng loai trU dUdc ngUdi sii dung de t h u (vi du: ldi ich qud'c phong, ldi ich t u ngon hai dang mang lai).
Khi hang hda, dich vu (con dudng) la loai hang hda cong cong khdng t h u a n tuy (vi du:
con dUdng khdng qua ddng xe qua lai Qmax^Qkhfl nsn^. trong trUOug hdp nay chinh phii, nha quan ly va cac cd quan chUc nang phai can nhac, xem xet. Neu cho sii dung t u do ma chi phi nhd hdn chi phi giao dich cdng (+) vdi chi phi thigt h a i do lap t r a m t h u phi thi phai cho sii dung tU do, khong de t u n h a n cung ca'p hang hoa, dich vu nay vi neu thu phi hoac de tU n h a n cung ca'p, hoac t h u phi hang hda, dich vu nay chi phi va thiet hai phuc ldi xa hdi se Idn. NgUdc lai, neu cho sit dung t u do ma chi phi Idn hdn chi phi giao dich cong (+) vdi chi phi thiet hai do lap tram thu phi thi phai t h u phi ngUdi sii dung. Lam nhu vay, chi phi va thiet hai phiic ldi xa hoi se nhd. d day cd mot h a m y chinh sach dd'i vdi nha quan ly va dau tU dd la: khi chi phi loai trU Qkp tram, duy tri t r a m kiem soat ve) la yeu td' quan trong anh hudng Idn tdi chi phi bien them mdt xe sii dung dUdng. Vi vay, can td'i thieu hda chi phi nay thdng qua quan ly, kiem soat tU ddng hoac sut cac cdng nghe ky thuat cao vao kiem soat ve. Dieu nay se giam un tfic, giam chi phi xa hdi, giai tda dUOc nhieu tram kiem soat ve, td'c do xe, hang hda luu thdng n h a n h hdn, giam t h i e u chi phi cd
hdi cua thdi gian chd ddi, va giam chi phi mdi trudng do sU u n tac trUdc cac t r a m kiem soat ve.
Trong trUdng hdp con dudng la h a n g hda cdng cdng khdng t h u a n tiiy (MC>0); neu cho sut dung t u do mUc thiet hai xa hoi (dien tich C cua hinh 3) phu thudc vao ba yeu to': do co gian cua cau, c^u cang co gian thiet hai xa hoi cang Idn, cau cang it cd gian thiet hai xa hoi cang it; do co gian cua dUdng chi phi bien (MC), khi chi phi bien cang co gian thi thiet hai xa hoi cang it va ngUdc lai khi chi phi bien cang it co gian thi thiet h a i xa hoi cang nhieu; Do Idn cua dudng chi phi bien, chi phi bien cang Idn thiet hai xa hoi cang Idn, ngUdc lai, chi phi bien cang nhd thiet h a i xa hdi cang nhd./.
TAI LI$U THAM KHAO
1. Manh Himg (2016), D^ phi du6ngb6 phii hop vdi
"siic mua" cua ngu&i dan. Bao Qudn ddi nhdn ddn, httpi/Avww.qdnd.vn/ban-doc/hoi-am/de-phi-duong-bo- phu-hop-voi-suc-mua-cua-nguoi-dan-481959. Tniy cflp ngSy 18-7-2016.
2. Nguyen Van Song (2005), Kinh tecdng cdng, Nxb Ndng nghifip.
3. Tien Manh (2016), Vi sao 100km c6 la-i 4 tram thu phf. Bao Giao thdng online, http://www .baogiaothong. vn/vi-sao-1 OOkm-co-toi-4-lram-thu-phi- dl50868.html. Truy cap ngay 18-7-2016.
4. Tintaynguyen (2016), QuSc 16 lA cii 62 km lai co mflt tram thu phi, http://www.tintaynguyen.com/quoc-lo- la-cu-62km-lai-co-mot-tram-thu-phi/l 86406/. Truy cap ngay 18-7-2016.
5. Vietnamnet (2016), Phi ducmg bO tang manh: B6 Giao thong van tai noi v5n ddng quy djnh, http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/thoi-su/295936/phi-duong-bo-tang -manh-bo-gtvt-noi-van-dung-quy-dinh.html. Truy cap ngay 19-7-2016.
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