LICH SU" - VAN HOA - XA HOI CHAU AU
CO Sd LICH SQ VA VAN H O A C O A BAN SAC CHAU AU
Ths. B i i Hai Dang
Dgi hgc KHXHe&NV - DH Quoc gia Tp.HCM
Tien trinh khu vyc hda ngay cang dien ra manh me d nhieu noi tren the gidi ma bieu hien ciia nd la sy hinh thanh cac cdng ddng khu vyc. Lien quan den van de nay, cd hai quan diem khac nhau: (1) Mot sd ngu&i xem khu vuc hda Id mot dgng todn cdu hda dien ra trong phgm vi khu vuc, (2) Khu vice hda Id mot cdch md cdc nu&c nhd cd su gdn giii ve dja ly vd tic dd chia se nhieu lgi ich chung hgp tdc v&i nhau chdng lgi tien trinh todn cdu hda vd su kiem soat chi phdi ciia cdc sieu cu&ng [Ham, Peter Van. 2001: 43].
Trong tien trinh ay, cac qudc gia trong mdt khu vyc thudng chju sy tac ddng manh me ciia hai luc trai chieu nhau: (1) Luc hiit tgo ra tic su phu thudc Idn nhau ngdy cdng tdng, md chit yeu Id ve kinh te vd chinh trj, khien cdc qudc gia lien ket vd hgp tdc v&i nhau; (2) Luc ddy tgo ra tie nhieng ddi hdi, yeu cdu ve quyen tie chu, bdn sdc vd nhitng dgc tricng vdn hda rieng (ddi khi chi Id nhieng quan nggi) [Bui Hai Dang, 2006: 2]. Sy tac ddng cua hai lyc nay vao tien trinh khu vuc hda d mdi noi, moi khu vuc tren the gidi rat khac nhau, dugc bieu hien bdi mirc do lien ket va hgp tac ciia timg khu vuc hay miic do the che hda cac lien ket va hgp tac dd.
O chau Au tien trinh khu vyc hda dien ra manh me, bat dau tir nam 1951. Trong sudt hon 50 nam qua, chung ta cd the thay luc hut tac ddng manh me hon lyc day, hay ndi each khac, lyc hiit dang thang the. Khi su phy thudc lan nhau giira cac qudc gia chau Au ngay cang tang, khdng chi ve Igi ich kinh te ma cdn la an ninh, chinh trj..., thi lyc hut nay ngay cang manh, da va dang keo cac dan tdc chau Au lai gan nhau hon, thuc day va tang cudng hgp tac vdi nhau nhieu ban. Su phy thudc lan nhau cd tinh loan dien nay khac so vdi cac khu vyc khac bdi chau Au cd nhiing dieu kien thuan lgi nhat djnh, trong dd phai ke den sy hinh thanh va phat trien ciia mdt ban sac chung, ban sac chau Au.
Ban sac chau Au chinh thirc dugc dua ra ban thao tai Hdi nghj thugng dinh ciia Cdng ding Chau Au (EC) d Copenhagen nam
1973'. Day la mdt budc di kha thanh cdng ve mat chinh trj [Bo Strath 2000: 14] mac dii ngudi ta mdi chi de cap mdt sd ngi dung ciia nd. Gin day ngudi ta ndi nhieu, ban nhieu hon vl ban sac chau Au, dac biet la sau khi EU md rdng vl phia Ddng vao thang 5 nam
' Xin xem them "Tuyen bo chung ve bdn sdc chdu Au" - Declaration on European identity tai Hoi nghj Copenhagen 14.12.1973 trong Ban tin ciia Cong dong Chau Au thang 12 nam 1973, s6 12 tir tr.l 18-122.
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NGHIEN CGU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°9 (120).20102004 va thang 1 nam 2007 bdi sy ddng nhat van hda-xa hdi ciia EU-15 dudng nhu bj ran mit, neu khdng mudn ndi la bj pha vd. Gidi lanh dao chau Au xem ban sac chau Au nhu mdt loai keo ban gan nhung ran mil dang tdn tai, keo ngudi chau Au sat lai gan nhau ban va gdp phan lam giam di lyc day cua tien trinh khu vuc hda d chau Au. Vi the, viec thuc day va phat trien ban sac chau Au trd nen can thiet ban bao gid bet ddi vdi sy phat trien ben vung cua EU.
Bat ky mdt thye the nao deu hinh thanh dya tren nhirng co sd nhat djnh, ban sac chau Au Cling vay. Chau Au ve co ban ciing gidng nhu cac qudc gia deu la nhiing cdng ddng tudng tugng (imagined communites) [Anderson, 1991] nen ban sac chau Au hay ban sac qude gia deu la ban sac cdng ddng, hinh thanh ciing vdi qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien ciia mdt thye the chinh trj. Vi vay, viec xay dyng va phat trien ban sac chau Au khdng the khdng dya vao nhiing luan thuyet hien cd ve ban sac qudc gia, ban sac dan tdc.
Vdi quan diem nay, xay dyng ban sac chau Au la tien trinh ngudi chau Au di tim va xac lap cai "chiing ta" hay ndi mdt each khac day la tien trinh tim kiem cau tra Idi cho nhirng cau hdi sau: Chiing ta la ai? Chiing ta gidng nhiing ai? Chiing ta tin tudng ai? Chiing ta trung thanh vdi ai? va Vdi ai chiing ta cd dugc sy doan ket?
"Chiing ta" vdi y nghTa nhu vay cd the nhan thay qua nbtrng lien ket tinh than nhu Idng trung thanh, niem tin, tinh doan ket, su thau cam cac thanh vien vdi nhau. Chung ta cd thi tim thay co sd cua nhirng lien ket tinh
thin nay d 4 cap do khac nhau: 1. Nhiing tuong ddng ca ban ve lanh thd, phong canh hay mdi trudng tu nhien; 2. Tuong ddng ve ljch sir, ky iic, truyen thdng, td tien chung (cd that hoac chi la huyen thoai); 3. Tuong ddng ve van hda, ngdn ngii, tdn giao, phong tyc, Idi sdng; 4. Tuong ddng ve y thirc he [Sztompka 2004: 5]. Bai viet nay se phan tich CO sd van hda va ljch sir cua ban sac chau Au, la co sd ciia nhiing lien ket tinh than thudc cap do 2 va 3.
Cff SO' lich sir
Neu dja ly la khdng gian (nhiing tuong ddng CO ban ve lanh thd, phong canh hay mdi trudng ty nhien thudc cap do 1) thi ljch sir la thdi gian cua mdt cdng ddng khu vyc.
Sy gan gtii ve khdng gian dja ly tao dieu kien thuan lgi cho quan he cua cac qudc gia hinh thanh sdm va dugc duy tri sudt chieu dai ljch sir. Ljch sir quan he lau dai tao dyng va ciing cd cac lien he nhieu mat gitra qudc gia - co sd cho su phat trien nhiing mdi quan he va hinh thanh nhirng dac diem chung, trong do cd su phat trien cua ban sic khu vuc; bdi vi, ljch sir la mdt trong sd nhirng ylu t l quan trgng nhit tao nen nhiing dac thu rieng, nhting van de rieng, nhung quan niem rieng va each hanh xir rat rieng vdi nhau va vdi cac qudc gia thir ba cua mdt nhdm cac quIc gia trong ciing khu vuc.
Trong thdi hien dai, dii miic do manh ylu khac nhau, ljch sir van tiip tyc tac dgng len y thirc khu vyc, tinh cam khu vyc, quan niem ve hgp tac khu vuc va qua trinh hinh thanh cdng ding khu vyc [Hoang Khic Nam, 2008: 26], trong dd cd sy hinh thanh
^sdlieh sii.
61
ciia ban sac khu vyc. Sy tac ddng nay ban dau mang tinh khach quan, ty nhien, nhung sau dd cd the mang tinh chu quan ciia con ngudi (vi nhan thirc dugc tam quan trgng cua ban sac cgng ddng hay vi mdt muc dich nao dd ma cac nha lanh dao sir dyng ljch sir nhu mdt phuong tien/cdng cy tac ddng). Nhu vay, qua trinh quan he lau dai giiia cac qudc gia dan tde gan ke nhau la co sd can phai xem xet ky ludng cho su hinh thanh va phat trien cgng ddng khu vyc va ciing vdi nd la sy ra ddi ciia mdt ban sac chung. O chau Au, vai trd cua ljch sir la de nhan thay va rat quan trgng, nd gdp phan tao ra nbtrng hoan canh va dieu kien chung cho cae qudc gia chau Au va tir dd la nhirng gia trj chung. .
Lich sir quan he qudc te d chau Au la cac giai doan lien minh, lien ket hinh thanh cac cdng ddng va chia cat, phan ly ndi tiep nhau. Day la mdt dac diem rat khac cua chau Au so vdi cac qudc gia d nhirng khu vyc khac tren the gidi. Ngay tir thdi Cd dai, dd la sy ra ddi va phat trien cua de qudc La Ma.
Cho den khi La Ma syp dd, chau Au lai budc vao giai doan Trung dai vdi sy hinh thanh ciia cac cdng ddng Thien chua giao. Chi den thdi ky Can dai, ciing vdi sy hinh thanh va chi phdi cua y thiic ve qudc gia-dan tdc (nation-state), sy phat trien Ien den cao trao cua chu nghTa dan tdc, cae qude gia chau Au mdi hinh thanh tren co sd tach ra tir cac cdng dong va xu hudng ly khai Roma vdi sy chi phoi ciia nhting the lyc mdi. Tuy vay, trude su Idn manh ciia Phap va tham vgng thdng nhat chau Au bang bao lyc ciia Napoleon, cac qudc gia chau Au lai lien minh vdi nhau chong lai Phap, chdng lai Napoleon. Den
thdi ky hien dai, chu nghTa dan tdc phat triln, canh tranh Igi ich qudc gia mdt each gay git lai day chau Au vao thdi ky chia cit, phan ly;
va xung dot lan nay dien ra vdi mdt pham vi Idn ban, cd tinh qudc tl (Thi chiln lin thii I) keo dai bdn nam tir 1914 din 1918.
Sau khi Chien tranh the gidi lin I kit thiic dugc khoang 20 nam, Chiln tranh thi gidi Ian II nd ra vdi qui md va miic do tan khdc Idn hon nhieu va ciing vdi tham vgng thdng nhat chau Au, tham chf thing nhit ca the gidi bang vii lue cua mot dan tdc tu xung la "thugng ding" [Biii Huy Khoat, 2001:
17]. Mdt lan niia cac dan tde chau Au lai lien minh vdi nhau chdng lai va chien thang chu nghTa phat xft. Cuge chien tranh nay de lai nhirng hau qua khiing khiep, true tiep tao ra mdt thdi ky bat dn ve chinh trj, xa hdi sau chien tranh, khdng tao mdi trudng thuan Igi de cac qudc gia chau Au hgp tac va lien ket vdi nhau.
Sy mat mat ca ve ngudi va ciia trong Chien tranh the gidi thir II la hau qua nang ne nhat ma nhan loai phai ganh chju. Mac dii eudc xung dot nay cd qui md toan cau rd ban eudc Chiln tranh the gidi Ian 1, nhung chau Au lai la nan nhan chinh. Tdng sd nan nhan Ien den gan 40 trieu ngudi^, trong dd ban mdt nira la dan thudng. Sy ngugc dai, phan biet sic tdc, tdn giao va chinh trj ciing vdi viec diy hang loat nhiing ngudi bj tryc xuat thanh lao ddng khd sai..., gdp phan khoi day
^ ''Chdu Au dieu tdn vl hdu qud ciia Chien tranh the gioi Idn II", European Navigator, Etienne Deschamps: http://www.ena.lu/ ngay 05.09.2009, djch bdi the Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur I'Europe (CVCE).
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NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°9 (120).2010su thil djch giiia cac dan tdc chau Au vdi nhau. Ngoai ra, cac quan he thuong mai bj cat giam va bat ke nganh cdng nghiep nang nao hay cac nganh san xuat thiet yeu nao cdn lai (do khdng bj chien tranh tan pha) deu boat ddng kem hieu qua. Nha xudng va cac tuyen giao thdng bj pha buy, thuemg mai truyen thdng te liet, thieu hyt vat lieu thd va thye pham. Cuoc chien tranh bj keo dai bdi nhieu mau thuan, xung dot tdn tai tir trude nen lai mdt Ian nira chia re cac nude chau Au. Rd rang Chien tranh the gidi lan II d mdt mat nao dd khien cho viec hda giai giiia cac dan tdc trd nen khd khan ban.
Mat khac, chien tranh va hau qua cua chien tranh lai chinh la dieu kien de y tudng ve chu nghTa khu vuc va lien ket khu vuc xuat hien sdm d chau Au. Cuge chien tranh the gidi lan 11 rd rang la mdt tham hga ddi vdi cac nude chau Au, ea vdi nhiing nude thang tran hay bai tran, day cac qudc gia nay vao mdt hoan canh khd khan chung, kiet que ve mgi mat. Trong ITnh vyc kinh te, neu so vdi nam 1937 thi gia tri san lugng cua Diic chi cdn 3 1 % , Phap 75%, Italy 64%, Anh 96% [Dao Huy Nggc, 1995: 12]. Ngoai ra, chau Au liic nay chi cdn ddng vai trd thii yeu tren trudng qudc te bdi sy gia tang siic manh va vj thi cua My va Lien bang Xd viet cimg vdi sy thu djch ngay cang tang giira hai qudc gia nay. Trong bdi canh nhu vay, mdt chau Au bj chia nam xe bay nhanh chdng nhan ra con dudng de tdn tai va phat trien la phai ciing hgp tac vdi nhau va thiet lap cac the chi chung hieu qua va neu can se tranh thu sy ho trg ve tai chinh, ky thuat va quan sy ciia My. Day cung chinh la thdi diem cd
nhilu bit I n Idn ve chinh trj cimg vdi nhting cang thing sau sac ve xa hdi rat can den nhiing giai phap ngoai giao cd tinh sang kien cao, ke ca d cap do khu vuc.
Cuoc tranh luan ve vi tri cua nude Due, noi sy chia cat Berlin la bieu tugng cua chau Au trong thdi ky Chien tranh Lanh cimg vdi viec mit dan thudc dja khdng ciiu van dugc khiln chau Au phu thudc ngay cang nhieu vao cac lyc lugng ben ngoai. Trude tinh hinh dd, cac phong trao vi chau Au va nhiing ngudi irng hd quan diem lien bang bat dau hanh ddng va thiic day manh liet y tudng hgp nhat chau Au bat dau bang viec thanh lap Uy ban qudc te Phdi hgp cac phong trao Hgp nhat chau Au (International Committee for the Coordination of Movements for European Unity). Vao thang 5 nam 1948, hg cung trieu tap Dai hdi Hague, va tir dd noi Ien Phong trao Hgp nhat chau Au (European Movement).
Qua trinh tiep xiic va tuong tac nhu vay mang lai cho ljch sir vai trd quan trgng ddi vdi sy hinh thanh mdt ban sic khu vyc cung nhu su hinh thanh cdng dong khu vuc d chau Au vdi nhieu dac diem thuan lgi ban nhilu so vdi cac khu vuc khac nhu Ddng Nam A hay Ddng A... Nhung thuan lgi cd thi nhan thay la: Thu nhdt, ljch sir da chiing minh sir lien ket cd chu djnh hay khdng chu dinh giiia cac qudc gia chau Au da tao ra nhirng dac diim ljch sir chung. Thir hai, hau qua khlc liet cua cac cuge chiln lam bimg len mli quan tam hudng din mdt chau Au thing nhat, doan kit, khdng chiln tranh va thiic day manh me udc nguyen dugc sdng trong
^ id Hell ill'...
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hoa binh. Thu ba, trude mdt tinh hinh chinh trj mdi (sau Chien tranh the gidi thii II), nham dam bao vj tri sieu cudng cua minh va han che anh hudng ciia Lien Xd, My can dy vao chau Au, tap hgp cac nude Tay Au vao cac td chirc kinh te, chinh trj do My cam dau nhu Hiep djnh khung ve Thue quan va Mau djch (GATT), He thdng tien te Bretton Woods, Td chiic Hgp tac kinh te Chau Au (OEEC) nam 1948 vdi K I hoach Marshall, Hiep udc Bac Dai Tay Duong (NATO) nam 1049. Dieu nay mdt mat khien cac nude Tay Au ngay eang phy thudc va gan chat vdi My, mat khac giiip cho cac nude nay tai thiet lai sau chien tranh va phyc hdi phat trien kinh le, tren co sd dd thiic day hgp tac vdi nhau chat che ban [Tran Thj Kim Dung, 2001:
12]. Rd rang su can dy cua My vao chau Au sau Chien tranh the gidi lan II da gdp phan tao ra mdt "hoan canh" chung ntra cho cac qudc gia Tay Au, trong dd ke hoach Marshall chinh la chat xue tac cho lien ket khu vuc d chau Au.
Cff so van hoa
Ve mat ly thuyet, khu vyc lien qudc gia dugc hinh thanh tren co sd la mdt nhdm cac qudc gia trong khu vyc cd sy tuong ddng nhat djnh, tir dd tao nen sy khac biet co ban so vdi cac khu vyc khac. Sy tuong ddng cua mot khu vuc dugc tao dung tren co sd ciia su tuong ddng vl van hda, sd phan ljch sir, kinh te, chinh trj hay tren phuong dien ddi ngoai...; trong dd, nhiing tuong ddng ve van hoa-xa hdi thudng cd qua trinh lau dai nen CO tinh ben viing hon. Chiing de mang lai y
thiic khu vyc va tinh cam cdng ddng hon. Su tuong ddng ve van hda thudng den tir cac yeu td nhu chiing tdc, tdn gido, ngdn ngie vd cdc gid tri khdc. Xet ve mat ly thuyet, day la nhting yeu td nam d cap do thir tu mang lai nhimg lien ket ve tinh than hudng den viec cau thanh mdt ban sac chung [Biii Hai Dang 2006: 99]. Vi the, ciing vdi ljch sir, van hoa la CO sd quan trgng nhat gdp phan mang lai sy tuang ddng ciia mdt khu vuc, la nen tang cho sy hinh thanh mdt ban sac cdng ddng.
Trong khu vuc hgc, tuong ddng ve van hda xa hdi duge xem la co sd de xac djnh khu vyc. Tham chf, do cd su van dgng nen cac tuong ddng nay khdng nhirng cd the cung cd ma cdn cd the lam thay ddi khudn khd dja ly ciia khu vyc. Quan trgng hon, cac tuong ddng dd cdn la nhiing sgi day lien ket linh cam, y thiic va hanh vi giiia cac qudc gia. Sy hinh thanh cdng ddng khu vyc va ban sac chung thudng dugc hinh thanh tren co sd nbtrng tuong ddng nhu vay. Mot ban sac chung, den lugt minh, tao nen y thirc ve khu vyc tinh cam cdng ddng, khu biet vdi cac cgng ddng khac. Thye vay, chu nghTa khu vyc va sy hinh thanh cgng ddng khu vuc d nhieu noi dang dien ra theo vimg van hda.
Co sd van hda lao nen nhirng net chung vl gia trj, tinh cam cdng ddng vdi nhau.
Nhung gia trj nay tao nen y thiic ve khu vyc, vl "chiing ta" va vl "cai ciia chiing ta" tren CO sd phan biet vdi "hg" va "eai thudc ve hg", cd nghTa la tao ra mdt ban sac chung [Bill Hai Dang 2006: 99]. Sy chia se nhtmg gia trj chung cdn tao nen sy ddng dieu trong img xir vdi nhau va vdi ben ngoai, nhat la
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NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°9 (120).2010vdi "ta" va vdi "djch", cdn tinh cam la sgi day gan ket de hinh thanh nen cgng ddng.
Tat ca nhirng dieu nay deu cd xu hudng thiic day cac qudc gia trong khu vuc hudng ve nhau nhieu ban; Va tren ca sd dd, ban sac khu vuc, chu nghTa khu vyc va cdng ddng khu vyc de dugc hinh thanh va phat trien.
Nhung ngudi theo quan diem cua chu nghTa kien tao nhan manh den ca sd van hda va ban sac ddi vdi su hinh thanh khu vuc vi cho rang viec xac dinh khu vuc theo tieu chf dja ly la khdng thye, khdng tu nhien va khdng ban chat, vi khu vuc dugc xay dung ve mat van hda, chfnh trj va xa hdi nhieu bon^.
O chau Au van hda ciing ddng mdt vai trd quan trgng nhu vay. Nhiing gia trj chung cua khu vyc tac ddng manh me den sy hinh thanh chii nghTa khu vuc va mdt ban sac cdng ddng d noi day. Nbtrng ngudi theo quan diem ciia chii nghTa kien tao (constructivism) da rat chu trgng va nhan manh den yeu td van hda ddi vdi sy hinh thanh va phat trien cua EU va ciing vdi nd la sy hinh thanh mdt ban sac chung cho toan chau Au.
Thir nhat, ve phirong dien van hda truyen thdng, van hda Hy-La va nhiing gia trj van hda va tu tudng Thien chiia giao dudng nhu tham dugm trong mgi boat ddng ddi sdng cua ngudi dan chau Au. Nhirng gia trj nay vdn dT cd chung mdt ngudn gdc bat ngudn tir truyen thdng van hda Hy-La. Vdi sy Idn manh cua minh, Hy Lap tir the ky thir V TrCN da banh trudng khdng chi sang phia
^ Dan lai theo Edward D. Mansfield & Hellen V.
Milner 1999:591.
Ddng ma cdn sang ca phia Tay den tan khu vyc ma ngay nay la Phap va Tay Ban Nha, rdi sang ca cac hdn dao hien thudc Anh, Ireland va Na Uy [Tran Phuang Hoa, 2006:
11]. Sir banh trudng ciia Hy Lap cting dong nghTa vdi sy phd bien nbtrng gia trj van hoa Hy Lap den cac qudc gia, viing dat ma ngudi Hy Lap dat chan den hay thdn tinh. Nhtmg gia trj van hda chau Au cd ngudn gdc tir thdi ky Hy Lap cho den ngay nay van cdn nguyen gia trj cua nd. Dd chinh la nhiing gia trj tao nen: (1) Mdt he thdng chtr viet chung, (2) Tinh duy ly, (3) Xa hdi dan chu, (4) Chu nghTa ca nhan va (5) Tinh than phan bien...
trong van hda chau Au [Radughin A.A (chu bien) 2004: 302-334].
Ngay sau khi Hy Lap lyi tan, nha nude La Ma hung thjnh ke thira hau het thanh tuu cua van hda Hy Lap va cd nbtrng dieu chinh nhat djnh vdi tinh than tinh tao ban, xac thuc ban [Radughin A.A (chii bien) 2004: 336].
Khi ndi den thdi ky Hy Lap, ngudi ta quen diing tir "Hy Lap hda" - hellenism dl chi qua trinh phd bien cac gia trj van hda Hy Lap ra mdt pham vi rdng Idn d thdi ky D I quIc Macedonia (thdi Alexander Dai dl). Din thdi La Ma, ciing vdi sy Idn manh va trd thanh de qudc La Ma, viec p h i biin cac gia trj van hda La Ma khdng chi dien ra do tuong tac ty nhien giiia ben mang din va ben tiep nhan nhu thdi Hy Lap ma cdn la kit qua ciia nhiing tae ddng cd chii y, vira cudng hire vira ty nguyen. Rd rang vdi sirc manh cua dl che La Ma, nhiing gia trj van hda Hi-La dugc phd bien rdng rai ban va cd siic sing hon nen tac ddng manh me din toan bd Tay Au va cac khu vyc chau Au khac tir phia Tay
^idlieh sdi.
65
gdm cac viing dat ma ngay nay la Anh, Wales, Phap, Bi, Luxemburg, mdt phin Ha Lan, Diic, Ao, Thyy ST, Tay Ban Nha, Bd Dao Nha va cac khu vuc khac ngoai chau Au [Tran Thj Phuang Hoa, 2006: 11] hay ndi ngan ggn hon la toan bd dat dai xung quanh bien Dia Trung Hai va xir Wales. Vdi siic manh ciia minh, de qudc La Ma trd thanh
"sieu cudng" duy nhat thdi cd dai va phat trien len den dinh cao trong nhieu ITnh vuc, tao CO sd viing chac lam nen va bd sung nhieu gia trj va thanh tuu mdi cho van hda phuong Tay nhu: tinh thye dyng, linh boat, chinh the cdng hda, luat phap va cbii Latin.
Thir hai, ve phuang dien tdn giao, Kitd giao dugc xem la nen tang tinh than cua chau Au [Radughin A.A, 2004: 348] va cd y nghTa quan trgng ddi vdi sy phat trien cua van hda chau Au mac dii khdng phai la san pham cua chau luc nay. Kitd giao ra ddi la sy ket hgp tai tinh va nhuan nhuyen giiia tu tudng triet hgc phuong Ddng (giao ly Do Thai giao) va tu tudng triet hgc phuong Tay (chu nghTa Khac ky-Stoicism). Tren co sd dd, Kitd giao phat trien va nay nd tren manh dat chau Au, hinh thanh nen nhirng y niem mdi ve ty nhien va con ngudi hda hgp vdi truyen thdng duy ly, tinh thye dyng va chu nghTa ca nhan trong van hda chau Au. Dieu nay rd rang khdng the khdng tac ddng den toan bd ljch sir chau Au [Radughin A.A, 2004: 369]. Mac dii ban dau quan diem cua Kitd giao the hien chii yeu trong ddi sdng dao dirc - tinh than, nhung rdi chuyen dan vao thye tien, gdp phan nhan thiic ty nhien va xay dyng xa hdi, trd thanh co sd cua nhan thiic trong khoa hgc
ty nhien va khoa hgc nhan van d chau Au [Radughin A.A, 2004: 369].
Trong sudt thdi ky trung dai, Kitd giao de nen, cudng biic ty do, y thiic vl tu do, dan chii va cdng hda ciia ngudi dan chau Au. Tuy nhien, chinh sy de nen va kim ham nay da thiic day, lam nen phong trao van hda Phuc Hung vdi tieu chi xay dyng nhirng gia trj van hda chau Au mdi (thuc ra la lam phuc sinh nhung gia trj van hda Hy-La) ma muc lieu cao ca nhat la quyen tu do ciia con ngudi.
Den thdi ky can dai, gia trj tu do ciia con ngudi mdi that sy trd thanh quyen con ngudi tir Tuyen ngdn Ddc lap cua My cho den Hiln phap 1972 ciia Cach mang tu san Phap.
Ngoai ra, nhiing gia trj Kitd giao cdn tham dugm trong tu tudng va ddi sdng ciia ngudi dan nen anh hudng manh me ciia Kitd giao khdng chi dem lai nhting tuong ddng nhat djnh trong gia trj va niem tin ma cdn lam nay sinh nhiing chuan tac xuyen bien gidi. Gia trj tdn giao da trd thanh gia trj dan tdc va tir dd trd thanh diem chung ciia khu vuc, ciia cac qudc gia-dan tdc trong khu vuc.
Kitd giao quan trgng va gan vdi chau Au den mirc ngay nay tir "phuang Tay" cdn dugc sir dyng de chi dac tfnh Kitd giao phuong Tay, xac djnh van minh phuang Tay theo hudng la ban chir khdng phai bang cai ten cua mdt dan tdc nao, tdn giao hoac viing dja ly nao [Hungtington S. 2003: 43].
Thie ba, ca chau Au chju anh hudng ciia van hda Hy-La va tu tudng Kitd giao. Dieu dac biet la hai nin tu tudng va van hda nay lai tiip thu va b l sung lin nhau nen d chau Au gitra triit hgc va chinh trj ludn cd su
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NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°9 (120).2010tuong tac manh me. Ngay su lien ket giira vuong quyen va than quyen d chau Au ciing chat che, lau ben, nhung logic va rach rdi ban, dn djnh ban d cac khu vyc khac tren the gidi. Do nhirng dieu kien dac thu ve dja ly va ljch sir (nhu da trinh bay d tren), sy phd bien cac tu tudng triet hgc nay ra toan chau Au de dang, thuan lgi va sy tiep nhan cua cac qudc gia ciing cd tinh he thdng va hieu qua hon.
Tinh chung trong quan diem triet hgc va triet hgc chinh trj da dugc xac lap d chau Au tren nen tu tudng triet hgc Hy-La va Kitd giao.
Dac diem chung nay tao dieu kien cho sy gan giii ve the gidi quan, quan diem iing xir va CO sd ly luan cho hanh vi ddi ngoai. Nhu vay, rd rang nen tang tu tudng va quan diem triet hgc chinh trj chung la thanh td co ban gdp phan hinh thanh mdt ban sac chung d chau Au.
Nhu vay, tren co sd nhting gia trj chung ve tu tudng, van hda ke tren ciing vdi su giao luu, tuong tac giua cac qudc gia do dieu kien gin giii ve mat dja ly va ljch sir lai tao ra nhirng gia trj chung, nhiing gia trj cho toan khu vyc, khac ban vdi cac khu vuc khac, tbiie day sy hieu biet Ian nhau giira cac qudc gia va dan tdc, giup vugt qua nbtrng khac biet tudng chirng khd cd the vugt qua...
Thd tu, tren phuang dien ngdn ngii va chtr viit, chir viet chau Au bat ngudn tir bang 24 chtr cai chi am dau tien cua loai ngudi ciia ngudi Phoenician (van minh Ludng Ha).
Ngudi Hy Lap khi ke thira va vdi muc dich phyc vy cho phat triln thuang nghiep da Hy Lap hda thanh bang chtr cai cd 26 ky ty. Sau
nay ngudi Etrustque mang bang chtr cai nay vao cac thanh phd cua minh d mien nam ban dao Italy, rdi phat trien thanh hai nhanh.
Nhanh thii 1 gan vdi nha nude La Ma (khu vyc ddng bang Latium). Vdi kha nang Iinh boat, tinh tdn chi ve phap luat cua minh, ngudi La Ma da Latin hda chii viet Hy Lap thanh chii Latin. Den khi La Ma trd thanh de qudc thi Latin trd thanh chii viet chinh thirc, phd bien tren toan bd Tay Au vao the ky XIV. Nhanh cdn lai dugc De qudc Ddng La Ma (395 TCN) truyen ba khap ban dao Balkan, khu vyc Tieu A, Ddng va Nam Au, rdi hinh thanh ngir chi Slavonic. Tir bang 26 chtr cai cua ngudi Hy Lap, cac qudc gia Ddng Au ra ddi tir the ky thii VIII den the ky Xlll da xay dyng he chii viet rieng ciia dan tdc minh.
Tren thye te, ngdn ngii vira la phuang lien giao tiep vira la phuong tien truyen tai nbtrng gia trj van hda. Ngdn ngir cdn phan anh qua trinh giao luu va tiep biin van hda.
O chau Au, qua trinh giao luu va tiep bien van hda lau ddi dan den hien tugng cac ngdn ngtr tham thau vao nhau vdi ti le cao. Diim nay rd rang cung gdp phan lam tang them su hieu biet lan nhau giira cac qudc gia-dan tgc d chau .Au, tao ra nhiing ddng cam va tu' do cd the de dang chia se vdi nhau hon. Cd rit nhieu ngdn ngir khac nhau dugc sir dyng d chau Au nen chang ai cd thi phii nhan dugc sy da dang ve ngdn ngii ciia chau lyc nay va moi mdt dan tdc thudng cd mdt ngdn ngtir rieng. Tuy nhien, phin Idn cac ngdn ngii d chau Au deu thudc ngir he An-Au (Indo- European family). Tir cimg mdt ngu he An-
^ sdlieh sA...
67
Au, cac ngdn ngii d chau Au cdn dugc phan chia thanh cac ngtr chi khac nhu Slavonic, Romanic, Germanic... Thye ra cdn cd mdt so each khac phan chia cac ngdn ngtr thudc ngtr he An-Au thanh cac ngii chi. Cac ngdn ngtr cung ngtr chi cd nhieu diem tuong ddng, vi dy sy tuong ddng giiia tieng Czech, tieng Slovak (Slovakia), tieng Hungarian (Hungary) va tieng Polish (Ba Lan); Tuong tu nhu vay vdi cac qudc gia vimg Tay Au (da phan thudc ngir chi Romanic)... Viec cimg mot ngir chi giup cho ngudi dan d khu vyc ngtr chi nay hieu nhau de dang hon, de hgc ngon ngli cua nhau ban. Ben canh dd, do sy gan gui ve mat dja ly nen cd nhiing tuong dong ljch sir nhat djnh lam cho ngudi dan cac nude nay tiep xiic vdi nhau thudng xuyen hon va mirc do tiep xue day ban;
Cgng vdi ljch sir tuong tac lau dai tao ra mot dac diem ma cbl d chau Au mdi cd, dd la mot bg phan khdng nhd ngudi chau Au cd the ndi tir hai den ba ngdn ngtr khac cua cac quoc gia can ke.
Neu so sanh vdi ngdn ngii, mat chiing tgc d chau Au cd phan da dang hon, nhung cac dan tdc d chau Au deu cd ngudn gdc tir dai chiing Europeoid gdm eac chiing Baltic, Trung Au va Dja Trung Hai [Tran Nggc Them, 2001: 33]. Mac dii cd sy da dang ve tgc ngudi, nhung qua trinh di cu lau ddi va tuong tac vdi nhau da tao dieu kien cho ngudi chau Au giao luu, tiep xiic va trao ddi vdi nhau nhieu ban ca ve van hda tinh than lan van hda vat chat. Dac diem nay cd dugc ngoai su gan giii ve mat dja ly va ljch sir cdn do yeu td mang tinh loai hinh ciia van hda chau Au qui djnh, loai hinh van hda gdc du
muc. Do dieu kien ty nhien vdi dja hinh la ddng cd, cac dan tdc d chau Au sdng bang nghe chan nudi gia sue. Loai hinh kinh te du muc nay budc hg phai di chuyen nhieu tao nen ldi sdng du cu [Tran Nggc Them 2001:
38]. Va ldi sdng du cu nay da tao dieu kien de cac dan tdc d chau Au tiep xiic va trao ddi vdi vdi nhau nhieu ban cac dan lgc cd loi sdng djnh cu gan vdi loai hinh kinh tl ndng nghiep d phuong Ddng. Tuy nhien, viec cac dan tgc tiep xiic vdi nhau nhieu thudng gay ra khdng it xung dot va chien tranh. Day la ly do cac dan tdc chau Au danh chiem lan nhau trong sudt ljch sir tdn tai ciia hg tir thdi Hy Lap cd dai cho den nhirng nam dau cua the ky XXI. Vi the, nhieu nha sir hgc da co ly khi nhan djnh lich sir chau Au la ljch sir cua cac cuge chien hay ljch sir chau Au that ra la ky ire ve cac eudc chien [Montserrat Guibemau (Ed) 2001: 7]. Mat khac, tiep xue ke ca trong hda binh hay xung dot thudng mang lai sy hieu biet lan nhau. Day cung la ly do ma nhieu nha ehinh trj hgc da giai thich ve sy xuat hien sdm tien trinh hgp tac khu vyc d chau Au.
KET LUAN
Nhin chung, tat ca nhung diem vira trinh bay giiip chiing ta nhan thay co sd ljch sir va van hda ciia chau Au chira dyng nhieu thuan lgi cho viec xay dyng ban sac chau Au.
Thic nhdt, sy tuong ddng van hoa, ljch sir va nhting gia trj ehung dugc chia se d chau Au la cd that, dl tao ra sy hieu biet lan nhau va sy ding cam giira cac qudc gia; la chit xue tac cho mgi y tudng va sang kien hgp tac khu vyc; la co sd quan trgng cua chu
68
NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°9 (120).2010nghTa khu vuc va sy hinh thanh cua ban sac khu vyc.
Thu hai, sy tuong ddng trong van hda cac qudc gia d chau Au cd dugc tir nhieu nguyen nhan va hoan canh khac nhau, trong dd phai ke den sy gan giii ve mat dia ly, dieu kien ty nhien qui djnh ldi sdng va loai hinh van hda, tir dd cac dan tde chau Au cd ljch sir gan gidng nhau, ciing ganh chju nhiing bien ddng ljch sir.
Thie ba, nhiing dac diem van hda do loai hinh van hda qui djnh nhu: md, hudng ngoai, chii nghTa dan tdc khdng that sy manh do tinh cdng ddng yeu (so vdi cac qudc gia thudc loai hinh van hda gdc ndng nghiep d phuong Ddng)...rd rang da mang lai thuan Igi cho nd lyc hgp tac khu vuc va sy hinh thanh cua mdt ban sac chung, ban sac chau Au, vdi mdt khdng gian dja ly rdng Idn ban pham vi lanh thd qudc gia (thudng gan vdi ehil nghTa qudc gia/dan tdc va ban sac dan tdc).
Trong khi chua tim ra mdt khung ly thuyet giai thich va phan tich nham de ra nhiing chinh sach ddng bd, cd tinh vT md thiic diy va phat trien ban sac chau Au, viec nhan manh nhiing dac diem tuong ddng ve van hda, ljch sir trong ndi dung timg ehinh sach la cin thiet va cd gia tri rat Idn trong viec tao dyng tinh cam gan ket cdng ddng, gdp phan ciing cd va thiic day ban sac chau A u
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