NGHIESCCV- TRAOB6I
CO C H ^ B A O H I 6 ^ d VIETNAM HlfiN NAY
yvcuvew y6 LINH GIANG * Tom tdt: Bdi viitphdn tich cdc vdn de li lugn vd thuc tien qiry dinh phdp lugt ve ca chi bdo hiin a Viet Nam theo hai tieu chi la chu the vd trinh t{r thu tuc; so sdnh vdi phdp lugt cua mgt sd qudc gia vi vdn de ndy; di xudt hodn thi^n ca chi bdo v? Hien phdp a Viet Nam hi4n nay theo hu&ng: ban hdnh van ban lugt diiu chinh rieng vi ca che bdo ve Hiin phdp, trong do xdc dinh ro vai tro gidi thich Hiin phdp cua Uy ban thudng vu Qudc hdi vd quy djnh chu the duy nhdt co thdm quyin bdo v? Hiin phdp;
thdnh Idp Hgi ddng bdo hiin theo md hinh cua Cgng hod Phdp.
Tic khod: Bdo hien; ca chi; Viet Nam
Nhgn bdi: 09/4/2019 Hodn thdnh bien tap: 05/9/2019 Duyet ddng: 15/9/2019 CONSTITUTIONAL PROTECTION MECHANISM IN VIETNAM AT PRESENT Abstract: The paper analyses the theoretical issues and the legal provisions on the constitutional protection mechanism in Vietnam based on the two categories, namely, the subject and the procedure.
It compares the law in this regard of Viemam with that of some other countries. The paper then offers proposals to improve the mechanism for protection of the Constitution in Vietnam at present consistently with the following direction: promulgating a separate Law on protection of the Constitution in which the role of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly in interpreting the Constitution is clearly defined and the only body vested with the powers to protect the Constitution is prescribed; and establishing a Constitutional Protection Council, following the model of the Republic of France.
Keywords: Constitutional protection; mechanism; Vietnam
Received: Apr P*, 2019; Editing completed: Sept 5* 2019; Accepted for publication: Sept 15"", 2019
1. Li luan ve cff che bao hien Moi hdnh vi vi phgm Hien phdp deu phdi Hi€n phdp la vdn bdn co gid tri phdp li bixicli"
cao nhat tiong he t h i n g van ban quy pham Quy dinh teen mgt mat xdc dinh gid tri phdp ludt ciia Viet Nam. Gid tii phdp li t i i phdp li t i i cao ciia Hien phap tiong he th6ng cao eiia Hien phap dugc ghi nhan ngay teong vdn ban quy phgm phdp lugt, ede vdn ban eo Hien phdp. Cy thg, khodn 1 D i l u 119 Hien gid tri phap li thdp hon Hien phdp phdi phii phdp nam 2013 quy dinh: hgp vdi Hiln phdp, mat xdc dinh viee phai
"Hien phdp Id dgo ludt ca bdn cua nude xu li hdnh vi vi hien. Viec xdc dinh tinh phu Cgng hod xa hgi chii nghia Viet Ngm, cd hgp vdi Hiln phdp eiing la mgt tiong nhiing hieu luc phdp li cao nhdt. ngi dung eiia viec xdc dinh van ban do eo vi Mgi vdn bdn phdp ludt khdc phdi phu hiln hay khong. Vdn d l xdc dinh tinh phu hgrp vai Hiin phdp. hgp vdi Hiln phap thuge pham vi cua hoat , dong bao ve Hiln phap hay ggi mgt each
* Giang vign, Khoa luSt, Dai hgc Can Tho- ' - ' . E-mail: [email protected] " g ^ §•?" ^^ ^^'^ ^'^^•
NGHIENCUV- TRAODOI
Bdo v$ hien phap chinh la bdo ve nIn tang ehinh tii phap li eiia quIc gia, bdo ve che do, bdo v^ nIn ddn chu xd hgi chii nghia, bdo ve ty do eda con ngudi .*^^ Theo tdc gid D ^ g Minh Tudn, bao hiln Id kilm sodt sy tuan thu ede ngi dung dugc quy dinh teong Hiln phdp. Bdo hiln dugc bdo dam bdng m^t quy trinh nhdt dinh nhdm bdo ve ti'nh tdi cao cua Hien phdp.*^' Dl hogt d^ng bdo hien phdt huy hieu qud, cdn xac dinh duge ddu la hdnh vi vi hiln. Theo tdc gid Nguyen Ddng Dung, vi phgm Hiln phdp thi hien tiong hogt dgng cua ede co quan lap phdp, ttong boat dgng hdnh phdp va ttong hogt ddng xet xii.^^*
Thu nhdt, ttong boat dgng ciia cac ca quan Idp phdp, bao gom hogt ddng va khdng boat dgng ciia Quoc hgi vd Uy ban thudng vu Qudc h6i (UBTVQH). Cdc bilu hiSn cua vi pham Hien phdp thudng Id ban hanh van bdn ludt khong diing thdm quyen da dugc Hiln phdp quy dinh; khong ban hanh van bdn theo thdm quyen de tgo co sd phdp li cho viee thye hien vd bdo ve cdc quyen, nghia vy CO ban cua ngudi ddn; ban hdnh lugt vdi nhiing quy dinh ttdi vdi quy dinh eua Hien phdp hode khong phu hgp vdi tinh thdn eiia Hien phdp.
(1). Nguyen M^u Tuan, "Co che bio hi6n vi vi|c xSy dung nln din chii xi h^i chii nghTa", Tap chi ddn chu vdphdp luQt. s6 11(236)/2011, tr. 15.
(2). Ding Minh Tuin, Bdo hiin vd vdn di bdo v?
^uy^n con/iguOT, Nxb. Tu phap, HaN6i, 2015, ir. 15.
(3), Nguyen Ding Dung, "Vi ph^m Hiin phip vi cic loai hinh vi pham hiin phip", Nhimg vdn de ve Hiin phdp vd sira d6i Hiin phap, Nxb. Din tri, Ha N^i, tr.
90 - 95.
Thic hai, teong hogt dgng hdnh phdp, kh6ngtuari thii Hiln phdp 'duge bilu hi^n dudi hai hinh tiiiic chii ylu: ban hanh cdc van bdn quy pham phdp lugt dudi lugt co ngi dung trdi vdi Hiln phdp vl cdc quyln ca bdn eda ngudi ddn; vi^c chi dao, dilu hanh ciia Chinh phu, Thii ttrdng Chinh phii, eua b6 trudng, thu trudng co quan ngang bg khdng diing nguyen tde Hiln phap, khong diing ehiic ndng, tiidm quyln da dugc Hien phdp quy dinh.
Thic ba. teong hogt dgng xet xd, vi phgm Hiln phdp thudng thdy qua ede viec lam, cdc bilu hiSn vi phgm nguyen tdc dge Igp xet xu eua tod dn.
Quan dilm tren dd md rgng hon so vdi edch hilu vl chi do bdo hien theo nghia ban ddu. Khdi niem che do bdo hien ehi ed nghia la kilm tea tinh hgp hien ciia cdc dgo luat do ngdnh lap phdp ban hdnh. Theo cdch hilu nay, bao hiln khdng nham vdo cdc van bdn dudi ludt.'"*' Tuy nhien, theo edch hieu hien dai thi che do bdo hien nhdm vdo cdc dgo ludt do Quoe hgi ban hdnh vd ed ede van ban quy phgm phdp ludt do ede ehu the d trung uong ban hdnh. Tir do, tac gia chia thanh hai loai hinh vi phgm Hien phdp Id hanh dgng vi hiln va hdnh vi khong hdnh dgng vl hi€n.
Hdnh dgng vi hien la hdnh vi eua chd thi thuc hi?n tidi vdi cdc quy dinh cua Hiln phdp hode khdng phii hgp vdi Hiln phdp;
hanh vi khdng hanh ddng vi hiln Id hanh vi
(4). Nguyen Nhu Phit, Tdi phdn Hiin phap - Mpt s6 van di li luan ca bdn, kinh nghiem qudc ti vd khd ndng dp dung cho Viet Nam, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa h6i, HiN9i,2011,tr. 135.
34 TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 6/2019
NGHIENCUV- TRAODOI kh6ng thye hien thdm quyln, va nghia vu da
dugc Hien phdp quy dinh.
Cdch phdn logi hanh vi vi h i l n nhu teen dugc tdc gid Dinh Thanh Phuong ggi ten Id vi pham m^t cdch ehii dgng va vi phgm mgt edeh thy dgng.*^' Theo dd, vi phgm mgt edeh chii d6ng la viec ede e a quan nhd nude cd thdm quyln ban hdnh vdn bdn quy phgm phdp ludt thuge tedch nhi^m, quyen hgn eua minh da ddt ra nhiing quy dinh tedi vdi quy dinh eiia Hiln phdp ho^c tedi vdi tinh thiln cua Hiln phdp. Vi phgm m^t edeh thy dgng Id viec cdc eg quan nha nude cd nghia vy da khong ban hdnh vdn bdn quy phgm phdp luat dl eu thi hod viec thye hi?n cdc quy dinh cua Hiln phdp hode khong ban hanh van bdn quy phgm phdp ludt md theo quy dinh phdi ban hanh.
Tom lai, vi phgm hiln phdp Id hogt dgng cua CO quan nhd nude t h i hi$n thong qua hogt dgng ban hdnh vdn ban quy phgm phdp luat (boat dgng xet xir d6i vdi tod dn). Hogt dong nay bao g I m ban hdnh van bdn vi phgm phdp luat trdi vdi Hiln phdp va khong ban hdnh vdn ban quy pham phdp lugt theo quy dinh cua Hien phap. Tir d6, ed the thdy, hogt dgng bdo hien Id hogt dgng xdc dinh tinh hgp hien cua vdn ban quy phgm phap ludt vd cua hdnh vi khdng ban hdnh vdn ban quy phgm phdp ludt. Doi vdi hdnh vi khong ban hanh vdn bdn quy phgm phdp lugt theo quy dinh eiia Hien phap thi co che kiem sodt
(5). Dinh Thanh Phuong, "Vin d^ vi hi6n vi co che bao hien trong luiit Vift Nam", Tgp chi nghien cuu lap phdp, s6 l(138)/2009,tr. 15 - 16.
chi Id xdc dinh quy dinh ndo edn ban hdnh vdn ban quy phgm phap ludt va ban hdnh van bdn theo diing quy dinh dd. Viec ban hdnh van ban nay dugc thuc hien theo quy dinh cua Lugt ban hdnh van bdn quy phgm phdp lugt (Ludt BHVBQPPL). Viec k i l m tia tmh hgp hien eua van bdn quy phgm phdp ludt ddi hdi phai tien hanh tiong giai dogn trudc khi van ban duge ban hdnh va sau khi van bdn dugc ban hdnh hay con ggi la tiln k i l m vd hdu Idem.
CJ Vift Nam, e a c h i bdo h i l n da dugc quy dinh tir Hien phdp ndm 1946 vd dan dugc hodn thien d cdc bdn Hien phdp sau nay. Trong Uch su lap hien, chi co duy nhdt Hien phdp ndm 1946 quy dinh thdm quyen eda Chu tich nude, trong thdi hgn 10 ngdy sau khi n h ^ dugc thong tri, co quyen yeu cdu Nghi vien thdo luan lai ede lugt ma Nghi vien da bieu quyet.*' Ddy Id quy dinh t h i hien thdm quyen bao hien ciia Chu tich nude, the hien sy ban che quyen lue eua co quan lap phap. Tuy nhien, quy dinh ndy khong dugc giii Igi d cac bdn Hien phdp sau nay.
Hiln phap ndm 1959 giao thdm quyln bdo ve H i l n phap cho UBTVQH. Cy thi, tai khodn 7 D i l u 53 H i l n phap quy dinh UBTVQH ed q u y l n "sua doi hogc bdi bo nhirng nghi dinh, nghj quyet, chi thi cua Hgi ddng Chinh phu trdi vai Hien phdp, phdp ludt, phdp linh " Theo quy dinh nay, UBTVQH tham gia vao hoat dgng bao hien va van de ve tinh hgp hien cua ede dao ludt
(6). Dieu 31 Hien phap n5m 1946.
NGffliNCOV- TRAODdl
Cling nhu cdc vdn bdn quy pham phdp ludt do QuIc hdi vd UBTVQH ban hdnh eung khong duge x,em xet. Van de vl tinh hgp hien ehi ddt ra dii vdi nghi dinh, nghi quylt eda Hgi ding ehinh phii. Din Hiln phdp nam 1980, thdm quyen bdo ve hiln phdp vdn dugc quy dinh eho co quan thudng tiirc ciia QuIc hdi. Khodn 8 Dieu 100 Hiln phap quy dinh ro HOi ding Nhd nude e6 nhi$m vu vd quyln hgn "dinh chi viec thi hdnh vd sica ddi hogc hdi bd nhirng nghj quyit, nghi dinh, quyit dinh cua Hgi ddng Bg trudng trdi vdi Hien phdp, ludt vdphdp lenh".
Din Hiln phdp nam 1992, Hiln phap ndm 1992 sua dii, bl sung nam 2001 va Hien phdp nam 2013 cimg vdi cac lugt tl ehiie bg mdy nhd nude thi van dl bao ve Hiln phap dd dugc quy dinh cy thi ban so vdi cdc Hiln phdp ndm 1959 va 1980. Hien nay, co chi bao ve Hien phdp duge quy dinh ngan ggn tgi doan 2 khodn 2 Dilu 119 Id co che ndy duge thye hien theo quy dinh eua ludt. Tuy nhien, den nay, van chua co mgt van ban ludt nao quy dinh rieng biet ve co ehe bao ve Hien phdp. Ca ehe bao ve Hien phdp duge tim thdy rdi rac ttong cdc quy dinh ve kiem tia tinh hgp hien cua van ban quy phgm phap lugt teong giai doan tien kiem vd hdu kiem.
2. Chu the trong hogt dgng bao hien O Viet Nam hien nay, co nhieu chu the tham gia vdo hogt dgng bdo hien. Theo quy dinh tai khodn 2 Dilu 119 Hiln phdp ndm 2013 thi "Qudc hgi, cdc ca quan ciia Quoc hgi, Chii tich nuac, Chinh phii, tod dn nhdn ddn, vien kiim sdt nhdn ddn, cdc ca quan
khdc cua Nhd nu&c vd todn thi Nhdn dan cd trdch nhiem bdo ve Hiin phdp "• Cdc chu thi theo quy dinh nay cd tbi chia thdnh hai nhdm: nhdm Uiu nhdt la chu thi co tiidm quyln trinh hode y^u clu xem xet tinh hgp hiln ciia van bdn quy phgm phap ludt va nh6m thii hai Id chu till tiln hanh boat ddng kiSm tra ti'nh hgp hiln cua vdn ban.
2.1. Chit thi trinh, yeu cdu 2.1.1. Giai dogn tiln kiem
Tiln kilm Id viec kilm tra tinh hgp hien ciia van ban quy pham phdp luat trude khi vdn ban duge thdng qua. Theo quy dinh ciia phdp ludt, hogt ddng ndy dugc ggi la thdm tea. Hoat dgng thdm tra tinh hgp hiln eda van bdn quy pham phap ludt dugc tien hanh khi CO mgt dy an, m6t du thdo dugc trinh len cho chd thi cd thdm quyen thdm tea. Chii the cd thdm quyln teinh dy an, dy thdo Id ban sogn thdo bode bg, ea quan ngang b^ hode don vi chu tei sogn thdo tiinh dy dn, dy thdo len CO quan thdm tea.
Cu the, ddi vdi dy an, du thdo lugt, phap lenh, nghi quyet ciia UBTVQH thi boat dgng thdm tea dugc tien hanh trudc khi dy dn, du thao dugc tilnh cho Quoe hgi, UBTVQH cho y kien. Liic nay, chu thS cd nghia vy trinh du thao, du dn Id ban sogn thdo. Ddi vdi dy thao nghi dinh, quyet dinh eua Chinh phii, Thu tudng Chinh phii thi bg, eo quan ngang bp ehu tei sogn thdo se gui dy an, dy thdo den Bg tu phdp dl tham dinh.*'* D6i vdi dy tiido
(7). Dieu 41 Nghi dinh s6 34/2016/ND-CP ngiy 14/5/2016 cua Chinh phii quy djnh chi tiet m^t si difiu vi bi?n phip thi hinh Luit ban hinh vin bin quy ph?im phip lu|t vi Di^u 97 Luat BHVBQppL.
36 TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 6/2019
NGHIEN CUV - TRA O DOI thdng tu eua bd, c a quan ngang bd thi don vj
chd tri sogn thdo trinh du ihao.*^*
Trong giai dogn tien kiem, Lugt BHVBQPPL khong d l egp viec k i l m tta du thdo vdn bdn quy phgm phdp ludt cua tod dn nhdn dan, vien kiem sdt nhdn ddn vd cac vdn bdn quy pham phdp lugt eda hgi d i n g nhdn dan, uy ban nhan dan cdc cap. Do do, vdn de tien kiem ddi vdi cdc van ban nay hdu nhu khong duge thye tiii. Khi ddi chilu Igi vdi ede hdnh vi vi hi€n theo quan diem ciia tac gid Nguyin Ddng Dung thi tdc gia ndy cung khong de cap viec kiem tea tinh hgp hien eiia ede van bdn ndy.
Tham khao kinh nghiem eiia Cdng hod Phdp cho thdy, vdn de ehu the trinh dy thdo tiong giai doan tien kiem dugc quy dinh tai khodn 2 Dieu 61 Hien phdp Cgng hod thd V.
Dieu ndy dugc sua doi bdi Ludt sd 2008-724 ngay 23/7/2008 ve hien dgi hod cdc e a quan eda nIn Cgng hod thir V. Theo quy dinh ndy, thdm quyen trinh dy thdo ludt de kiem tra tinh hgp hien thuge ve Tong thing, Thii tiidng Chinh phu, Chii tieh Hg vien, Chu tich Thugng vien, sdu muoi hg nghi sT hogc sdu muoi thugng nghi sT. Viec k i l m tea tinh hgp hien chi dp dyng doi vdi eac ludt to ehde, trudc khi ban hdnh vd trudc khi dugc trung cau •^ ddn doi vdi ede dy thdo phdi trung cdu y ddn, cdc nghi quyet eua Hgi dong nghi vien trudc khi dp dyng. Yeu cdu k i l m tia tinh hgp hien ciing cd the dp dung d i i vdi
(8). Khoin 1 Dieu 47 Nghi dinh s6 34/2016/ND-CP ngiy 14/5/2016 ciia Chinh phi5 quy dinh chi tiSt mpt s6 dieu vi bi^D phip thi hinh Luit ban hinh vin bin quy ph^m phip luat.
ludt thudng.^** Co t h i tiidy, quy dinh ve k i l m tia tinh hgp h i l n cua van ban trudc khi vdn bdn dugc ban hdnh tap trung vdo cdc van bdn ciia c a quan lap phap va hanh phap vi hogt dgng eiia hai co quan nay c6 dnh hudng d i n mgi mat eda ddi sing. Bdi vgy, viec kilm tia tinh hgp hien cua vdn ban Id edn thilt d l dam bdo han che eac van bdn vi hiln. Hogt dgng kiem tia tinh hgp h i l n eiia vdn bdn khdng chi dimg lai d giai dogn tiln kilm ma sau khi vdn bdn duge cdng b l vd dp dyng, boat d0ng kiem tta tinh hgp h i l n vIn dugc tien hdnh.
2.1.2. Giai dogn hgu kiem
Hgu kiem Id viee k i l m tea tinh hgp hiln cua van ban quy pham phap lugt sau khi vdn bdn dugc edng bo. Viee kiem tta nay thudng xult hien trong hoat dgng dp dyng>phdp ludt.
Trudc het, day la hogt dgng eua toa dn ttong qua trinh xet xir.
Trong t l tyng ddn su, D i l u 48 Bd ludt t l tyng ddn su ndm 2015 (BLTTDS) quy dinh ve nhiem vy, quyen hgn ciia tham phdn, tiong dd khodn 12 neu ro: "Phdt hiin vd de nghi Chdnh dn tod dn kien nghi ea quan nhd nuac cd thdm quyen xem xet, sira ddi, bd sung hogc bdi bo van bdn quy phgm phdp ludt cd ddu hieu trdi vdi Hien phdp, lugt, nghi quyet cua Quoc hpi, phdp lenh, nghi quyit ciia Uy ban thuang vu Qudc hgi, vdn bdn quy phgm phdp lugt cua ca quan nhd nu&c cdp tren theo quy dinh ciia Bg lugt ndy". N h u vdy, theo quy dinh ndy, thdm phdn se thuc hien ddng thdi hogt dgng kiem
(9). Khoan 1 Dieu 61 Hi6n phap Cong hoi Phip.
NGHIENCUV- TRAODOI
tia tinh hgp hien eua vdn bdn tiong qud trinh gidi quySt vy vi?e dan su. Trong trudng hgp phdt hi$n quy dinh tidi vdi Hiln phdp, tham phdn se d l nghi chdnh dn k i l n nghi. Quy dinh ndy xac dinh tideh nhiem cua thdm phdn ttong viee phdt hien vdn bdn co ddu hi$u tidi vdi H i l n phdp. Thdm quyln nay eda thdm phdn xudt hien ttong qua teinh gidi quyet vy viec ddn sy, cimg vdi vigc dp dyng vdn bdn vao vy vi$c cu thi.
Trong td tyng hanh ehinh vd hinh sy ciing ed cdc quy dinh tuong ty nhu quy dinh ciia BLTTDS. Cy till, Dilu 6 Luat t l tyng hdnh chmh nam 2015 (Luat TTHC) quy dinh:
"1. Trong qud trinh gidi quyet vu dn hdnh chinh, tod dn co quyen xem xet ve tinh hgp phdp cua vdn bdn hdnh chinh, hdnh vi hdnh chinh cd lien quan den quyet djnh hdnh chinh, hdnh vi hdnh ehinh bi kien vd kien nghi CO quan, to chuc, cd nhdn cd thdm quyen xem xet Igi vdn bdn hdnh chinh, hdnh vi hdnh chinh dd vd trd loi ket qud cho tod dn theo quy dinh cua Ludt ndy vd quy dinh khdc cua phdp ludt cd lien quan.
2. Tod dn ed quyen kien nghi co quan, cd nhdn cd thdm quyen xem xet, sira ddi, bo sung hogc bdi bd vdn bdn quy phgm phdp ludt neu phdt hien vdn bdn do co ddu hi4u trdi vdi Hien phdp, lugt, vdn bdn quy phgm phdp ludt cua co quan nhd nuac cdp tren theo quy dinh cua Ludt ndy vd quy dinh khdc cua phdp lugt co lien quan de bdo ddm quyen, Igi ich hgp phdp ciia co quan, td chuc, cd nhdn. Co quan, cd nhdn co thdm quyen co trdch nhiem trd lai tod dn kit qud xic li vdn bdn quy phgm phdp lugt bi kien
nghi theo quy dinh ciia phdp ludt Idm ca so de Tod dn gidi quyet vu dn ".
Dilu 265 Bg ludt td timg binh sy nam 2015 (BLTTHS) quy dinh:
"Trong qud trinh xet xu vu dn hinh su, tod dn phdt hiin vd kiin nghi cdc co quan cd thdm quyin xem xet sira ddi, bd sung hogc huy bd vdn bdn phdp ludt trdi vdi Hien phdp, lugt, nghi quyit cua Qudc hgi, phdp Hnh, nghi quyit ciia Uy ban thudng vu Qudc hoi di bdo ddm quyin vd loi ich hgp phdp cua ca quan, td chicc, cd nhdn.
Viec xem xet, trd len tod dn vi kit qua xic li vdn bdn phdp lugt bi kiin nghi dugc thue hien theo quy dinh cua phdp lugt"-
Nhu vdy, theo quy dinh cua Lugt TTHC vd BLTTHS, teong qud teinh gidi quyet vy dn hdnh chinh, xet xu vy an hinh su, toa an co teach nhiem xem xet ve tinh hgp hien cua vdn ban quy pham phdp ludt. So vdi BLTTDS, quy dinh cua Luat TTHC vd BLTTHS khong xac dinh r5 ddy Id tidch nhiem ciia thdm phdn ma ehi noi ehung la hogt dgng eua toa an. Mge du viec xdc dinh tidch nhiem phat hien vdn bdn tidi vdi Hien phdp thuge thdm quyen cua tod dn sS gay khd khan d l xac dinh tedeh nhiem eua ea nhan cu t h i , tuy nhien quy dinh nay Igi phu hgp vdi Hien phap hon so vdi quy dinh teach nhiem cua thdm phdn vi Dilu 119 Hiln phdp nam 2013 da xac dinh teach nhiem cua tod an trong viec bao ve Hiln phdp. Thdm phan vd chdnh an la thanh vien cua tod an, tuy nhien viec quy dinh tu edch ed nhdn tham phdn phdt hien vd de nghi ehdnh dn kien nghi co ve khong phu hgp vdi Hiln phdp. Trong trudng
38 TAP c m LUAT HQC SO 6/2019
NGHIENCUV- TRAODOI hgp quy dinh nhu BLTTDS thi chdnh dn
kiln nghi vdi tu each ed nhdn hay nhan danh toddn?
Trong t l tyng hdnh ehinh, viee phat hien van bdn c6 ddu hieu trdi vdi Hien phap duge quy dinh cy thfi ban so vdi to tyng ddn su va t l tyng hinh su. Ngodi quy dinh tai Dieu 6 Lugt TTHC thi ehii thi c6 tham quyln yeu cdu e6n duge quy dinh tgi diem i khodn 1 Dieu 37 ve nhiem vu, quy§n han ciia chdnh an tod dn vd khodn 13 Dieu 38 ve nhiem vy ciia thdm phdn. Nhu vdy, Ludt TTHC vda quy dinh thdm quyen chung cua toa an trong viec phdt hien van bdn e6 ddu hieu tidi vdi Hiln phdp vvra cd quy dinh rieng ve nhiem vy, quyen hgn cua chdnh an va tham phdn teong hogt dgng nay. Quy dinh ndy nhdm tianh trudng hgp khong the xdc dinh dugc teach nhiem ciia ede thdnh vien tod dn teong hogt dgng phat hien van ban cd ddu hieu trdi Hien phdp.
Ding thdi Dilu 112 Lugt TTHC con quy dinh cy thi thdm quyln kiln nghi sua dii, bl sung hode bai bo van ban quy phgm phdp lugt nhu sau:
"/. Chdnh dn Tod dn cdp huyen co quyin kien nghi sua doi, bd sung hogc bdi ho vdn bdn quy phgm phdp ludt cua ca quan nhd nude tic cdp huyen tra xudng; de nghi chdnh dn tod dn cdp tinh kien nghi sira doi, bd sung hogc bdi bo vdn bdn quy phgm phdp ludt cua ca quan nhd nude cdp tinh; bdo edo chdnh dn tod dn cdp tinh di nghi chdnh dn tod dn nhdn ddn tdi cao kiin nghi sica ddi, bd sung hogc bdi bd vdn bdn quy phgm phdp lugt cua CO quan nhd nude a trung uong.
2. Chdnh dn tod dn cdp tinh, chdnh dn tod dn nhdn ddn cdp cao co quyin kiin nghi si^a ddi, bd sung hogc bai bd vdn ban quy phgm phdp lugt cua ca quan nhd nude tic
cdp tinh trd xudng; di nghi Chdnh dn Tod dn nhdn ddn tdi cao kiin nghi sica ddi, bd sung hogc bdi bd vdn bdn quy phgm phdp ludt cua ca quan nhd nuoc a trung uong.
3. Chdnh dn Tod dn nhdn ddn tdi cao tu minh hogc theo de nghi cua chdnh dn tod dn quy dinh tgi khodn 1 vd khodn 2 Diiu ndy kien nghi sua ddi. bd sung hogc bdi bd vdn bdn quy phgm phdp ludt cua ca quan nhd nude o trung uong... "
Nhu vdy, theo quy dinh teen edng vdi quy dinh tgi Dilu 4 Ludt BHVBQPPL, ehdnh dn tod an nhan ddn cdp huyen cd quyen kien nghi sda doi, bd sung hode bdi bo nghi quyet cua hgi dong nhdn ddn (HDND) cap huyen, quyet dinh ciia uy ban nhan dan (UBND) cap huyen, nghi quyet cua HDND cdp xa, quyet dinh ciia UBND cdp xa; de nghi chdnh an tod dn nhdn ddn cdp tinh kien nghi sira doi, bo sung hoac bai bo nghi quyet cua HDND cap tinh vd quyet dinh ciia UBND cap tinh; bdo cao chdnh dn tod an nhdn ddn cap tinh de nghi Chdnh dn Toa an nhdn ddn tii cao kiln nghi, sira dii, bl sung hoac bai bo vdn bdn quy pham phdp luat ciia ca quan nhd nude d trung uong.
Chdnh dn tod an nhdn dan cap tinh, chdnh dn tod dn nhan dan cap eao cd quyen kiln nghi sua ddi, bo sung hogc bdi bo nghi quyet eua HDND cdp tinh, quylt dinh cua UBND cdp tinh, nghi quylt cua HDND cdp huyen, quylt dinh eua UBND cdp huyen.
NGHIENCUV- TRAODOI
nghi quylt eiia HDND e^p xa, quylt dinh
^ ciia UBND cdp xa; dl nghi Chdnh an Tod dn nhdn ddn tii eao kiln nghi, sda dii, bl sung hode bdi bd vdn bdn quy pham phdp lugt ciia CO quan nhd nude d trung uong. Chdnh an Tod an nhdn ddn tii cao tu minh hoac theo de nghi ciia ehdnh an tod dn nhdn dan cdp tuih hogc chdnh an tod an nhan dan cdp cao kien nghi sira doi, bd sung hogc bai bd van bdn quy pham phdp ludt cua ca quan nhd nude d trung uong. Theo quy dinh ndy thi chdnh an nhdn danh cd nhdn chd kh6ng nhdn danh tod dn khi kien nghi sda doi, bl sung ho§e bai b6 vdn ban quy pham phdp luat cd ddu hieu ttdi Hien phap.
Ben egnh toa dn, cac chu thi nhu UBTVQH,*'"' Hgi ding dan toe, uy ban cua Quoc hgi eiing co tedeh nhiem phdt hien vdn ban CO ddu hieu tedi vdi Hiln phap.*"' Khodn 1 Dieu 14 Ludt hogt dgng giam sdt eua Quoc h0i vd Hgi dong nhdn ddn ndm 2015 (sau ddy ggi tdt Id Lugt hogt dgng gidm sdt) eon quy dinh cdc ehii the cd quyen de nghi ve vdn bdn quy phgm phdp ludt co dau hieu tedi HiSn phdp, luat, nghi quyet ciia Qudc hgi bao gom Chu tieh nude, Chinh phii, Hgi dong dan tgc, Uy ban cua Quoc hgi. Tod an nhan dan tdi cao, Vi?n kiem sat nhdn ddn tii cao, Kiem toan nhd nude, Uy ban trung uong Mat tedn Tl quoe Viet Nam, ea quan trung uong ciia td chiic thanh vien ciia Mat tian hode dai bieu Quoe hgi.
CI Phdp, viec hdu kiem tinh hgp bien ciia mgt VBQPPL bdt ddu thye hien tir ngay
01/3/2010 tiieo quy dinh eua Lugt tl chiic s6 2009-1523 ngdy 10/12/2009 vl viec dp dung Dilu 61-1 Hiln phdp. Theo quy dinh tai Dilu 23-1 ciia Ludt ndy, cac ben ttong vy viec CO thi yeu edu xem xet Igi tinh hgp hien eiia mgt quy dinh eua lugt duge dp dyng vao vy viec cua hg, khi cdc ben cho rang quy dinh do xam phgm din cac quyln vd ty do CO bdn duge Hiln phdp ghi nhdn vd bdo ve.
Tuong ti; nhu vdy, tiieo cac nguyen tde ve tiiu tiic eda Hoa Ky, mgt teong cdc ben eiing la ngudi dua vdn dl xem xet tinh hop hien ra toa an.*'^' Tgi Nhdt Ban, viee bdo hiln dugc thye hien tiieo mo hinh cua Hoa Kj-, do do, ede ben teong vy an cd the de nghi tod an xem xet tinh hgp hiln eua mgt dao lugt, sac lenh, quy tde hode cdc hdnh vi e6ng kbdc.*'^^
2.2. Chu thi tiin hdnh hogt dgng bdo hien 2.2.1. Giai dogn tien kiem
Trong giai dogn tien kiem, ehii the eo teach nhiem teinh hoac gui dy dn, dy thao vdn bdn den cho chii the ed thdm quyen de kiem tea tinh hgp hien eua dy dn, dy thao.
Viec kiem tia ndy, nhu da de cap, dugc ggi la tham tra. Chu the ed thdm quyln thdm tia la Hgi ddng ddn toe, Uy ban cua Quoc hgi, Uy ban phdp lugt, Bg tu phdp, cae to ehiic phdp ehe.
Cy thi, dii vdi dy dn lugt, phap lenh, dy thdo nghi quylt thi ehu the cd thdm quyln tiidm tea Id Hgi ding ddn tgc va Uy ban cua QuIc hgi. Theo quy dinh tgi khodn 1 Dilu 63 Lugt BHVBQPPL: "Hgi dong dan tgc, Uy ban ciia Qudc hdi cd trdch nhiem chu tri (10). DiSu 15 Luat tSchOrc Quoc hOinSm 2014.
(11). Khoin 1 Dieu 80 Lu3t to chiic Qu6ch$i nam 2014.
(12). Ding Minh Tuin, sdd, tr. 69.
(13). Ding Minh Tu^, sdd, tr. 75.
TAP c m LUAT HQC SO 6/2019
NGHIENCUV- TRAODOI thdm tra d^r dn, du thdo thudc ITnh vuc do
minh phu trdch vd d^r dn, di^r thdo khdc do Qudc hgi, Uy ban thudng vu Qudc hoi giao;
tham gia thdm tra du dn, dif thdo do co quan khdc cua Qudc hgi chii tri thdm tra theo s\r phdn cdng cua Uy ban thucmg v^ Quoc hdi".
Cung theo quy dinh tai Dieu 63 vd Dieu 68 Lugt BHVBQPPL: "Co quan chii tri thdm tra mdi dgi dien Thudng true Uy ban phdp lugt vd Uy ban phdp ludt Id chu the cd trdch nhiem chinh trong hogt dgng kiem tra tinh hgp hien ciia dt^ dn lugt, phdp l^nh, du thdo nghi quyet cua Uy ban thudng vu Qudc hdi".
Doi vdi dy dn, dy thdo nghi dinh eua Chinh phu, Bg tu phap cd tedeh nhiem thdm dinh tinh hgp hien trude khi trinh Chinh phu.* ' Bg tu phdp ciing tien hanh hogt dgng thdm dinh tinh hgp hien ciia du thao quylt dinh eiia Thu tudng Chinh phu.*'^' To ehiie phdp che thuge bg, co quan ngang bg cd trdch nhiSm thdm dinh tinh hgp hien cua dy thao tiidng tir.*'^'
Nhu vgy, theo quy dinh eua phdp ludt Viet Nam, cd nhieu chu the co thdm quyen kiem tia tinh hgp hien ciia du thao, dy an. So sanh vdi phdp ludt Phdp thi viec kilm tia tinh hgp hien chi dp dyng ddi vdi cac van ban ludt vd do mgt co quan duy nhdt tien hanh la Hgi ding Hiln phdp*''*
2.2.2. Giai doan hdu Idem
Neu nhu cac chii the tien hdnh tien kiem ehi gidi hgn d nhihig ehu the nhdt dinh thi
(14). Khoin 1, 3 Dieu 92 Lu$t BHVBQPPL nam 2015.
(15). Khoin 1, 3 Dieu 98 Lu^t BHVBQPPL nim 2015.
(16). Khoin 1,3 Dilu 102 Luit BHVBQPPL nim 2015.
(17). Khoin l,2Dieu61 Hien phip Cpng hoi Phip.
den giai dogn hau kilm, chu thi tiln hanh duge md rgng hon. Chii thi quan tegng nhdt teong boat dgng ndy Id QuIc h6i vdi quyln gidm sat tdi cao viec tuan theo Hiln phap, lugt vd nghi quylt cua Qudc hgi.*'^' Khodn 2 Dieu 11 Lugt boat dgng gidm sat quy dinh vl hogt dgng gidm sdt cua Quoc hgi bao gIm viec "xem xet vdn bdn quy phgm phdp ludt quy dinh tgi diim a khodn 1 Biiu 4 cua Ludt ndy cd ddu hieu trdi voi Hiin phdp, lugt, nghi quyet cua Quoc hgi". Dilm a khodn 1 Dilu 4 quy dinh tii^ quyln gidm sdt tii cao cua Quoe h6i doi vdi vdn bdn quy pham phap lugt cua Chii tieh nude, UBTVQH, Chinh phii, Thu tudng Chinb phu, Hgi ding thdm phdn Tod dn nhdn ddn tii cao, Chdnh an Tod dn nhdn ddn toi eao, Vien trudng Vien kiem sat nhan dan toi cao. Ting Kilm todn nhd nude; gidm sat tii eao nghi quylt lien tich giiia UBTVQH hoae Chinh phu vdi Dodn chu tich Uy ban trung uong Mdt tian Td quIc Viet Nam, th6ng tu lien tich giiia Chdnh dn Toa an nhdn dan toi cao vdi Vien trudng Vien kiem sdt nhdn ddn t6i cao, thong tu lien tich giiia bg trudng, thu trudng co quan ngang bg vdi Chdnh dn Tod an nhan dan tdi eao, Vien trudng Vien kiem sat nhdn dan tii cao. Nhu vay, Quoc hgi se xem xet tinh hgp hien cua cae van ban quy phgm phdp ludt cua cdc chu thi d trung uong.
Thdm quyen nay dugc tai khdng dinh tgi khoan 1 Dieu 14 eua Ludt ndy.
Thdm quyen ndy trude do da dugc xde dinh tgi Dilu 15 Luat to ehiic Quoc hgi nam
(18). Khoin 1 Di6u 6 Luit t6 chiic QuIc hoi nam 2014.
TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 6/2019 41
NGHIENCUV- TRAODdl
2014 quy dinh tiiim quyln ciia QuIc hgi tiong viee bai bd cae van bdn quy phgm phdp ludt tidi vdi Hiln phdp:
"1. Qudc hot bdi bo vdn bdn cua Chit tich nude, Chinh phu, Thu tudng Chinh phu.
Tod dn nhdn ddn tdi cao, Vien kiim sdt nhdn ddn tdi cao, ca quan khdc do Qudc hgi thdnh lap trdi vai Hien phdp, lugt. nghi quyit cug Qudc hdi theo di nghi cua Uy ban thuong vu Qudc hdi
2. Qudc hgi bdi ho vdn bdn cua Uy ban thudng vu Qudc hgi trdi vdi Hiin phdp. ludt, nghi quyet ciia Quoc hdi theo di nghi ciia Chu tich nuac ".
Khodn 2 Dilu 164 Luat BHVBQPPL quy dinh: "Quoc hgi bdi bd vdn bdn quy phgm phdp ludt cua Chit tich nu&c. Uy ban thuamg vii Qudc hgi, Chinh phu, Thu tudng Chinh phu, Hdi ddng thdm phdn Tod dn nhdn ddn tdi cao, Chdnh dn Tod dn nhdn ddn tdi cao, Vien truong Vien kiim sdt nhdn ddn tdi cao, Tdng Kiim todn nhd nude trdi vai Hiin phdp, lugt, nghi quyit cua Qudc hdi". Quy dinh nay cua Luat BHVBQPPL bo sung thdm quyen ciia Quoe hgi tiong viee bai bo van bdn eua Tong Kiem todn nhd nude - ngi dung khong dugc quy dinh tai Dieu 15 Lugt to chiic QuIc hgi. Tuong ty nhu Luat to chuc Quoe hdi, Ludt BHVBQPPL quy dinh tham quyen eua Quoc hgi ttong viec bdi bd vdn ban quy phgm phap lugt tidi vdi Hiln phdp.
Ben canh QuIc hgi, UBTVQH ciing co thdm quyln kilm tia tinh hgp hien ciia van ban quy phgm phdp luat. Cy the, UBTVQH ty minh dmh chi hogc theo de nghi Hgi dong
ddn tgc, U^ ban eiia Qudc hgi bode dgi bieu QuIc hgi dinh chi viec tiii hdnh van ban eua Chinh phd, Thu tiidng Chinh phd, Toa ai nhdn ddn tii cao, Vien kilm sat nhdn dan tdi eao, CO quan khac do QuIe hgi thanh Igp tedi vdi Hiln phdp, ludt, nghi quylt cua Quoc h6i vd teinh QuIc hdi quylt dinh viec bdi bd vdn bdn d6 tgi ki hgp gdn nhdt.*''^ Ddi vdi nghi quylt cua ITOND cap tinh thi UBTVQH ty quylt dinh bai bo hogc theo dl nghi cua Thu tudng Chinh phu, Hgi ding dan tOc, U^ ban cua QuIc hdi hode dgi bilu QuIe h6i khi nghi quylt tedi vdi Hiln phap, ludt vd vdn ban eiia eo quan nhd nude edp teen. Ngoai ra, Uy ban phdp ludt cua Quoc hgi la co quan thdm tea kiln nghi eua Hgi ddng ddn t6c, Uy ban ciia QuIe bdi, de nghi eua Chii tieh nude, Chinh phii, Toa an nhdn dan t5i cao, Vien kilm sdt nhdn ddn tdi cao, U;y ban trung uong Mat tran Td quoc Viet Nam, co quan trung uong cua td ehde thanh vien ciia Mat tean hoac cua dgi bieu Quoe hgi ve van bdn ed ddu hieu tidi Hiln phap.*^''
Chinh phu eiing la chu tbI tiln hdnh hoat dgng kiem tia tinh hgp hien ciia vdn ban.
Theo quy dinh tgi khodn 1 Dilu 165 Ludt BHVBQPPL till Chinh phu cd quyln kilm tea van ban quy pham phap luat, xir li vdn ban quy phgm phdp ludt eua bg, co quan ngang bg, HDND edp tinh, UBND cdp tinh, chinh quyln dia phuong d don vi hanh
(19). Khoan 1 Dilu 51 Luit to chiic Quoc hpi nim 2014, khoan 3 Dieu 164 Luat BHVBQPPL nim 2015 bo sung vin bin ciia Tong ki^m toin nhi mrdc.
(20). Khoin 2 DiSu 55 Luat t6 chiic Qu6c hoi nim 2014.
(21). Khoin 2 Difiu 70 Luat t6 chiic Quoc hfii nim 2014.
42 TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 6/2019
NGHIEN CUV - TRA O Ddi ehinh-kinh tl ddc bi$t c6 ddu hi$u tedi vdi
Hien phdp, luat va van ban quy phgm phdp lugt ciia co quan nhd nude cap teen. Khodn 2 Dilu ndy quy dinh vl thdm quyln cua Thu tudng Chinh phu. TTieo do, Thii tudng Chinh phd xem xet, quylt dinh bai bd hogc dmh chi viec thi hanh mgt phdn hode toan bg van ban quy phgm phdp ludt cua bg trudng, thii trudng CO quan ngang bg, UBND edp tmh, chinh quyen dia phuong d don vi hanh ehinh-kinh tl dge biet tidi vdi Hien phdp, ludt vd vdn bdn quy pham phdp ludt eua eo quan nha nude edp tien; dinh ehi viee thi hdnh mgt phdn hode todn bg nghi quyet ciia HDND edp tinh trdi vdi Hien phdp, ludt vd vdn bdn quy pham phdp lugt cua co quan nhd nude cap teen, dong thdi de nghi UBTVQH bai bo. Theo quy dinh cua Lugt BHVBQPPL, Bg tu phdp eung la chu the tien hanh hogt dgng kiem tia tinh hgp hien ciia vdn ban vdi vai tio giiip Chinh phu thye hien viec kiem tia, xir li vdn ban.
Tom Igi, teong giai dogn hdu kiem, chu the CO thdm quyen tien hdnh hogt dgng ndy Id QuIc hgi, UBTVQH, Uy ban phdp luat cua Quoc hgi, Chinh phu, Bg tu phap vd tod dn. Tuy theo tinh chat cua van ban ma chu the tien hdnh hogt dgng hdu kiem se khae nhau. Theo quy dinh cua phdp luat Phap, chu the tien hanh hogt dgng ndy ehi bao gdm cac CO quan tu phap ngoai tni tod dai hinh, c6 nhiem vy tiep nhgn, chgn Igc yeu cau va Hgi dong hien phdp se tuyen bd vl tinh hgp hiln ciia dao luat.*^^' Con theo Hiln phdp Smgapore, cdc tod an thudng ed thdm quyln
tdi phdn hiln phap dii vdi hanh vi cua Chinh phu vd lugt eua QuIe hgi.*^^' Khac vdi Smgapore, Cgng boa Lien bang Due dp dyng md binh tdi phdn hiln phdp eua Hans Kelsen.
Md hinh nay khong giao quyln tdi phan hiln phap eho cae tod dn thudng, md quyln ndy se do m6t ca quan chuyen tidch thuc hien, cy till d Due Id Toa an hiln phdp. Tod dn hiln phap d Ddc c6 thdm quyln rdt rgng. Theo d6, tod khdng chi xem xet ti'nh hgp hiln cua cae dao luat ma eon ed cac van bdn lap quy eiing nhu hanh vl cua ede ca quan cong quyln. Toa dn thu li vy viec phdt sinh true tilp tgi tod dn vd cd don khdi kien trye tiep ciia ca nhdn khi cho rang co quan cong quyen co hdnh vi xam pham cdc quyen ca bdn ciia hg.*^"*'
Tu cac phan tich tren, co the thdy, viee kiem tia tinh hgp hien eua van ban quy phgm phdp lugt d Viet Nam hien nay dugc quy dinh cho nhieu chu the khac nhau. Tuy theo tinh chat cua vdn ban ma xdc dinh ehu the cd thdm quyen yeu cdu, trinh vd tien hdnh boat dgng kiem tia tinh hop hien ciia vdn ban.
Cac chii the trong hogt dgng tien kiem vd hau kiem ciing cd nhihig khac biet nhat dinh.
Dieu nay lam cho viec kiem tea tinh hop hien ciia van bdn quy pham phdp ludt trd nen phuc tap. Do eo nhilu chu the nen teinh ty, thu tuc kilm tia tinh hgp hien ciing khac nhau.
3. Trinh tu-, thu tuc kiem tra tinh h9p hien
3.1. Trinh tu. thu tuc tien kiem Trinh tu, tiiu tuc tiln kilm dugc quy dinh tai khodn 2 Dilu 64 Luat BHVBQPPL. Theo
(22). Luat s6 2009-1523 ngiy 10/12/2009 v^ vi?c ip dyng Dieu 61-1 Hiin phip C^ng hoi Phip.
(23), Ding Minh Tuan, sdd, tr 79 - (24). Ding Minh Tuin, sdd, tr. 108
NGHIENCUV- TRAO DOI
d6, dii vdi dy an trinh UBTVQH, cham nhdt 20 ngdy tiirde ngdy bdt ddu phi^n hgp eiia UBTVQH, ban sogn tiido phdi giri hi so dy dn d6n CO quan chu tii tiidm tia, Uy ban phdp ludt, \}<f ban vl cdc van dl xd hgi vd co quan khdc tham gia tiiam tia dl tiln hanh tiidm tta.
Cdn doi vdi du an, dy tiido trinh QuIc hgi, cham nhdt Id 30 ngdy tiordc ngdy khai mge ki hgp QuIc hdi, ban sogn thao giii ho so din CO quan ehii tii tham tea, U^' ban phdp luat, Uy ban ve cdc van dl xa hgi vd eo quan khac tham gia t h ^ tea dl tiln hdnh thdm tia.
Nhu vdy, thdi hgn giii hi so cho ehii thi tien hdnh tien kiem eung khdc nhau theo tinh chdt cua dy an, dy thdo. Chii till tiln hanh thdm tia se Idp bdo edo thdm tia, dl xudt nhung ngi dung can sda dii, bl sung.*^^' Khdc vdi phdp lugt Viet Nam, phdp ludt Phdp quy dinh thdi hgn kilm tra tinh hgp hien ciia vdn ban Id mgt thdng, teong trudng hgp khan cap theo yeu cdu eua Chinh phu thi thdi hgn ndy chi Id 8 ngdy.*^^' Viec yeu elu kiem tra tinh hgp hien se dinh chi thdi gian thdng qua ddi vdi vdn bdn dugc yeu eau kiem tra.* ' Con theo quy dinh eiia phdp lugt Bo Ddo Nha, thdi hgn kiem tea ndy Id 25 ngdy.'^^'
3.2. Trinh tu, thu tuc hgu kiem Trinh ty hgu kiem duge quy dinh khae nhau theo tung chii the tien hanh hgu kiem.
Trong qua trinh gidi quyet vy dn hdnh chinh.
vdn dl phdt hi$n vd kiln nghi siia doi, bo sung bode bai bd vdn bdn quy pham phdp lugt dugc quy djnh tai Chuong VIII Luat TTHC.
Theo quy dinh tgi Dilu 111 Lugt nay, pham vi phdt hien vdn bdn cd dau hieu tiii Hien phdp ehi Id dii vdi ede van ban lien quan den viec gidi quyet vy an hdnh chinh. Khi ehua CO quylt dinh dua vy an ra xet xd, chdnh an tod dang gidi quylt vy dn hanh chinh thye hien kiln nghj. Trong tiiidng hgp da c6 quylt dinh dua vu dn ra xet xii hoae vy dn dugc xem xet theo trinh ty gidm doc thdm, tdi tham, hgi dong xet xd dl nghi ehdnh an tod dn dang gidi quyet vu dn kien nghi.
v l thdi ban, Dilu 114 Ludt TTHC ehi quy dinh thdi han trd Idi kien nghi ^oi voi cdc van bdn quy dinh ehi tiet hudng din thi hanh Hiln phdp, ludt, vdn ban quy pham phdp ludt cua co quan nhd nude cdp trSn.
Ddi vdi kien nghi xem xet sua d6i, bl sung hogc bdi bd lugt, nghi quylt cua QuIc hOi, phdp lenh, nghi quyet cua UBTVQH thi chi quy dinh thye hien theo quy dinh cua phdp lugt.*^^^
(25). Dieu 67 Luit BHVBQPPL.
(26). Khoan 3 Dik 61 Hi^n phip C^ng hoi Phip.
(27). Khoin 4 Diau 61 Hien phip C$ng hoi Phip.
(28). Christine MaugOe, Jacques-Henri Stahl, La question prioritaire de constitutionnalite, Tii bin lin 3, Nxb. Dalioz, Paris, 2017, tr. 8.
(29). Dieu 114 LuSt TTHC nim 2015 quy dinh: "/.
Trong thdi han 30 ngay ke tu ngdy nhdn du^rc van ban kien nghi ciia chdnh dn tod dn quy dinh tgi Bieu 112 da Lugt ndy ddi vai vdn ban quy phgm phdp lu^t quy djnh chi tiit. hudng ddn thi hdnh Hiin phdp, lugt, vdn bdn quy phgm phdp ludt cua ca quan nhd nu&c cdp tren thi ca quan da han hdnh vdn bdn do phdi xem xet vd trd Idi bdng vdn bdn cho tod dn da kien nghi. Niu qud th&i hgn ndy md khong nhgn dugc vdn bdn trd Idi thi tod dn dp dyng vdn bdn co hi^u life phdp li cao hem di gidi quyit vu dn.
2. Trudng hgp kiin nghj xem xet sica ddi. bS sung ho^c bdi bo ludt. nghi q«yit ciia Qudc hoi. phdp l$nh, nghi quyit eda Oy ban thudng vi/ Qudc hdi thi th\rc hi^n theo quy djnh dia phdp ludt".
44 TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 6/2019
NGHiJNCOV- TRAODdl Trong td tyng hinh sy, doan 2 Dilu 256
BLTTHS quy dinh: "Vi^c xem xet. trd l&i tod dn ve kit-qud xir li vdn bdn phdp lugt bf kiin nghi Sugc thuc hiin theo quy dinh cua phdp lugt". Bg lugt khdng cd quy dinh riSng ve vdn dl hdu kilm dii vdi van bdn c6 dIu hi?u tidi vdi Hiln phdp md hogt dgng nay duge dp dyng theo quy dinh cua phap lugt tuong dng. Trong khi do, khodn 2 Dilu 119 Hiln phdp nam 2013 quy dinh: "Ca che bdo vi Hiin phdp do lugt dinh ". Viec kiem tta tirii hgp hiln ciia van bdn la cdng viec chu ylu teong co che bdo ve Hiln phdp. Theo Hien phdp, ca che nay do van bdn lugt quy dinh. Tuy nhien, BLTTHS quy dinh ve teinh ty, thd tyc xem xet tinh hgp hien eua vdn bdn theo phdp ludt md khong ehi gidi hgn d vdn bdn lu^t. Viee md r6ng thdm quyln quy dinh ea ehi bdo v$ Hi6n phdp eua BLTTHS ndm 2015 CO the duge xem Id tidi vdi tinh thdn cua Hien phdp.
Doi vdi vu viec dan sy thi BLTTDS kh6ng de cdp van de trinh ty, thu tuc xem xet tinh hgp hien ciia vdn bdn luat nhu Luat TTHC vd BLTTHS. Dilm e khoan 1 Dilu 214 BLTTDS quy dinh ve trudng hgp tgm dinh chi gidi quyet vy dn dan sy khi "cdn dgi kit qud xu li vdn bdn quy phgm phdp lugt cd lien quan din vi^c gidi quyet vv dn co ddu hi$u trdi vdi Hiin phdp, lugt, nghi quyit cua Quoc hgi, phdp l$nh, nghi quyit cua Uy ban thudng vu Qudc hgi, vdn bdn quy phgm phdp lugt cua CO qugn nhd nude cdp tren md Tod dn dd cd vdn ban kien nghj co quan nhd nude cd thdm quyin xem xet sua ddi, bd sung hogc bdi bd". Trong trudng hgp nay.
vy dn ddn sy se bi a n h chi eho din khi ed ket qud xd li vdn ban duge dp dyng vdo vy vi?c md vdn bdn ndy ed ddu hi$u tidi vdi Hiln phdp vd da dugc tod an kiln nghi theo quy dinh.
Doi vdi HOi ddng ddn tgc vd Uy ban ciia QuIe hOi, Dilu 80 Lugt TTHC quy dinh tiong qud trinh thye hien nhiem vy, quyln hgn, Hgi ding ddn toe, uy ban cua QuIc hgi e6 tedeh nhiem phdt hien van ban e6 ddu hieu tedi Hien phdp vd kien nghi ea quan dd ban hdnh vdn bdn thye hien viec siia ddi, bl sung, bdi bd vdn ban do; trudng hgp eo quan da ban hanh van bdn khdng thye hien kiln nghi tbi Hgi dong, uy ban co quyen kien nghi QuIe hgi, UBTVQH xem x^t, xir li theo thdm quyen.
Theo quy dinh tgi khodn 3 Dieu 165 Luat BHVBQPPL, Bg tir phap giiip Chinh phu thue hi6n viee Idem tia, xd II vdn bdn quy phgm phap lugt cua bd, ea quan ngang bg, HDND vd UBND cdp tmh, chinh quyln dia phuong d don vi hdnh ehinh-kinh tl ddc biet trdi vdi Hien phdp, lugt va vdn ban quy phgm phap ludt eiia co quan nha nude cap tiSn.
Dii vdi nghi quylt eua HDND cdp tinh tedi vdi Hiln phdp, luat vd van ban quy pham phdp lugt eiia ea quan nhd nude cap teen da bi Thu tudng Chinh phu dmh chi vi?c thi hanh tiii Bg tu phdp chu tii, phii hgp vdi Vdn ph6ng Chinh phu va ede bg, ca quan ngang b6 c6 lien quan chudn bi bo so bdo cao Thu tudng Chinh phii xem xet viee de nghi UBTVQH bdi bd.
v l tthih ty, thu tuc, khoan 2 Dilu 14 Ludt hogt dgng giam sdt quy dinh: "Qudc
NGHIENCUV- TRAODdl hgi xem x^t vdn bdn quy phgm phdp ludt cd ddu hieu trdi v&i Hiin phdp, ludt, nghi quyit cua Qudc hdi theo trinh tic sau ddy:
a) Uy ban thudng vy Qudc hdi hogc Chu tich nude trinh bay to trinh;
b) Dgi di$n ca quan thdm tra trinh bay bdo edo thdm tra;
c) Ngudi diing ddu ca quan da ban hdnh vdn bdn bdo edo, gidi trinh;
d) Qudc hdi thdo lugn;
d) Qudc hgi ra nghi quyit vi viec xem xet vdn bdn quy phgm phdp lugt".
Ndi dung nghi quyet eua Qudc hgi dugc quy dinh tgi khoan 3 Dieu 14 Lugt hogt dgng gidm sat nhu sau: "Nghi quyit cua Qudc hdi phdi xdc dinh vdn bdn quy phgm phdp lugt trdi hogc khdng trdi voi Hiin phdp, lugt, nghi quyit eiia Qudc hgi; trudng hgp van bdn quy phgm phdp ludt trdi vdi Hiin phdp, lugt, nghi quyit cua Qudc hdi thi quyit dinh bdi bd mgt phdn hogc todn bo vdn bdn do "
Tir nhihig phan tich teen cho thay, van de kiem tia tinh hgp hien cua mgt vdn ban quy phgm phdp ludt d Viet Nam hien nay do nhieu chu the thuc hien vdi tiinh tu, thd tyc thye hien cdng khdc nhau. Do do, eo the dan den he qua la ket qua kiem tia se khong thong nhdt giira cdc co quan, eiing nhu gay kh6 khan cho viec dp dung teen thye te.
D6ng thdi, theo cdc quy dinh hien hanh, chi e6 chu the mang quyen luc nhd nude mdi eo quyen teinh hoac yeu cdu kiem tra tinh hgp hien eua van ban, cac chu the tham gia to tung khong ed quyen ndy. Thieu sot nay e6 the lam giam ede quyen ve to tung ciia cdc chu the tham gia to tyng.
v l teuih til, thu tyc hdu kilm, phdp ludt Phdp cd rieng ludt d l quy dinh v l van de ndy, d6 la Lugt s i 2009-1523 ngdy 10/12/2009 v l viec dp dyng Dilu 61-1 Hien phdp COng hod Phdp quy dinh chi tilt ve tiuih ty, tiiu tyc hdu kilm. Theo do, tiinh ty ndy ed t h i chia 1dm ba budc.
Budc 1: Tod dn dang gidi quylt tranh chap, tilp nhan yeu cdu vd xem xet yeu cau.
Viee k i l m tia y6u c l u tgi tod dn Id khdng cd tiidi ban. Tod dn xem xet ba dilu kien sau:
thii nhdt, quy dinh duge yeu cdu xem xet tinh hgp hiln dang dugc dp dyng vdo vy vi6e; th'Cc hai, quy dinh do ehua duge tuySn b l hgp hiln theo li le vd quyet dinh tiong mgt quylt dinh eiia Hgi d i n g h i l n phdp, trir trudng hgp hodn cdnh thay doi; thu ba, viec xem xet phdi tnang tinh nghiem trgng. Sau khi kilm tia, neu yeu cdu thod mSn ed ba dieu kien viia neu, tod dn se ra quyet dinh c6 vien dan li do de chuyen yeu c l u den Tham chinh vien neu tod dn tilp nhdn thuge nhanh hdnh chinh bode Tod phd an neu toa dn tiep nhgn thuge nhanh tu phdp.
Budc 2: Tham chinh vien hode Tod phd dn Idem tia yeu cdu. Trong thdi ban 3 thdng k l tit ngay nhan dugc quylt dinh chuyin yeu cau eiia tod an cdp dudi, Tham chinh vien hoac Toa phd dn phdi quylt dinh co chuyin yeu c l u den Hdi ddng Hien phdp hay khong. Tham chinh vien hode Tod phd dn tiln hanh kiem tra yeu cdu theo d i l u kien thu nhdt va thu hai nhu tren, d i n g thdi kilm tra n l u day la y6u cdu c6 tinh mdi hoac co tinh nghiem tegng. Sau khi k i l m tra, Tham ehinh vien hoac Tod phd dn ra quylt dinh
46 TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 6/2019
NGHIEN CUV - TRA O DOI
chuyin yeu cdu cho H^i ding Hiln phdp nlu yeu cdu thda man cdc dilu kien, tiong trudng hgp kh6ng chuyen yeu c4u len Hgi ding Hiln phdp, Hgi ding se nhdn dugc bdn sao ciia quylt dinh cd neu li do kh6ng chuyen yeu eau.
Budc 3; Hgi ding xem xet yeu cau. Hgi ding Hiln phdp xem xet yeu cdu ttong thdi hgn 3 thdng. Quylt dinh eua Hgi ding Hiln phdp phai neu rd li do cua quyet dinh vd phai dugc gdi cho cac ben, eho Tham chinh vien hode Toa phd an hoac Tdng thing, Thu tudng Chinh phii, bg trudng hode Chu tieh Thugng vi^n, Chu tich Ha vien nlu ede chii thi nay yeu edu kiem tia tinh hgp hien eua mOt dao lugt. Quylt dinh ndy dong thdi se dugc dang cong bdo.
4. Kiln ngh| hoan thi^n ca chi bao hiln Bdo hien, nhu da phan tieh bao gdm tien kilm va hgu kilm. Du Id tien kiem hay hdu kilm thi chii thi tiSn hdnh hogt dgng bdo hiln dIu phdi so sdnh edu chii ciia van ban vd Hiln phdp. Dl so sdnh, bit huge ehu the tien hdnh bdo hiln phai gidi thich edu ehii eiia Hiln phap bdi vi hau hit quy phgm Hiln phdp thudng mang tinh ngdn ggn, sau dd, se tien hanh doi ehieu vdi edu chii ciia van ban.
Theo quy dinh cua Hien phdp nam 2013 tgi khodn 2 Dilu 74, eh: co UBTVQH co thdm quyln giai thieb Hien phap. Tuy nhien, ben cgnh UBTVQH thi e6n ed ede chu the khdc nhu Uy ban phap luat cua Quoc hdi, Chinh phii, Bg tu phdp, cac to chiie phap ehe. Tir dd, ede ehu the ndy, ve thye ehdt van phdi gidi thich Hien phdp de xdc dinh xem van ban bi yeu eau kilm hiln cd tidi vdi
Hien phdp hay khong. Vgy vin dl dgt ra la quy dinh thdm quyln tiln hdnh hogt dgng bdo hiln cho cac ehu thi tren ed dugc xem la quy dinh vi hiln hay khong vd ede chu thi tien khi tien hdnh kilm tra tinh hgp hiln eda van bdn e6 duge xem Id thye hien hdnh vi vi hien hay khong?
Mat khac, nhin Igi lieh sd lap biln Viet Nam CO the thdy, Viet Nam theo chd nghia hgp hien Mdc-Lenin, ma ehu nghia hgp hiln nay chua eo tiln le ve quyen tai phdn hien phap doi vdi cac luat cua Quoc hgi. Do do, lich su Igp hien xa hgi chii nghTa Viet Nam ehua timg tdn tgi che do tdi phdn Hiln phdp.*^°' Theo tac gid Nguyin Nhu Phdt, vi Quoc hgi la ca quan quyen luc nha nude cao nhdt, cd quyln gidm sdt toi eao nen dan den mgt hS luan nita la; kh6ng thiet che ndo duge quyln giam sdt Quoe hgi, ngogi trir nhdn dan thong qua bdu eir vd bai miln cd nhan dgi bilu QuIc hgi. Do do, co che bdo v$ hien phdp cua Viet Nam hien nay chi dimg lai d viee kilm tia tinh hgp bien eiia cac vdn ban dudi lugt.
Khodn 2 Dilu 119 Hiln phap nam 2013 quy dinh: "Ca chi bdo ve Hiin phdp do lugt dinh". Tuy nhien, din thdi diem hien tgi, van ehua ed ludt rieng ve ca che bao ve Hien phap. Co ehi nay dugc tim thdy tiong cdc van bdn lugt nhu Lugt boat dgng giam sdt, Luat tl chiic QuIc h^i, Lugt BHVBQPPL, BLTTDS, BLTTHS, Ludt TTHC. Viec cdc quy dinh vl bdo hiln dugc ghi nhdn trong
(30). Nguyen Nhu Phit, sdd, tr. 120.
NGHjtffCOt/. TRAOB6I
n h i k van ban da gSy kho khan trong ho?t dpng bao hita, nhat 14 6 giai do?n h?u kiSm. D6ng th&i, khi quy dinh 6 nhieu van ban khic nhau se gay ra viec 4p diing khong thong nhat, do do, khong dim bio tinh kha thi.
De khic ph(ic nhftng bat cSp tren, da den liic cin phai ban hanh mpt van ban lujt dieu chtah rilng v6 ca ch6 bao v€ Hi^n phdp. Trong lugt nay phai x^c djnh ro vai tr6 giai thich HiSn phap cila UBTVQH, d6ng thiri, quy dinh chi thS duy nhSt c6 tham quyen bio ve Hi6n phap. Luat nay ciong cin lam ro tinh chit ca ban nhit cua hoat dong bao hi^n la ki6m tra tinh hap hiln ciia cac van ban luat va chii thi nao co thim quyen nay. Luat nay ciing nen ma r§ng quyen yeu cau kiem tra tinh hap hiln cua vSn ban cho cac chu the tham gia to tung.
Theo do, cac chii the tham gia to tung c6 the yeu cau toa an xem x^t ve tinh hiTp hien cua van ban duac ap dung doi voi ho.
Trong b6i canh lii?n Viet Nam hien nay, viec thanh lap toa an Hien phap chua that s\r la cin thilt va se kho phat huy hieu qua, mSc du theo mpt so tac gia, vi6c kiem soat ciia quyen tu phap dugc tien hanh bing cdch xem xet tinh hgrp hien cua cac dao luat, cac van ban quy pham phap luat khac.'^'* Cac tac gia nay cho rang ca quan tu phap se kiem soat dugc quyen lire cua ca quan lap phap va
(31). Nguyen VSn Quyen, Nguyen Tat Vien, Quyen tuphdp trong nhd nuac phdp quyen x5 hot chu nghia Viet nam - Tir U lugn ctin thvc tiin, Nxb. Tu pMp, Hit Ngi, 2018, tr. 20,
hanh phap thSng qua viSc kilm tra tinh hgp hien cua van ban quy pham phdp luat. Tuy nhien, difn trte nIn tdng khoa hgc phdp h. ^a hgi a Viet Nam hien nay, vi^c thanh Ijp Hgi dong bao hiln theo m6 Unh cua Phdp Id giai phap phu hgp ban so vdi vi$c thdnh lap mgt toa an hoan toan doc lap./.
T A I L I E U T H A M KHAO
1. Nguyen M?u Tudn, "Co chi bao hiln va viec xay dung nen dan chii xa hgi chu nghia", Ti2p chi ddn chu vdphdp ludt, s6 11(236)/2011.
2. Dang Minh Tuan, Bao hien va vdn di bdo ve qtiyin con nguai, Nxb. Tu phdp. Ha _ Ngi, 2015.
3. Nguyen Ddng Dung, "Vi pham Hiln phap va cac loai hinh vi phgm hien phdp", Nhitng vdn di vi Hien phdp vd sita doi Hienphdp, Nxb. Dan tri, HdNgi, 2012.
4. Nguyen Nhu Phdt, Tdi phdn Hien phdp - Mpt sS vdn di li luan ca bdn, kinh nghiem qudc ti vd khd ndng dp dicing cho Vi^t Nam, Nxb. Khoa hgc xShgi, Ha Ngi, 2011.
5. Dinh Thanh Phuong, "Vdn de vi hiln va CO chi bao hiln trong lugt Viet Nam", Tap chi ngU^ diu lap phdp, s6 1 (138)/2009.
6. Nguyin Van Quyln, Nguyen Tit Viln, Quyin tu phdp trong nhd nu&c phdp quyin xd hoi chii nghia Viet Nam - Tu li luan din thuc tiin, Nxb. Tu phdp. Ha Ngi, 2018.
7. Christine Maugue, Jacques-Henri Stahl, La question prioritaire de constitutionnalite Tai bdn lin 3, Nxb. Dalioz, Paris, 2017.
48 TAP CHi LUAT HOC S6 6/2019
