CONG TAC KIEM SAT
CONG TAC HIEM SAT BOAT iONG TV PHAP TRONG GIAI BOAN CAI CACH TV PHAP
NGUYEN D^C HANH*
Nhirng chu truffng, dinh hudrng cua Dang ta cff sd trong vifc xay dpng phdp lu^t, to chuc thuc thi phdp ludt doi vdi boat ddng tu phdp vd kiim sdt boat dpng ttr phdp nhdm tirng budc xay dung ccr chi bdo ddm, ndng cao hifu lu'c, hifu qud trong viec th chuc thuc hifn quyin Ipx: tu phdp vd kiem sodt quyen lu-c tu- phdp trong giai doan cdi each tu phdp hifn nay.
Tir khoa: Cong tdc kiem sdt; kiim sdt hogt dpng tuphdp; cdi cdch tuphdp.
Nhgn bdi: 01/4/2020; biin tap xong: 15/4/2020; duyet bdi: 04/5/2020.
1. Cff sd Vy luan vd thyc tien cua vifc quy dinh chirc nang Idem sat boat ddng tu phdp cda ngdnh Kiem sdt nhan dan
Ll. Cos&lylu^n
Tuy thugc vio tiing giai doan lich sii, dieu kifn hoin cinh cy the ma radi qudc gia tten the the gidi lua chgn cho minh mdt hmh thiic chinh the, each thirc to chirc quyen luc, bg may nha nudc va cic thiet che khie nhau. Ddi vdi Viet Nam, sau Cich mgng thing Tim (nam 1945) vl hiiih thiic chinh the vi bin chat Nha nudc da dugc ghi nhgn frong Hien phap nam 1946 la rapt nudc \^ft Nam Din chii Cdng hda, tit ca quyin lyc nha nudc thupc vl nhan dan, khdng phan biet ndi gidng, gai ttai, giiu
ngheo, giai cap, tdn giio, viec thyc hien chinh quyen manh me vi sang sudt cua nhan din'. Trii qua siu lan sua ddi Hiln phap, hinh thiic chinh the vi bin chat cua Nha nudc khdng cd gi thay doi va sy ghi nhin frong Hien phip duge hoan thif n hon ve raat ky thuit lap phip. Trong lan sira ddi gin nhat, tai Dieu 2 Hien phip nam 2013 quy dinh ve nguyen tic td chiic va hoat dpng cua bg may nhi nudc Cdng hda xa hdi chil nghta Viet Nam: "Quyen luc nhd nu&c Id thong nhdt, co suphan cong, phoi hap. kiem sodt giira cdc ca quan nhd nu&c trong viec thuc hien cdc quyen lap phdp, hdnh phdp, tuphdp".
Nguyen tie td chirc quyen luc nha nudc Viet Nam duac hinh thinh, la ket qui ciia
1, Xem: L6i n6i dau va Bieu thii 1, Hien phap niroc Vi|t Nam Dfin chii Cgng hoa (Quoc h$i th6ng qua ngay 09/11/1946).
Tien si, Pho Hieu tnr&ng Tnr&ng Bai hoc Kiem sat tia Noi.
Tap chi Son/2020 \_KIEM SAT
13
CdNG TAC KIEM SAT
sy phit trien vi hoin thifn tiing budc ti^n CO sd due kit tii thyc tien cich mang Viet Nam. Ve ly luin cd the thiy, ngi dung kiem soit quyen lyc giira cac co quan nha nudc ttong vifc thyc hifn cic quyen lip phip, hinh phip, tu phap lin diu tien dugc quy dinh ttong Hiln phip 2013 mpt each cy thi, nhim dim bio tinh thong nhit ciia quyen Iyc nha nudc thyc su thugc ve nhin din. bdi kiem soit quyen Iyc tdt se khac phyc nhirng tieu cyc, hgn che trong vifc thyc hifn quyen Iyc nha nudc nhu Iam quyen, eye quyen... khien quyen Iyc cd the bj tha hda.
Theo quy dinh ciia Hien phip nara 1946, chiic nang thyc hanh quyen cdng td dugc giao cho co quan Cdng td thyc hifn va eo quan Cdng td chua dugc td chiic thanh mpt hf thdng co quan dpc lip ma dugc dat frong hf thong tda an. Co quan Cdng td Iiic nay thye hifn hai ehiic ning Ii thyc hinh quyen edng td vi giim sit cic hogt dgng tu phip (chi dao dieu fra, tryc tiep dieu tta mpt sd logi tdi; quyet dmh vifc truy to; bupe tpi trude Tda;
khang cao bin an. quyet dinh ciia Tda in va giim sit \ icc chip hinh phip luit ttong hogt dpng dieu tra, xet xii, giam giii, cii tgo vi thi hinh in; tham gia trong rapt sd logl vifc dan su quan frpng de bio vf lgi ich ciia nha nudc va Igi ich cua xa hpi).
Chirc nang. nhifm vy niy ed nhieu diem tuong ddng vdi Vien edng td d eie nudc theo trusen thdng phip luit ehau Au luc dia, dien hinh li Phip-. Sd di nhu vay la
2. Xem: Tiing kei mgi so vdn de ly ludn va th^rc tien vc cong tac cua Hai kiem sdt nhdn ddn qua 55 nam to chuc
\-Q hogt (ipni:, N\b. Chinh tri quoc gia, 2015. tr 1-2.
bdi llic nay chiing ta radi gianh dugc chinh quyin, chua cd thyc tien frong vifc td chiic vi thyc hifn quyen lyc nha nudc dl tdng kit, diic nit vi phit trien tri thiic cua nhin loai phii hpp vdi dilu kifn hoin cinh lich sir eu the ciia Vift Nam.
K I tir Hiln phap nam 1959, thiit chl Vifn Idlm sit (VKS) ludn dugc khing dinh la hf Ihdng ca quan dgc lap, thyc hifn hai chiie nang li thye hinh quyen cdng to vi kiem sat vifc thyc hifn quyin lyc nha nudc, duge td chiic tiieo nguyen tic tap tiring &6ng nhit dudi sy chl dgo ciia Vifn trudng \^fn kiem sit nhin din (VKSND) tdi cao. Xuat phit tii quy dinh niy, Vifn trudng VKSND tdi eao do Qudc hgi bau, mien nhifm, bai nhifm theo dl nghi ciia Chii tich nude^.
Khic vdi nhieu qudc gia tten the gidi, tii khi gianh duge dpc lap din tpc den nay, Viet Nara chi cd rapt Dang duy nhat lanh dao nhan dan li Ding cgng sin Vift Nam nen vifc kiem soit quyen lyc chinh tri, quyen lyc nha nudc d Viet Nam ed rit nhieu dieu kifn dac thii''. Trong giai dogn hien nay, thyc hien chiic nang kiim sit hogt ddng tu phip chinh la mgt dac thii, the hien su uy quyin ciia Qudc hpi vl giim sit quyen lyc nhi nudc trong hoat ddng tu phip (quyin lyc trong hogt dgng tu phip rat ldn, tic dgng true tiip den quyin co bin ciia cdng dan, den sd phgn eiia con ngudi,
3. Gido Irinh Lugt Hien phdp Mp/ Nam. Trucmg D^i hpc K i ^ sit Hfi Npi, Nxb. Tu phip, 2019, tr.353.
4. Xem: GS.TS. Nguyen Minh Doan, Tuduy phdp ly xv kiem sodl quyen lyc chinh In. quyin luc nhd nu&c: Thifc trgng va tiep ttfc doi mai - Ky yiu Hgi thio khoa hpc tiSp ti^ doi moi tu duy phip ly phyc vv sy n^i?p p h ^ trign dit nuoc. Vi?n han lam khoa hpc xa hpi Vi^t Nam, Hi Npi 09/8/2019, tr.46.
T a p chi K I E M S A I .
CONG TAC KIEM SAT
mgt ngi dung rit quan ttgng di dugc Hien phip bio ve. Do viy, cin phii dupc thuc thi ttong khudn khd phip Iuat, thara dupra tinh than nhan van cao ci cua ngudi cdng sin)^. Day ciing chinh li su the hifn nen ting tu tudng mi Chii tich Hd Chi Minh, Dang, cich mang Vift Nam da lya chpn, bdi ttong tic phim Nguyen tdc song trimg ldnh dgo vd van dephdp che, VI. Lenin di chi ra ttd ngai ldn nhat ddi vdi vifc xiy dyng che dp phip tri chinh li su can thifp ciia dja phuang xuat phat tir ddng co tu lgi hogc cue bg dia phuang chii nghia, sy
"song triing" lanh dao ttong llnh vyc phip chl li mgt sai lim ve mat nguyen tic. Theo V.I. Lenin, phip che la phii thdng nhat vi de dau ttanh ed hifu qui vdi chii nghTa eye bg dja phuong thi phai thanh lap co quan Vifn kiem sat ed quyen vi phin sy lira rapt vifc li: Bdo ddm cho phdp che duac hieu biit thong nhdt vd thong suot trong todn nu&c cpng hoa, bdt ki nhirng dgc diim cua dia phuang vd su can thiep cua nhd chirc trdch dia phuang^.
Nhu viy, ed the thiy co sd ly luin ciia vifc hinh thinh thiet che VKS ttong Hien phip Vift Nara nhu hien nay la vifc tiep thu tri thiic nhan loai ttong vifc td chiic thyc hifn quyen lyc nha nude va van dyng sing tgo phii hgp vdi dieu kien, hoin cinh lich sii cy the ciia Vift Nam ttong xiy dyng vi phit trien dat nude. Vdi tinh thin dd.
5. Tran Quoc Vupng, Ngdnh Kiem sdt da iich cue doi mdi phucmg phdp ldnh d</o, chi dgo, dcil nliieu ket qud lodn difn tren ldl cd cdc mgt cong tdc. T^p chi Kiem sat, so 01/2020. Er.4.
6. Xem: Tong ket mdi so vdn de ly ludn vd th\K lien ve cong tdc cua (i(.'n kiem sdt nhdn ddn qua 55 ndm to chiec
\d hogi dpng. Nxb. Chinh tq qu6c gia, 2015, tr.l5.
Dieu 107 Hien phip nim 2013 quy dinh VKSND cd chiic nang thyc hinh quyen cdng td va kiem sit hoat ddng tu phip.
Tren eo sd quy dinh cua Hien phip, hai chiie nang niy da dugc the che hda ttong Luit td chire VKSND, Bd lugt Td tung hinh sy, Bd luit Td tung dan sy, Luit thi hinh tam giii, tgm giam, Luit thi hinh in hinh sy...
De hieu dugc bin chat ciia kiem sat hogt dgng tu phip thi can phii hieu duoc khii niem tu phip, nhiing ndi dung, die trung cua quyen tu phap va hogt ddng tu phap.
Ve khdi niem tuphdp: Theo nghia Hin - Vift thi tu phip li ttdng coi, bio vf phap luit. Do viy, chung tdi ddng tinh vdi quan diera cho ring tu phap dugc quan niem, hieu vdi nghTa phip ly chung nhat nhu la mdt y tudng ve mpt nen cdng ly, ddi hdi vifc giii quyet nhung ttanh chip xiy ra frong xa hdi phii diing phip luit, phu hgp vdi le cdng bang, bio dira Idng tin cua nhan dan vi xa hpi, gdp phan duy tri trat ty phip luit, bao dim sy an toin phap ly eho ci nhin, su dn dinh vi phit trien cua xa hdi.
- Xet theo khia canh the che nhi nudc, d cic nudc thyc hien nguyen tae phin quyen frong td chiic bd may nha nudc, thi tu phap dugc hieu la mot frong ba quyen (lap phap, hinh phip vi tij phip), ttong dd quyen tu phip dupc hieu ddng nghTa vdi quyen xet xir chi do Tda in thyc hien. Vi vay, d cic nudc nay ndi den co quan tu phap la ndi den Tda an.
- Ci nudc ta, quyen lyc nha nudc thdng nhit nhung cd sy phin cdng va phdi hgp giira ba quyen lap phap, hinh phip va tu
Son/2020
Tap chi _KIEMSAT I 1 5
C 6 N G TAC E I C M SAT
phip. Nhu vay, quyen tu phip la mdt trong ba quyen hgp thinh quyen lyc nhi nudc, dugc hieu li boat dpng xet xti ciia cic tda in vi nhiing hoat dpng cua co quan nhi nudc khic tryc tiep lien quan den hogt dpng xet xii ciia Tda in nhu dieu tra, truy td, bd ttp tu phip nhim bio ve ehe dp, phip che xa hpi chii nghTa, lpi ich hgp phip ciia cdng din, tdn ttgng vi duy tri cdng Iy. De thyc hifn quyen tu phip dd, hf thong CO quan tu phip Vift Nam bao gdm: Tda in, Vifn kiem sit, Co quan dieu tra. ca quan Thi hinh in vi cic td ehiic tu phap bd ttp (nhu lugt su, edng ehiing, gidm djnh tu phip, tu vin phap lugt...). Trong dd, Tda in nhan dan la noi bieu hifn tgp trung quyen tu phip, sii dyng cdng khai cic ket qui eua hogt dpng dieu tta, edng td, bio ehira, giim dinh tu phip. thdng qua cic thii tyc to tyng do lugt djnh de dua ra phan quyet cudi eiing the hifn quyen Iyc nhi nudc. Hogt dgng xet xu ciia Tda in nhan din cung la noi the hifn chat lugng hogt dpng vi uy tin ciia hf thdng co quan tu phip ndi rieng vi ciia toin bp hf thdng co quan nhi nudc ndi chung^.
IV quyin tu phdp. ehiing tdi dong tinh vdi quan diem cho rang quyen tu phip li mgt dgng quyen Iuc nhi nudc dupe thi hifn:
- Quyen tu phap li quyin phin quyit ve cic vi phgm phip lugt, xir Iy ngudi vi phgm phip lugt bang che tii nha nude, cic bifn phip eudng che dugc td ehiic thi hinh bang bp may cudng che nhi nudc
7. Bp Tu phap - \lfn khoa hpc phip ly, Ti/ diin Ludt hqc. S\h. Tir dien Bich khoa .t N\b Tu phip. Ha \ p i , 2006. tr.828-S29,
hogc do nhi nudc uy quyen. Khi td chiic thi hanh phip Iuat (quyen hanh phip) mi phit hifn vifc vi phgm phap lugt thi khdt kifn ngudi vi pham ra trudc co quan tu phip de xu Iy.
- Quyin tu phip !a quyen giai quyet, phan quyit ve cac tranh chip phip Iy xay ra tiiang xa hpi. Dd ed the Ii cac tranh chap giira ci nhan vdi ei nhin; tranh chap giiia ci nhin vdi ca quan, td chiic; tranh chap giira cic co quan, td chiic vdi nhau.
Nguyen tic phip quyin ddi hdi cac co quan thye hifn quyen tu phip khdng the dimg ngoii cic ttanh chip xiy ra ttong xa hpi. Khi cic ben cd tranh chip vi giua eie ben khdng cd dupe sy thda thugn, hda giii va cd rapt bSn khdi kifn, thi Tda in khdng the khdng can thifp bang quyen Iyc eiia minh. Tda in khdng the ngi ra vifc khdng cd luat dieu chinh dk tir choi giii quyet cic tranh chap dd. Cd nhu vay, quyen con ngudi, quyen edng din mdi dugc bdo vf;
trit tir phap lu|it mdi dupc duy tri*.
Ve hogt dpng tu phdp: Theo tii dien tieng Vift, "hogt dpng" cd nghTa li tiin hinh nhung vifc lim cd quan hf vdi nhau chat ehe nhim rapt myc dich nhat dinh ttong ddi sdng xa hpi; van dgng, cii dpng nhim mdt myc dich nhit dinh nio dd; thyc hifn mdt chirc nang nhit dinh nio dd ttong mgt chinh thi; tgo ra mgt tac dyng nio dd^.
8, Xem: PGS.TS. Trfin Vin Dp, Tu duy vi quyin lu phdp: Thuc^ Irgng yd liep tuc ddi mdi - Ky y6u Hpi thio khoa hpc tiep tyc doi mdi tu duy phip ly phyc vy sy nghipp pbap trien dat nu6c, Vipn hin lam khoa hpc x3 hpi Vi?l Nam. Ha Npi, 09/8/2019, tr.261.
9. Xem^ Hoing Phe (chii bien), Tu dien Ttdng Vi?t.
Nxb. Di Ning - Tmng tam Tir dicn hpc. Hi Npi, 1997 ir.436.
Tap chi
16 ! K1EMS.AT_ Soii/2azo
CONG TAC EIEM SAT
Nhu vgy, cung vdi nhung npi dung neu tten vl tu phip, quyen tu phip cd the dua ra khii nifm ve "hogt dpng tuphdp" dd li nhirng hogt dpng eua cic ehu the khic nhau nhu Tda in, Vifn kiem sit, Co quan dilu tta, CO quan Thi hanh an, eie td chiic tu phip bd ttp (luit su, cdng chimg, giim djnh ttr phap, tu vin phip iuat...), co quan, td ehdc, ci nhin khic cd lien quan true tiip din vifc thyc hifn quyen phan quyet eiia Tda an doi vdi cic vi phgm, tpi phgm hogc quyin giii quyet, phan quyet ve eae tranh chip phip ly xiy ra ttong xa hdi.
Hogt dpng tu phip li phuong thiic de quyen tu phip dupc friln khai, thyc hifn fren thyc tl.
D I duy tri m0t xa hgi dan chii, edng bing, van minh, quyen con ngudi, quyen cdng dan ludn dupe de cao vi tdn frpng thi quyin lye frong xa hOi phii ludn dupc kiem soit nhu quan diera cho rang: "Cin phai kiim soit quySn lyc ehinh tri, quygn lye nhi nudc that chat che de bio dim quyin lyc dupe thyc hifn diing, cd hieu qui, khdng bj Igm dyng, lai dyng vao cic myc dich khdng hgp phip, khdng chmh ding"'**. Bdi vgy, quyen tu phip vdi y nghia li mgt dgng quyen lyc nhi nude, do Tda an thyc hifn, tat yeu phii dugc kiem soit chat che, thudng xuyen.
Td nhiing phin tich fren, chiing tdi cho rang "kiim sdt hogt dpng tuphdp". li mdt trong nhung ngi dung quan ttgng de thye hifn vifc kiem soit quySn lyc tu phap do hf thdng CO quan VKS thue hifn, thdng qua cic quyen ning phip Iy dupc phip Iuat
quy dinh. Vien kiem sat bio dim tinh hgp phdp cua cac hanh vi, quyet dinh eiia eo quan, td chiic, ci nhan ttong boat ddng tu phip, dupc thyc hien ngay tii khi tiep nhgn vi giii quyet td giic, tin bio ve tdi phgm, kien nghi khdi td vi frong sudt qui trinh giai quyet vy in hinh sy; frong viec giii quyet vu an hanh chinh, vy vifc din sy, hdn nhan vi gia dinh, kinh doanh, thuong mai, lao ddng; vifc thi hinh in, vifc giii quyet khieu ngi, td cio frong hogt dpng tu phip; cac hogt ddng tu phip khic theo quy dinh cua phip lugt.
1.2. Cor sdr thifc tiin
Lich su lap hiln Vift Nam da frii qua nam bin Hien phip, frong mdi giai dogn lich sii vdi nhiing sii menh lich sii trgng yeu khic nhau deu cin thiet xay dyng mgt bg miy nha nudc tuong iing de thyc hifn sii menh dd. Bin chat ciia Nha nude epng hda xi hpi chu nghTa Vift Nam li nhi nudc phip quyen xi hdi chu nghTa ciia nhan dan, do nhan din vi vi nhan din.
Hiln phip nam 2013 da kl thita quy dinh cua eie bin Hien phip trudc ve xay dyng rapt bg miy nhi nudc phu hgp de nhin dan cd thi phit huy quyen lim chii thyc sy cua rainh". Tir thuc tien cich mgng Vift Nam da ehiing minh sy phit trien dd, ttong dd cd su phit phat trien ciia he thdng tu phip; eu thi, hf thdng tu phip giai dogn tir 1945 din 1959 - phin anh tu duy phin chia rinh mgeh quyen luc nhi nudc;
he thdng tu phip giai doan tir 1960 den trudc khi ban hinh Hien phap 2013 - phin inh tu duy cua md binh tu phip xa hdi ehu
10. GS.TS. Nguyen Mmh Doan, tldd, tr.46 11. Giao trinh Luat hien phip Vi|t Nam, tldd, tr.252.
Tap chi _KIE\I SAT I 1 7
C 6 N G TAC KltM SAT
nghTa (md hinh Xd - \"iei): tu duy mdi ve quyen tu phip ttong Hien p h i p nam 2013 - phin inh thinh qua cua cai each tu phip, Tda i n dugc xic dinh la c a quan xet xii thyc hifn quyen tu p h i p va VKSND l i mpt thiet che dpc lip, cd chuc nang thyc hinh quyen cdng td va kiem sit hogt ddng tu phip'2,
Trong giai dogn hien nay, can cii v i o CO cau td chiic quyen lye n h i nudc, cd the phan chia co quan n h i nudc thinh eie hf thdng eo quan sau day: Co quan thye hien quyen lap phap (Qudc hgi); co quan thyc hifn quyen hinh p h i p (Chinh phil); ca quan thyc hifn quyen tu p h i p (Tda i n n h i n dan); co quan khic (Chii tjch nudc, VKSND, Hpi ddng b i u cii quoc gia, Kiem toin n h i nude, Chinh quyen dia phuang). Mac du ed the phan logi c i c CO quan n h i nudc thanh nhieu logi CO quan khac nhau nhung d i u hgp thinh mgt the thdng nhit, cd quan hf mat thiit vdi nhau, deu dugc hinh thanh tir quyen lyc n h i nude, deu chiu su g i i m sat va chiu ttich nhifm trudc co quan quyen lyc nha nudc v i man thu nguyen tac tat ca quyen lyc n h i nudc thugc ve n h i n dan, tap trung v i o Qudc hgi - co quan quyin lyc nha nudc cao nhit ciia nudc Cgng hda xa hdi chii nghia Vift Nam'^.
Trong dd, Tda an dugc hieu l i chii t h i duy nhit thye hifn quyen tu p h i p , nhung
12. Xcm: PGS.TS. Ngu\ en Tat Vien, Tiep tifc dot mm tit duy ve tu phdp trong stf vgn dgng vd phdt trien cua xd hpi J7('/ .\'am duang dgi - Ky yeu Hpi thio khoa hpc tiep tyc doi mdi tu duy phap ly phyc \'y s^ nghi^ phip then dat ninVc, \^pi hin lam khoa hpc xa bpi Vi?t Nam. Ha Npi.
09/R20N, u,26l.
13. Giao trinh IM^ Hien p h ^ Vi^t Nam, tldd, tr.252.
khdng p h i i l i chu t h i duy nhit hogt dgng tu p h i p m i edn cd rat nhieu c i c chii the k h i c hogt dgng tu phap nhu: Co quan dieu tra tien hanh hogt dpng dieu fra;
Luat su, Cdng chung vien, Giam dinh vien... hogt dpng bd trg tu p h i p ; lyc lupng Cdng an hogt dpng tgm giir, tam giam, hogt dpng thi h i n h i n hinh sy...
Tren thyc t l , ke tu sau khi cd Hien p h i p nam 1959 d i n nay, c i c hogt dgng tu p h i p d i u chju sy kiem sat eua hf thdng CO quan dgc lgp la V K S N D v i da khang dinh sy dung d i n cua c i c h thiic td ehiie quyen luc nay, b i n g sy p h i t trien khdng ngung eua nhiing t h i n h tuu trong vifc duy tti trgt ty xa hgi, b i o vf phap lugt, b i o vf cdng b i n g , cdng ly trong nhiing nam qua.
Ben cgnh dd, thyc tien ciing cho thiy, dudi sy linh dgo ciia D i n g cgng s i n Vift Nam, trong vifc x i y dyng v i p h i t triln nha nudc p h i p q u y i n xa hpi chu nghTa vdi b i n chit nha nudc ciia dan, do dan, vi d i n , ciing vdi nguyen t i c td chiic cua N h i nudc t i p trung d i n chu, Qude hdi la c a quan quyin Iyc n h i nudc cao nhit, thuc hifn p h i n cdng cho hf thdng Tda an thye hifn quyen tti phap v i he thdng VKSND thyc hien k i i m sit hoat dpng tu phap, dugc t h i hifn rd nhit trong vifc Qudc hpi b i u ra Chinh i n Tda i n nhan dan tdi cao, Vifn trudng VKSND tdi eao tgo ra mpt co c h l hop Iy, phii hpp vdi ddi sdng p h i p ly v i d i l u kifn kinh t l , xa hpi Vift Nam; giup cho vifc van hanh, k i i m soit quyin lyc tu p h i p mdt e i c h hifu q u i , da dugc thyc te chimg minh v l tinh diing din.
Tgp chi
1 8 KIEM SAT_ 5011/2020
CONC TAC KIEM SAT
2. Chu trinmg cua Dang, cot sd phap ly yk yeu cau dSt ra ciia vifc tiep tuc tfing cirdiig vai trd, trich nbifm cua Vifn kiem sdt nhan dan khi thuc bifn chirc ning kiem sat boat dpng tu phap trong giai doan cai cich tir pbap hifn nay
2.1. Chu truang cua Ddng doi v&i cong tdc kiem sdt hogt dpng tuphdp trong giai dogn cdi cdch tuphdp hi§n nay
Giai doan cii c i c h tu phap hifn nay, cd the hieu la giai dogn ke tii khi Dang ban hinh Nghj quyet sd 49-NQ/TW ngay 02/6/2005 cua Bg Chinh frj v l C h i l n lupc cai each tu p h i p den nam 2020 (Nghi quyit so 49-NQ/TW) eho den nay.
Trong giai dogn niy, D i n g da cd nhieu chu truang, djnh hudng mang tinh chien lupe vdi c i c hogt dpng tu p h i p ndi chung v i cdng tic kiem s i t hoat d f n g tu p h i p ndi rieng, cd the ke den nhu:
- Nghi quySt cua D i n g da chi ro: Can
"xac djnh rd co che phan cdng, phdi hop thye thi quySn Iyc n h i nudc, n h i t la c a che kiem soit quyen lyc giiia c i c co quan nhi nudc frong vifc thyc hifn c i c quyen lgp phip, hinh p h i p , tu p h i p fren co sd quyen Iyc n h i nudc Ii thdng nhit; x i c djnh rd hon quyen hgn va frich nhiem ciia mdi quyin" •'*.
- Vifc eit cich td chirc v i nang cao chat Iugng kiem sit hogt dgng tu p h i p cua Vifn kiem sit l i mgt yeu c i u dugc chi ra tgi Nghi q u y i t sd 0 8 - N Q / T W n g i y 02/01/2002 ciia Bd Chinh tti " V l ragt sd nhifm vy ttgng t i m cdng t i c tu p h i p frong thdi gian tdi" dd la: "Vifn kiera sat n h i n 14. Ding c$ng san Vipt Nam, Van ki?n XH, tr. 176.
d i n eac cap thyc hifn tdt chiic nang cdng td v i kiera s i t viec man theo p h i p luit frong hoat ddng tu p h i p " . Ngoai ra, Nghi quyit sd 49-NQ/TW, K i t Iugn sd 79- KL/TW ngay 28/7/2010 cua Bd Chinh tti ve De i n ddi mdi td chirc v i hoat ddng ciia Tda i n , Vifn kiem sat va C o quan dieu tta theo Nghi quyet sd 49-NQ/TW ciia Bg Chinh tri ciing deu khang dinh trich nhifm eiia VKS ttong vice kiem sit hoat dgng tu p h i p .
- Tgi Dai hdi dgi bieu toin qudc Ian thii XI, D i n g cung x i c dinh: "Vifn kiem sit dugc td chiie phu hgp vdi he thdng td chiic Toi in, b i o d i m tdt hon cic dieu kifn de VKSND thyc hifn hieu q u i chirc nang thuc hanh quyen cdng td v i kiem sit eie hoat ddng tu phip...".
2.2. Cff s& phdp ly doi vdi cong tdc kiim sdt hogt dgng tu phdp trong giai dogn cdi cdch tuphdp hiin nay
Mdt trong nhiing c a sd phap Iy quan trgng n h i t , raang tinh dinh hudng ddi vdi viec xay d u n g , sogn t h i o , ban h i n h c i c van b i n p h i p l u i t lien quan den cdng tac kiem s i t boat dgng tu p h i p trong giai dogn c i i each hifn nay dd chinh l i quy dinh cua Hien p h i p nara 2 0 1 3 . Tgi D i l u 107 H i l n p h i p nam 2013 quy dinh: "Vien kiera s i t nhan dan thyc hanh quyen cdng td, kiem s i t hogt d g n g t u p h i p " . N h u v i y , kiem s i t hogt d d n g t u p h i p l i mdt trong hai chiic nang H i l n dinh cua V K S N D nhara b i o vf p h i p Iuat, b i o ve quyen con n g u d i , quyen cdng dan, gdp phan b i o d i m p h i p lugt d u g c chap h i n h nghiem chinh v i thdng nhat.
Tap chi _KIEM SAT I 1 9
C6NG TAC KIEM SAT
The che hda quy dinh ciia Hien phap.
Dilu 4 Luit td chirc VKSND nam 2014 quy dinh chiic ning kiem sit hogt dgng tu phip ciia VKSND Ii de kiem sit tmh hpp phap cua cic hanh vi, quyet dinh cua co quan, td chirc, ci nhan ttong hogt dgng tu phip vi Dilu 6 quy dinh VKSND thuc hien chiic nang kiem sit hogt dgng tu phip ttong 09 ITnh vye cu the nhu: (1) Kiem sit vifc tiep nhgn, giii quyet td giic, tin bio ve tgi phgm vi kien nghi khdi td; (2) Kiem sat vifc khdi td, dieu tra vy in hinh sy; (3) Kiem sit vifc tiiin theo phap lugt cua ngudi tham gia Id ti^ng ttong giai dogn truy to; (4) Kiim sit vifc x6t xu vy in hinh sy;
(5) Kiem sit vifc tam giii, tam giam, thi hinh in hinh sy; (6) Kiem sit vifc giii quyel cic vy in hinh chinh, vy vifc dan sy, hdn nhan vi gia dinh, kinh doanh, thuang mgi, lao dpng vi nhung vice khic theo quy dinh ciia phip luat; (7) Kiem sit vifc thi hanh an din sy, thi hinh an hanh chinh; (8) Kiem sit viec giii quyet khieu nai, td cio trong hoat dpng tu phip ciia cic ca quan cd thim quyen theo quy dinh cua phip luat;
giai quyit khiiu ngi, td cio trong hogt ddng tu phip thupc tham quyen; (9) Kiem sit hogt dpng tucmg ttp tu phip.
Ben canh nhiing quy dinh mang tinh dinh hudng va bao quit neu fren eiia Hien phip nam 2013 vi Luat td chirc VKSND nam 2014 thi cic Bp luit td tyng, Luit thi hinh an quy dinh trinh tu. thu tyc giii quyet cic vy in, vy vifc, tranh chap bang con dudng Tda in hoge cic Iuat dieu chinh cic quan hf doi vdi cic chu the hogt dpng tu phip cflng deu dc cap den trich nhifm kiem sil vifc tijin theo phap luit eiia VKSND
nhu: Dilu 166, 234, 267 Bp lugt Td tyng hinh su nim 2015 quy dinh VKS cd tt^ch nhifm kiim sit vice man theo phip luit ttong vifc khdi to, dilu tt^ vi lip hd so vy in hinh sy eiia Co quan dieu tra, co quan dugc giao nhifm vy tien hanh mpt sd hoat dpng dilu h^, kiem sit ttong giai doan truy td, kiim sat hogt dpng xet xu ciia Tda an;
Dilu 25 Luit td ti^g hanh ehinh nam 2015 quy dinh VKS kiim sat vifc tuan thep phip luit frong td tyng hanh chinh nham bio dim cho vifc giii quyet vy in hanh ehinh kip thdi, diing phip luit; Dilu 21 Bp lugt To tyng dan sy nim 2015 quy dinh VKS kiem sit vifc tuin theo phip luit frong td tyng din su, thye hien cic quyen yeu cau, kien nghi, khang nghi theo quy dinh ciia phip luit nhim bao dira cho vifc giii quyet vy vifc din sy kip thdi, diing phip lugt; Dieu 6 Luit thi hinh tgm giir, tam giam nam 2015 quy dinh VKS kiem sit viec tuan theo phip Iuat eiia co quan, td chuc, ci nhan cd lien quan ttong quin ly, thi hinh tgm giii, tgm giam; Dieu 7 Luit thi hanh in hmh sy nam 2019 quy djnh VKS kiim sat viec tuan theo phip luit cua co quan, ngudi cd thim quyen vi co quan, td ehirc, ci nhin khic ed lien quan trong thi hinh in hmh su; Mue 6 Luit thi hanh in din su stra doi nam 2014 (sua ddi khoin 2 Dilu 12 Lugt thi hinh in din sy nam 2008) quy dinh VKS kiim sit viec tiiin theo phip luit ciia Tda in, co quan thi hinh in din sy. Chip hinh vien, ca quan, td chire, ci nhin cd lien quan ttong vifc thi hinh in dan sy; Dilu 64 Luit tijong ttg ttr phip nam 2007 quy djnh VKSND tdi cao kiem sit hoat ddng tirong ttp tii phip theo thim quyen...
Tap chi 2 0 KIEM SAT_
CONC TAC KIEM SAT
3. Nhirng kinh nghiem va dtnh hirdng nh^m thyc hifn tot chirc n a n g kiem sat ho^t dgng tir p h a p trong thdi gian tdi
3.1. Kinh nghidm
D I thyc hien tdt ehiic nang kiem sit hogt dpng tu p h i p ttong thdi gian tdi, tir thyc tiin cdng tic chiing tdi cho ring khi thyc hifn nhifm vy n i y ein chii y mpt sd npi dung sau'^:
Mpt Id, cdng tie kiem sit hoat dpng tu phip phai g i n vdi viec thyc hien ehu txuong, dudng ldi, chinh sich cua Ding, bdi hogt dpng ciia VKS ludn la mpt frong nhiing ndi dung lanh dgo cua cap uy Ding, phyc vy nhifm vu ehinh tri dia phuang. Thyc tien cho thiy d dau va khi n i o cap uy quan tam thi chit lupng hoat ddng cua VKS dupc nhin len. Tuy nhien, ciing cin chu y b i o dim su lanh dgo ciia cap uy Ding khdng ddng nhat vdi vifc xin y kien cap iiy tiing vy vifc cy the, dua cap iiy tdi chd sy vu, hi dpng, lim thay chiic nang cua VKSND cap fren.
Hai Id. nhin thiic dung dan, d i y dii vi tri, ehiic nang, nhiem vy, quyen hgn eiia VKS frong kiem sit hogt dpng tu phap la mpt yeu eiu tien quyet giiip nang eao chat lugng thyc hifn cdng t i c niy, bdi khi dd VKS mdi x i c dinh dung b i n chit cua mdi quan hf vdi cac ehii the thuc hifn hogt dgng tu phip, thyc hien cdng vifc diing vi tri cua minh ttong qua ttinh tien hanh td tyng doi vdi c i c vy an, vu viec, tii do gdp phin thyc hien diing chiic nang, nhiera vu, quyin hgn ciia VKS va lim thay ddi n h i n thirc chung eiia t o i n xa hpi ve nginh Kiem sat nhan dan.
15. Xem: Tong kit mpt so vdn de ly Iugn vd thtrc lien ve cong tdc cua Vi^n Mem sdt nhdn ddn qua 55 ndm to chiic vd hogt dgng, Nxb. Chinh tii qu5c gia, 2015, tr.385-418.
Ba Id. khi thye hifn nhifm vy kiem sat hogt ddng tu p h i p phii ludn b i o d i m nguyen tic ddc lap v i tap trung thdng nhat lanh dao frong nginh de viia phit huy vai frd cua cic c i nhin thyc thi nhiem vy nhung lgi vira phat huy dugc sue manh tdng hgp toin nganh, b i o d i m sy lanh dgo chit che, thdng nhat ve td ehiic va chuyen mdn.
Bon Id, phit huy vai trd, frich nhifm ciia ngudi diing d i u VKSND cic c i p frong td chirc v i thyc hien chiic ning kiem sit hoat ddng tu phip, cac Vien trudng VKSND cip dudi ein chii dgng ttong cdng tic quin Iy, dieu hinh td chiic trien khai nhif ra vy kiem sit boat ddng tu phap, khdng thy dgng chd hudng dan eua e i p tten. Mat khic, ngudi dirng d i u ben cgnh cic tieu chuan ve dgo diie, chinh tri thi cung phii nam chae ve chuyen mdn, nghiep vu cdng tic kiem sat hogt dgng tu phip, cd kha nang giii quyet duge nhiing khd khin, vudng mac ddi vdi khiu cdng tic n i y ttong phgm vi chtrc nang, nhiem vy, quyen ban cua minh.
Ndm la, ddi mdi manh rae phuong phip cdng tic kiem sit, tao sy chuyen bien tich cue frong edng tic thyc hien chirc nang, nhifm vy kiem sit boat dpng tu phip ciia VKSND nhu:
Tiep tyc tang cudng v i ddi radi phucmg phip kiem sit vifc tiep nhin v i giai quyet cic ngudn tin ve tgi phgm; tip trung kiem sit cic bin in, quyet dinh din sy ciia Tda an v i ket hgp vdi cic ngudn khic de phit hifn vi phara, dua ra kien nghi, khang nghi; diy manh cdng tic kiera sit viec giii quyet khieu ngi, td cio ttong hogt ddng tu phip...
Sdu Id. thudng xuyen kifn toin td chirc, bp miy, x i y dyng dpi ngil cin bd, Kiem sit vien thuc hien nhiera vy kiera sat hogt dpng tu p h i p dil ve sd lupng, cd chiic danh
^_^_^^ Tap chi S6lly2020 ._KIEM SAT ! 2 1
CdNG TAC KIEM SAT
tu phip, cd ban ITnh chinh tti vimg ving, ttong sach, viing manh. \ara hdng. vira chuyen, cd tim, cd tam. khi thyc hien nhiem vu phii giii virng nguyen tie, nhung khi xii Iy edng vice thi cd Iy. cd tinh...
Bdy la, ting cudng quan hf cdng tic giira VKSND vdi cic co quan. td chiic khic de truyen thdng, quang bi hinh inh va tranh thii sy iing hp ddi vdi vice kiem sit hoat dpng tir phip ciia VKSND. Khi VKS ban hinh cic khing nghj, kien nghi chinh xac va dupc tiep thu nghiem tuc.
Tdm Id. tang eudng hgp tic qudc te vi cic dieu kien ve co sd vat chat, tiang thiet bi.
phuang tien lim vifc ciia Kiem sit vien ddi vdi cic nhifm vy kiem sit hogt dpng tu phip.
Ben canh dd ciing chii trong tdng ket, diic nit kinh nghifm, xiy dyng tii lieu ehuyen de vi thudng xuyen dao tgo, boi dudng, tip huin chuyen sau ddi vdi cin bp thyc hien cdng tic kiem sit hogt dpng tu phip.
3.2. Djnh hu&ng nhdm th^c hifn tot churc ndng kiim sdt hogt dgng tu- phdp trong th&i gian t&i
Kiem sat hoat dpng tiJ phip ttong thdi gian tdi la mpt ttong nhung chii tiuong, dinh hudng Idn ciia Dang nhu tten da tiinh biy.
Ben cgnh dd, edng tic kiem sit hogt ddng tu phip ttong td chiic vi hoat ddng cdn phii chii ttgng bam sit muc tieu, nhifm \-u la kiem soit quyen lyc tu phap nhu ldi Tdng Bi thu. Chu tjch nudc Nguyen Phu Trgng thudng nhac nhd, dd Ii "can cd co che kiem soat quyen lyc cho tot, phii nhdt quyin Iyc vio trong Idng ca che. quyen lye phii hi rang budc bing co che, mi quan ttgng nhat li the che Hien phip, phip luat".
77ni- nhdt. thyc hicn tdt nhifm vu kiim soit quyen lyc nr phip khdng chi li \ iec thyc
hien tdt cdng tic ki§m sit hogt dgng tu phip mi cic boat dgng thyc hinh quyen cdng td cung cd sy tuang hd khdng nhd nhu ngi dung dong chi Trin Qudc Vugng. Uy vien Bg Chinh tii, Thudng ttyre Ban Bi tiiu da dl cap: "Vifn kiem sit nhin dan tdi cao tiep tyc nang eao ning Iyc, hifu qui hogt dgng Idem sit tiJ phap, nhat la ciia Co quan dieu tra bio dam CO quan niy thyc sy li thiet che kiem soat quyen lire ttong hogt dgng tu phip, vira ran de, vira cinh bio, phdng ngua, gdp phin lira ttong sgch dgi ngii cin bg tu phip"'^.
Thir hai. de thuc hifn tdt nhif ra vu kiera sit boat dpng tu phip ben eanh vifc duy tri nhimg ket qui dgt dupc ttong nhiing nam qua, thi vifc tap trung de cd nhtmg dpt phi cy the ttong cdng tie niy, tgo cic dilm nhin ciing cd y nghia het siic quan ttgng. Diy ciing chinh Ii nhimg npi dung dupc Yien trudng VKSND toi cao de cap frong Chi thi edng tic nim 2020 do li: Tang eudng boat ddng thi hanh in dan sy, nhit la thu hdi tii sin bi chiem doat, thit thoit frong cae vy in tham nhiing, kinh tl. De cao trich nhifm ciia VKS trong vifc phoi hgp vdi eac co quan chiic nang giii quyit tdn dpng ttong thi hinh in^';
Vifn kiim sit tang cudng kilra sit true tiip hoat dpng tu phip, kip tiidi phit hien vi pham phap luit ttong cdng tic tgm giir, tgra giam, thi hinh in hmh sy, thi hanh an dan sy va giii quyet dan khiiu nai, td cao... ban hanh kiln nghi, khing nghi yeu ciu co quan ttr phip chan chinh, khic phyc vi phgm vi yeu co quan hiiu quan khic phuc, phdng ngiia vi pham, tpi phgm's.a
16. Ttin Quoc Vugmg, tldd, tr.4 - 5.
17,18, Bai: Triin khgi. thuchi^n vd hodn thdnh i6tcdc chl ueu. nhiem vu cong idc nam 2020. Tap chi Kiim sit so
I Tap chi
2 2 KIEMS.Vr_ 5611/2020
