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CAC GIAI PHAP CUA MOT SO QUOC GIA C H A U A NHAM NANG CAO CHAT Ll/ONG, HIEU QUA CONG TAC DAN TOC CUA HE THONG CHiNH TRr
• TS DAU TUAN NAM Hoc vien Chinh tri quoc gia Ho ChiMinh
• TS LAM MINH C H A U
Dai hgc Khoa hoc Xd hoi va Nhdn van, Dgi hgc Quoc gia Hd Ngi
• Tom tdt: Bdi viet phdn tich ldm ro nhUngkinh nghi&m, gidi phdp md cdc quoc gia chdu A nhii Trung Quoc, Thdi Lan vd Myanmar trong viec to chiic, thiet ldp vd van hdnh he thong chinh tri d viing ddn tgc thiiu so nhdm ndng cao chdt liidng vd hi&u qud cdng tdc ddn tdc cua he thong chinh tri. Ddy cUng Id nhiing kinh nghiem cd khd ndng dp dung cho trtidng hdp VietNam.
• Tii khda: cong tdc ddn tgc, he thong chinh tri/chinh quyen viing ddn tgc thieu so.
1. Cac giai phap cua Trung Quoc ty tri, nhdm tao digu kign cho chinh quygn cdc Trung Qudc Id qudc gia ed nhieu diem tuang dia phuang dd trign khai cdng tdc dan tgc mgt ddng vdi Viet Nam xet tten cdc phuang dign he cdch ehii dgng. phu hgp vdi cdc digu kign ddc thdng chinh tri va nhiing ddc thii ttong cdng tdc thti vg dan tdc thieu sd d dia phuang va dap iing dan tdc ciia he thdng chinh tri d vimg dan tgc tdt hon cdc nhu cdu rieng biet eua eac tdc nguoi tiiieu sd. thieu sd ttong dia phuong dd, ddc bigt la tten cdc Thu nhit, thuc hien chinh sich khu tu tii ddi phuang dign kmh te, vdn hda. gjdo dye. ngdn vdi cic dan tdc thiiu sd. ngti vd tdn gido...
Bdn chat eua chinh saeh nay la ttao quygn ty Ngay tii ndm 1949, Trung Qudc dd xay dyng chu va ty quygt cho chinh quygn ede dia phuang cdc quy che ve khu tu tri. Chinh sdch ty tri vimg
• Bai vigt thupc de tai "Nhung giai phdp co ban, cap bach nhdm ndng cao chat lugng va hi^u qud cdng lac dan tgc ciia he thong chinh tti viing dan tdc thigu s6 nudc ta". ma sd CTDT.32.18/16-2020. Dg tdi dugc tai ttg bdi Chucmg trinh Khoa hpc va Cong nghg cap qudc gia giai doan 2016-2020. UBDT.
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cdc dan tgc thigu sd dugc thigt lap rdng rai tgi cdc vimg ed ngudi ddn tOc thigu sd sinh sdng tap trung. Cd 3 cdp do trong he thdng ty tri vung dan tOc la khu ty tri. chdu tu tri va huyen tu tri. Dgn thdi diem cuoi ndm 1998, Trung Qudc da thdnh lap dugc 5 khu ty tri, 30 chau ty tti, 120 huyen tu tri va 1.256 xd ty tti. Trpng so 55 dan tgc thieu sd thi cd den 44 dan tdc cd khu vuc tu tri. Sd ngirdi dan tOc thieu sd sdng ttong cdc khu ty tri chigm 75% sd ngudi dan tdc thigu sd eiia ea nude"'.
Can cii vdo he thdng phdp ludt hien hanh cua Trung Qudc, chinh quygn d cdc khu ty tri ed quygn ty chu tuong ddi trong viec quan ly cac cdng viec ndi bd cita khu vyc tu tri, ddp iing cde nhu can ddc thii cua dan tgc thieu sd nhu sir dung va phdt trien ngdn ngu tdc ngudi thieu sd, bdo ddm quygn ty do tdn gido tin ngirdng dan tgc thieu sd va bdo tdn, phdt huy phong tue tap qudn tOc ngudi thigu sd... Chinh quygn cua cdc khu vyc ty tri vg co ban dgu sd dung mgt hay nhigu ngdn ngii ttong xii ly cdc cdng viec hdnh chinh dg tao digu kien thudn lgi cho cdng ddng ngudi dan tgc thigu sd 6 khu vuc dd'^'.
Hien phdp Trung Qudc quy dinh "Co quan ty tti dia phuong cd quygn tu tri de qudn Iy tdi chinh tten dia bdn... Nhiing ngudn thu tdi ehinh thugc dia phuong tu tri dan tdc do co quan tu tri dia phuong ty chii sdp xgp sir dung.
Chinh quygn trung uong chi dgo bdng kg hoach nha nudc, co quan ty tri dan tde dia phuong tien hdnh ty chii sdp xep va qudn ly su nghiep kinh tg mang tinh dia phuang. Khi nha nudc td chiic khai thac tdi nguygn thign nhign, thdnh lap xi nghigp tgi dia phuang tu tri dan tgc, nha nudc ludn can nhde lgi ich cua dia phuong ty tri dan tdc ''^'.
Thii hai, Chinh phii Tnmg Qudc thuc thi nhigu chinh sdch ndng cao nang lyc thye hien
cdng tdc dan tdc ciia chinh quyen dia phuong, ma mdt ttong sd do la ting cudng vi dam bio sdlugng dai dien li ngudi thiiu sd trong chinh quyin dia phuang tai eic khu vuc cd ddng ngudi dan tgc thieu sdsinh song. Nude Cdng hda nhan dan Trung Hoa ttr khi ra ddi dd ban hanh nhieu chinh sdch eai cdch dan chii d viing ddn tgc thieu sd nhdm tdng ca cau dgi bigu ngudi dan tde thieu sd trong cdc ky dgi hOi Dang, khuygn khich hg tham gia edng tdc qudn Iy d chinh quygn cac cdp. Tinh den ndm 2009, tten pham vi todn lanh thd Trung Qudc dd cd hon 2,9 trieu can bg ddn tdc thigu sd, chigm 7,4% tdng so cdn bp. Trong dpi ngti cdng chiic toan qudc, sd cdn bd la ngudi thieu sd chigm khoang 9,6%'*'.
Thiiba, Trung Qudc day manh viec dao tao vi ning cao chatlugngcho dgingu cin bglam cdng tic din tdc. Theo Shannon Tiezzi. day la rapt ttong nhiing van de cap bach trong ehuang trinh nghi su cua Dang Cpng san Trung Qudc ve edng tac dan tOc nhiing ndm gdn day. Theo dng, viec ndng cao chat lupng dOi ngu cdn bd lam cdng tdc ddn tOc dugc Dang Cdng san Trung Qudc coi la chia khda de cai thien ehat lugng vd higu qua cdng tdc ddn tgc cita he thdng chinh tri viing dan tgc thigu so d qudc gia nay. Dieu ndy dugc the hien ttong bdo cao"Quan digm vg tdng cudng va eai thien hieu qua cdng tac dan tdc ttong tmh hinh mdi"
cita Ban Chap hanh Trung uang Dang Cgng san va Qudc vu vien Trung Qudc nam 2015.
Theo dd, nhdn raanh den viec tang cudng dao tao cho hg thdng chinh tri cdc can bd Iam cdng tdc dan tde, dgc biet la eac can bg ttong Dang la ngudi dan tpc thigu sd; tang them sd lugng cdc nha khoa hpe la ngudi dan tgc thieu sd.
Trung Qude cting td chiic cho can bd dan tdc thieu sd ra nudc ngodi tham quan hgc tap kinh
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nghiem; thanh lap Hgc vien dan tdc Trung uong Bdc Kinh va ede phan hieu tryc thude d mpt sd dia phuong.
Mdt ttong eac bien phdp nhdm ndng eao chat lugng can bd lara cdng tac dan tdc d viing ddn tgc thigu sd d Trung Qudc la ygu eau tat ea ede can bd lam cdng tdc dan tdc phdi bigt song ngii.
Ngu la ngudi Han thi phai biet tieng dia phuang cua tdc ngudi noi cdng tac, ngu la ngudi dan tdc thigu sd thi phdi bigt tieng Han. Kinh nghigm nay dugc neu ra ttong bai viet "Xung dot Chinh tri - tdc ngudi d Trung Qude - Hudng tdi xdy dung sy hda hgp Uen tgc ngudi"'^'.
Thd tu, mOt ttong nhiingyeu cdu cap bdch dg Trung Qudc nang eao chat lupng, hieu qua cdng tdc dan tde eiia he thdng chmh tri vimg ddn tdc thieu sd hien nay la tang cudng hieu qui cua bd may quanly nhi nudc vicong tic dan tdedcap Trung uong. Trung Qudc cd mdt ea quan chuyen ttdch ve cdng tdc dan toe tuong duong cap bg. Do la Uy ban cdng tdc dan tOc Nhd nudc. Ca quan nay cd vai ttd quan ttpng khdng chi trong viec tu van cho chinh quyen Trung uang ban hanh eac chinh saeh ve dan tde, ma edn ddng vai ttd hd ttg chinh quygn vimg dan tgc thigu sd ttong viec thuc hien cdng tdc dan tdc d dia phuong vd ket ndi hg vdi chinh quyen Trung uong,
Theo Cdng thdng tin Dien tu cua Quoc vu vign Trung Qude (2014). Uy ban ndy cdn co mat d cdc dia phuang, phu ttdch viec dieu phdi cdng tde ddn tgc d cdc bd, tinh, thdnh phd. khu ty tri, tham ehi d mgt sd noi cd the xudng den cap huyen. Tuy nhien, tten thuc te ca quan nay cd phdn yeu the hon so vdi cde co quan ngang bd khdc. Theo gido su Ilhan Tohti cua Dgi hgc Ddn tdc Trung uong, thi ttong sd 25 bg ttong Qudc vu vi?n, day la co quan cd anh hudng chinh tn hgn chg nhat. Do dd, theo Ong, neu khdng dugc
tang cudng tham quyen. thi Uy ban nay cd rat it vai trd thuc tg trong vige giam thieu cdc cdng thdng tge ngudi vd khd ed the cd anh hudng ddi voi viec thuc hien cde ehinh sdch ddn tgc d Tnmg Qude.
2. Cac giai phap ciia Thai Lan
O khu vyc Ddng Nam A, Thdi Lan Id mOt trong nhting nude ed vdn dg ddn tgc thieu sd tuang ddi phiic tgp. Cdc van dg ve ddn tdc thieu sd d Thdi Lan xuat phdt ttr nhigu nguyen nhdn, ttong dd cde ehinh sdch ddng hda mang ndng tinh chat dp dat cua chinh quygn Tnmg ucmg, ddc biet la ve tdn gido vd ngdn ngii. Cdc chinh sdch nay da thdi bimg cdc phong trdo ly khai cua ngudi Hdi giap gdc Md Lai d phia Nam ciing nhu nhieu cugc phdn khdng cua cdc tOc ngudi thieu sd d viing nui phia Bdc. Trong nhting ndm gan ddy, d mign Nam Thdi Lan van dg dan tgc va tdn gido dd ttd ndn ddc biet phiic tgp, gdn vdi chii nghia Iy khai. Cdc nhdm thieu sd Hdi gido d day da cdng khai the hien mye tieu "bugc chinh quyen Thai phai thuang lugng, thdo luan ve yeu cdu tu tri eho ngudi Islara gjdo d 4 tinh mien Nam"'^'.
Cdn mdt nguyen nhan niia ddn dgn sy phan ling dli ddi tir phia ngudi thigu sd ddi vdi Chinh phu Thai Lan la edch thiic td chiic va van hanh eiia he thdng chinh quygn dia phuong 6 cdc vting ddn tdc. He thdng chinh quygn dia phuang la phuang rign de thye thi cdc chinh sdch dan tgc ddng hda eiia ehinh quyen Thdi.
nen can bd chinh quygn dia phuang thudng khdng phai Id ngudi dia phuang ma la ngudi Thai dugc cu dgn de quan ly. Cdc giao vien tham gia giang day ttong cdc trudng cdng d dia phuang ciing khdng phai id ngudi thieu sd. ma la vien chuc eua nhd nudc gidng dgy cdc ehuong ttinh do nhd nudc ehi dinh"'. HO qua la ngudi thieu sd khdng eoi ehinh quygn dia
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phuang la dgi dign eho rigng ndi va nhu can ciia hg, ma ehi Id edng cy eiia nhd nudc Trung uong vd hoan todn khdng ldng nghe cdc nhu cdu ciia ngudi thieu sd'^'. Tinh trang ndy ttd nen dge bigt nghiem trpng sau khi cdc chinh quygn cd lien he vdi gia dinh cyu thu tudng Thaksin Shinawatra (vdn nhdn dugc nhieu cam tinh va sy iing hg cua ngudi ngheo va ngudi thigu sd d Thdi Lan), lien tue bi Idt do va hi thay thg bdi ede chinh phu mang tutudng sd vanh Thai.
Dg ndng cap chdt lugng va hieu qua cua cdng tdc dan tgc eiia he thdng chinh tri vimg dan tOc thigu sd d Thdi Lan. nhieu nhd nghien euu neu ra giai phdp chinh quyen Trung uang Thai Lan phai phin quyin cho cic tinh va giam bdt su can thiip vio cac hoat ddng cua ehinh quyin dia phuang, d^c biet la d cac dia ban cd ddng ngudi tiiigu sd cutni. Ndm 2013, mdt nhdm cac hgc gia va dgi dign cdc chinh quygn dia phuang dThai Lan da thidt lap Mgng ludi Chinh quyen Tu Quan Nhdn dan (the People's Network for a Self-govemmg Admuiisttation). Nhdra nay dd trinh len Nghi vien ragt yeu sdch dg tang eudng tinh ty quan cho cde tinh. Theo dd, thdng ddc ede tinh (provincial governors) can phai Id ngirdi dugc ngudi dan ttong tinh true tiep bau ra va chinh quygn dia phuang phdi cd quyen thu thue va sir dyng ngudn thu thue do cho cae lgi ieh ciia dia phuang. Ly do cua yeu sdch nay la chinh quygn trung uong Bangkok, ttpng khi kiem sodt qua chat eae hoat dgng cua dia phuong, lai chi uu tien ddu tu cho cac viing thii do gidu cd md bd quen cdc dia phuang. Them vdo dd, che dg qudn ly tap trung ciia chinh quygn Bangkok ttong phdn ldn cdc trudng hgp cho thdy sy thieu higu biet hpge ed tmh Id di cac ddc thu ve vdn hda, bdn sdc va tdc ngudi d cdc dia phuong'^'.
Giai phdp tiep theo duoe neu ra la tao diiu kien cho tri thdc ngudi thiiu sd tham gia bd may cdng quyin tii Trung uang tdi dja phuong. Cdc giai phap dugc dg xuat bdt ngudn tu cac tri thirc la ngudi thieu sd va cdc ldnh ty tdn gido cd vai ttd rat ldn trong viee gidi quygt cdc xung dot lien quan dgn dan tgc thieu sd d Thdi Lan, dde biet la d mien Nam. Chdng hgn, thanh phan ldnh dao vd luc lupng tham gia cdc phong trdo ly khai d day dgu Id nhiing ngudi Hdi giao gdc Ma Lai. Hp dugc dao tao, gido dye tu tudng cue doan Hdi gido d trong vd ngodi nude'"". Cdc ldnh ty ton giao vd tri thiic la ngudi thieu sd cd the la nggn cd de ed ket lye luang va thiic day phong ttao ly khai. Nhung mat khac, hp eung cd thg trd thanh dgi dign cho cdng ddng thieu sd trong qua trinh hda giai vdi chinh quygn. cung nhu tu van cho chinh quyen trong viee nang cao bigu qua eua cdng tdc dan tdc vd ede chinh sdch ho ttg cho ngudi thieu sd ngu hg dugc tiiara gia trong he thdng chinh quyen d dia phuang. Su hign dien ciia hg ttong bg may chinh quygn ciing la ehia khda de tang cudng ddi thoai, giiip chinh phu hieu rd ban nguyen vgng, yeu sdch cua cdc cdng ddng thieu sd vd qua dd giara thieu tu tudng ly khai cua hp.
Giai phdp day manh cicmd hinh phit trien dua vao cgng ddng (People-centered and community-centered development)"" dugc eoi la giai phdp chien luge ciia Thai Lan trong viec nang eao chat Iugng cdng tac ddn tgc cua he thdng chmh quygn vimg dan tge tiiieu sd.
Hign nay, Thai Lan dd thdnh lap Cyc phdt trien cdng ddng (CDD) trye thude Bd Ngi vu, cd sy tham gia cua nhieu dgi dien tir ede cdng ddng tiiieu sd khac nhau. Sdng kidn nay ciia Thai Lan la nhdm chia se mdt phdn quygn luc cho cap dia phuang, cung nhu cac td chiic xa hdi dan
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sy. trong dd bao gdm cae td chiic dgi dien cho cdc cdng ddng dan tdc thieu sd vd tdng cudng su tham gia ciia hg vao viec hogeh dinh vd thye thi chinh sdch d cdp dia phuang. Sdng kien nay dugc xay dyng tren co sd quan diem rdng vai ttd va sy tham gia cua cgng ddng la yeu td ca ban tao nen thanh cdng cua cdc chuang trinh, chinh sdch"^'. Minh chiing cho su thdnh cdng cita md hinh ndy la cdc chinh sdch bao ve va khai thdc tai nguyen rung. Thay cho each tiep can dua chu yeu vao lue lupng nha nude va mang tinh dp ddt, Thdi Lan da thi digm md hinh 'rimg do edng ddng quan ly' (community forestry). Thep dd, cdc cdng ddng dia phuong dugc giao quygn quan ly rimg, cd quygn tigp can dat dai vd cdc ngudn lgi ttr rimg, dugc thara gia ttong qua trinh ra quyet dinh hen quan den riing. Md hinh ndy dd td ra dge bigt hi^u qud d eac dia phuong, noi md he thdng chinh quygn bo^e la qud yeu kem va thigu ndng lyc ttong viec bdo vg rimg hode la ed xu hirdng dp ddt cac md hinh khai thdc rimg thuan tiiy dua vao yeu td kinh te va do dd khdng bgn vung"^'.
3. Cac giai phap ciia Myanmar Myanmar la mgt trong nhimg qudc gia cd van dg ddn tdc thigu sd phiie tgp nhat d chdu A. Bat chap nhung nd lyc cua qudc te va cac chmh quygn khdc nhau d Myanmar, tinh ttgng xung dot tpc ngudi, tham chi Id huy diet tgc ngudi van dang tiep dign, dign hinh Id cdc hdnh dpng bgo lyc do cac lue lugng an ninh cua ehinh phii ciing nhu nhiing ngudi da sd theo Phgt giao tien hanh nhdm vdo ngudi thieu sd Rohingya theo Hdi gido hlen nay'''".
Vg edng tdc dan tdc cua he thdng chinh ori viing dan tdc thieu sd d Myanmar hien nay, cde nghien ciiu dd chi ra hai van de ldn. Thti nhat, d Myanmar, cdc dan tgc thigu sd tap trung d mdt sd bang, tuy nhign, dudi thdi ky
cam quygn ciia chinh phu qudn sy Myanmar, chinh quyen Lien bang do ngudi Mien da sd ndm giii vg eo bdn khdng thye hien quy che lien bang vd quygn ty quygt cua ngudi thigu sd. Thay vao dd, cdc quyet dinh ciia cap bang thye ehat van do ehinh quygn trung uong kiem sodt thdng qua cdc bg- Trong khi dd, chinh quyen cdp bang, vdn cd kha nang dai dien ldn hon cho tigng ndi eua ngudi thieu sd, thi khdng cd thye quyen'^^'. Sy kiem sodt qud ldn eiia nhd nudc lidn bang ddi vdi cdp bang chinh Id nguyen nhan khign chinh quygn cap bang khdng nhdn dugc su ung hd cua cdc cgng ddng thigu sd va ciing la nguygn nhdn cua cdc xung dgt tgc ngudi nghiem trgng gitia cdc td chiic vti trang eua ngudi thieu sd va chinh quyen quan sy a Myanmar ttong nhieu ndm qua. Thdhai la sy ygu kem eiia ehinh quygn cdp ca sd, tlie la chinh quygn bgn dudi cap bang, yg danh nghia, chinh quygn dia phuang ben dudi cdp bang bao gdm cdc huyen (districts) vd phan khu (townships). Tuy nhien tten thye te, he thdng chinh quygn d Myanmar ehi bao gdm 2 cap (two-tier) la Lien bang va bang. Viee quan ly cac boat dgng ben dudi cdp bang dugc digu hanh tap trung bdi chinh quyen trung uang thdng qua Bp Ngi vy va Cyc Hanh chinh (General Administration Department), cung nhu cac quan chiic qudn sy d dia phuang"^*. Ndi cdch khde, chinh quygn cap ca sd d Myanmar, tuy tdn tgi tren danh nghia nhung khdng tdn tai tren thye chdt. Trong khi dd, de thye hien higu qua cdng tdc dan tpc, chinh quyen cap ca sd cd vai trd tdi quan ttgng, ddc bigt la ttong vigc eung cdp cdc dieh vy xa hpi co ban cho ngudi dan vd chuygn tdi tieng ndi cua hp dgn nha nudc Tnmg uomg. Dg thuc iiign chiic ndng dd. chinh quygn cap ca sd can ddm bao ed dai dign ciia
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ngudi dan dia phuong. ed tham quygn dg dua ra cdc quygt dinh rieng phu hgp vdi dieu kign va tinh hinh ciia dia phuang vd cd sy tu chu nhat dinh ve tai ehinh. Tuy nhien. d Myanmar khdng tdn tgi eae dieu kien nay, thay vao do, cde boat dgng eua hg thdng chinh quygn cdp ea sd duge thye hien thdng qua cac vdn phdng cdp dia phuang ciia eae bd, nhirng ngudi khdng higu vd khdng dgi dien cho tieng ndi va nhu cdu cua ngudi thigu sd d dia phuong.
Sau khi Dang Lien minh Qudc gia vi Dan chii ciia Aung San Suu Kyi len cdm quygn nam 2015, Myanmar da ed nhigu budc di vd dg xuat nhieu gidi phap nhdm tien tdi cai cdch hg thdng chinh tri va ehinh quygn d vung ddn tgc thidu sd. Trong dd, cd ba giai phdp quan trgng nhu sau:
Thd nhit, van ddng cho viec thuc thi vi chuyin giao quyin tu tri cho cac din tgc thiiu sdd cic bang. Sang kien nay bdt ngudn tir md hmh cua hpi nghi Panglong nam 1947. Khi do, dng Aung San. eha eiia ba Aung San Suu Kyi da kl? kgt mgt thda thugn lich su vdi cac ldnh dgo ngudi thidu sd de trao quygn ty tri cho cdc bang, vdi myc tigu dua Myanmar trd thanh mdt nhd nudc lien bang dich thye. Tuy nhien, hiep dinh nay dd khdng dupe thye hign sau khi ong Aung San bi dm sdt vd ddc bigt Id sau cudc ddo chinh qudn sy cua tudng Ne Win nam 1962. Vdi cugc dao ehinh nay, Myanmar trd thdnh mpt nhd nudc quan sy do ngudi Mien da sd theo Phat gido ndm giir, vdi raue tieu xda bd hoan todn quygn tu quygt cua cdc bang va cae tgc ngudi thigu sd.
Cdc nghign ciiu hien nay cho rdng de thye sy cdi thi?n chat lugng cdng tdc dan tdc ciia he thdng ehinh tii d viing dan tdc thieu sd, chinh phu tiung uong ciia bd Aung San Suu Kyi can cd nhiing bude di phii hgp de khdi phye tinh
than cua hOi nghi Panglong. Trong dd, diem then chdt Id chinh phu lidn bang can phin quyen cho cac chinh quyin cic bang dihg co tham quyin ldn han trong viec dai dien cho ngudi thiiu sd trong pham vi cua bang, cd sy tu ehii ldn ban vg tdi chinh de thye thi cdc chinh sdch hd trg cho ngudi thieu sd d bang do. Md hmh ndy neu duge dp dyng eung sg dam bao cho cdc nhdm thigu sd cd thg hudng lgi tir cdc hinh thiic sd huu ddt dai truygn thdng, cde ngudn lgi tir tai nguygn thien nhign, vd thye thi cac quyen ddn cbii va binh ddng cua hg"^'.
Thiihai, Myanmar cdn tien hanh mgt cupc cii each toin dien he thdng chinh quyin dia phuong. Muc tieu chinh la giam bdthoicxda bd md hinh quin tri tap trung thdng qua Bd Ngi vu trudc day vi thuc su thiit lap he thdng chinh quyin ba cap (hen bang, bang vi cosd), trong dd chinh quyen dudi bang hay chinh quygn ca sd thye sy la ca quan trye tiep thye thi chinh sdch vd eung cdp cdc dich vy xd hOi ea ban eho ngudi dan, thay vi chi la nhung co quan khdng co thye quygn vd hodn todn phu thude vdo cdc dai dien cua chinh quyen trung uong vd cdc bg. Chinh quyen dia phuong eung cdn phai dugc tdi eau triic nhdm tdng cudng tmh dai dien eiia ngudi dan, ddc biet Id ngudi dan tdc thieu sd. Hp ciing can dugc trao quygn ty chii nhat dinh vg mat tdi chmh va ngan sdch, cung nhu ed nghia vy phai chiu traeh nhiem trudc ngudi dan dia phuang ve cae hogt ddng vd quyet sdch eua minh. Hien nay. mdt sd md hinh thi diem ve he thdng chinh quygn ba cap da duge trign khai. dudi ten ggi Uy ban phat trign (Development Affairs Organization - DAO) chdng hgn nhu md hinh Uy ban Phat tiien thanh phd Yangon hay Liy ban phdt ttien thanh phd Mandala/"".
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Thii ba, di hd trg cho viec thye hien cdng tde dan tdc cua chinh quygn cap bang va cap ca sd, Myanmar da thye thi mdt sd dieu chinh trong td chiic cua chinh quyin trung uang nhdm tao them digu kien ve thiet chg va phdp ly eho viec thuc hien cdng tae dan tge tten ca nudc, dge biet la tai cdc dia phuang cd ddng ngudi thieu sd smh sdng. Trong dd, ddng chu y la viec thanh lap Bd Cdng tic Din tdc vdi tu each la mOt phdn ciia ehinh phu mdi nam 2015. Caquan nay trye tiep quan ly eae van de ve edng tde dan tpc, thye hien hda giai dan tdc, thye thi quyen eua ede nhdm thieu sd quy dinh trong hidn phdp va phue vy loi ich ciia mgi tge nguoi trong nudc. ttdch nhiem ciia bO ndy tap trung vao cdc mang chinh Id"^' (i) bao tdn vdn hda ciia cdc tOc ngudi; (ii) bao ve quyen ciia tOc ngudi va tgo dieu kien eho hp duge ndi Ien tieng ndi va bay td nhu eau cua minh vdi chinh quyen trung uong; (iii) cung cap cho hg cdc boat dgng h6 ttg cdn thiet de hp cd the thye thi cde quyen hgp phdp eua rainh nhu duge gido due, quyen duac tiep can va hgc ngogi ngii.
4. Nhimg icinh nghiem co the chia se lan nhau giua cac mrdc va Vilt Nam
Tir thye tiSn ttong cdng tdc dan tgc d Trung Qudc. Thdi Lan, Myanmar va Viet Nam, cd thg nit ra mOt sd kinh nghiem chung la:
Thiinhit, tiao tham quyin cho chinh quyin dia phuong, die bigt la chinh quyin cap easd trong viec quyet dinh vi tiiuc thi cic chinh sich Uen quan din cic nhdm ngudi thieu sd. Thuc tien cho thay, quan digm nay bdt ngudn tir viec cac ehinh quygn ca sd la cap chinh quyen tryc tiep gjai quyet va thuc thi cdc chinh sdch ddi vdi ngudi thieu sd, dge bigt la eung cdp eae dieh vu edng va ddp iing cdc nhu cau ddc thu ciia dia phuang. Do dd, hp can dugc trao quyen de dua
ra cde chinh sdch phu hgp vdi ddc tiung cua cgng ddng thigu sd ttong phgm vi qudn ly ciia hp.
Thiihai, cin gia tang tmh dai diin cua cic cgng ddng dan tgc thiiu sd trong hi thdng chinh quyin dia phuong. Vigc tdng cudng tmh dai dign eiia cdc tgc ngudi thigu sd ttong chinh quyen, dge biet la d cdp dia phuang tgi cdc khu vuc cd cdc ddn tgc thieu sd sinh sdng la kinh nghiem da dugc sii dyng rOng rdi d nhieu qudc gia tten the gidi, tai Trung Qudc va Viet Nam ciing da dp dyng rdt hieu qua ttong thuc hign cdng tdc ddn tOc.
Thu ba, ting cudng higu qui cua bg miy quan ly nhi nudc vi cdng tie dan tgc & dp Trung uang. Viee tang eudng vi the va tham quygn eiia ea quan nay ttong he thdng cdc ca quan hanh phdp qudc gia se cd tdc dung rdt ldn den viec ndng cao chdt lugng, hieu qua cdng tdc dan tgc ciia he thdng chmh tri vimg dan tgc thigu sd. 6 Viet Nam, Uy ban dan tge id co quan ddc trdch vg vdn de nay can dugc tdng them tham quygn va cd nhiing ehinh sdch rdt eu the ve van de nay.
Thu tu, day majih viic dio tao vi ning cao chit luang cho ddi ngu cin bd lim cdng tic din tgc avungdin tdc thiiu sd, bao gdm trinh do hpc vdn, sd lugng cua dgi ngu tri thuc va kha ndng su dyng ngdn ngii, dgc biet la song ngu, cung nhu kha nang am higu va xu ly cdc vdn dg hen quan dgn da dgng van hda.
Thunim, ting cudng cicmd binh phit triin dua vio cdng ddng. Cdc cgng ddng thieu sd cd the trye tigp thara gia thye hign chinh sdch dan tgc ttong radt so linh vuc cy thg nhu vdn hda, gido dye, bao ve rimg, nhiing linh vyc ma hp cd khd ndng digu hanh iiigu qua va phii hap vdi dieu kien van hda, xd hdi ciia vung dan tgc thieu sd, thdm chi Id higu qua han so vdi hg thdng ciiinh quyen. Cdc cgng ddng thigu sd
LYLUAN CHlNH TRJ-S69/2020
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cting ed thg ddng vai ttd la ede ca quan tu van cho ehinh quygn trong viee thye hien cdc chinh sdch dd •
(1), (3) Nguygn Vdn Cdn va Ddng Thanh Dgt: Mot sdvan de vg dan tgc thigu so dTmng Quoc, Tgp chi JVghign cuu TrungQudc, sd 8(87), 2008, tr.23-31.
(2), (4) Vdn phdng tin tiic Qudc vg vien Trung Qudc: Chinh sich dan t0c cua Tmng Qudc vi su phat triin thinh vugng chung cua cac dan tgc, http://poUtics.peopIe.com.cn, ngdy 27-9-2009.
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(19)Theo mpt bai phdng van Ong Nai Thet Lwin, Bd trudng BO Cong tac ddn tOc. tren cdng thong tin dign tir cua BO thong tin Myanmar voi tua de
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