NG6N NG(T
SO 10 2009
THtf AP DUNG LI THUYET DIEN DANG VAO NGHIEN CtfU TU" LOAI
Dhn nhap
V&'n de tQ loai la mgt van de xa xQa va co truyen bac nhat cua ngQ phap hgc truyen tho'ng. Trong ngdn ngQ hgc truyen thd'ng, tQ loai dQdc hieu mdt each ddn gian nha't la cac Idp tQ trong mdt ngdn ngQ cu the, dugc phan chia ve mat ngQ phap. NhQng, tQ khi hgc thuyet ve tQ loai ra ddi tQ thdi cd Hy Lap - thdi Arixtd't - de'n nay, van de tQ loai dQdc hieu qua cac thdi ki cung nhQ cac trudng phai vdi nhQng quan diem khdng hoan toan gidng nhau.
Ve ban c h i t cua tQ loai, ngdn ngQ hgc truyen thd'ng deu cho rang tQ loai "la nhQng Idp tQ cd cung ban chat ngQ phap, dugc phan chia theo y nghia, theo kha nang ke't hdp vdi cac tQ ngQ khac trong ngQ iQu va thQc.hien nhQng chQc nang ngQ phap nhat dinh d trong cau" [3, 23].
NhQng lai cd cac khuynh hUdng rat khac nhau trong vi§c xac dinh dac trUng nao la dac trQng cd ban cua eae tQ loai. Chang han nhQ cd khuynh hudng phan dinh tQ loai tren mgt tap hop cac dac trQng bao gom cac dac trQng ve ngQ nghia, ve hinh thai va ve cii phap; cd khuynh hUdng lai phan dinh tQ loai theo dac trQng ngQ phap t h u i n tuy, tQc dac trQng
VI TRUdNG PHUC hinh thQc; lai cd khuynh hQdng gan tQ loai vdi 16 gich, vdi cac pham tru cua tu duy.
Ngdn ngQ hgc tri nhan la mgt khuynh hUdng khoa hgc mdi me ve ngdn ngQ hgc xuat hien tQ nhQng nam 80 t h e k i trUdc. Vdi cd sd triet hgc la triet hgc trai nghiem than the (Embodied Philosophy), ngdn ngQ hgc tri nhfin cho rang ngdn ngQ ciia loai ngUdi khdng the tach rdi ke't qua cam nhan cua sti trai nghiem than the cu the; kha nang ngdn ngQ la mgt trong nhQng kha nang tri nhan chung cua con ngUdi; ngdn ngQ khdng phai la mgt he thd'ng tQ tuc va khep kin ma dUdc dien dat tren cd sd kha nang tri nhan va qua trinh tri nhan ctia con ngQdi; kinh nghiem cua con ngudi ve the gidi, tren mgt chQng mQc rat ldn, dang han che va quye't dinh ca'u true va y nghia cua ngdn ngQ. Vi vay, nghien cQu cau true va y nghia cita ngdn ngQ cd the tiep can tQ gdc do tri n h t o va kinh nghiem ciia loai ngQdi. Bai viet se xua't phat tQ nhQng If thuyet cua ngon ngQ hgc tri nhan, nhQ tfnh trai nghiem than the, pham tru hoa dien dang v.v., thii tim hieu van de tQ loai tQ mgt gdc do khac, n h l m nhjln dQdc nhQng y kien va sti chi
Trung Qud'c.
38
Ngon ngCf so 10 nam 2009 giao quy bau cua cac nha nghien cQu.2. Quan niem ve tii loai trong n g o n ngii h o c tri n h a n
Ngon ngQ hgc tri nhan nham giai thich nhQng hien tQdng ng6n ngQ tQ gdc do quan diem tri nhfin, cho r i n g tQ vQng cua ng6n ngQ trUdc he't bat nguon tQ sti li giai cua con ngudi dd'i vdi chfnh ban than va ddi vdi khong gian (bao gom dia diem, phQdng hQdng, van dgng, v.v.), sau dd, nhd 6c tudng tUOng phong phii cua con ngUdi va vdi nhting sach iQOc tri nhan nhQ an du, hoan du v.v. d i n d i n hinh thanh he thd'ng nhting khai niem cua nhan loai. Qua trinh tri nhan trQdc het bat dau tQ qua trinh pham tru hoa (categorization), sau do cd dugc cac pham tru (category), hinh thanh nhQng khai niem, he thd'ng khai niem chfnh dQdc td' chQc tren cac pham tru. Sau khi cd ngdn ngQ, rat tti nhien, con ngQdi, tren mQc do tQdng ddi, da c6' dinh lai nhQng ke't qua cua qua trinh pham tru hoa trong cac bieu thiic tQ ngQ, day chinh la tQ vQng hoa cac pham tru. Nhin tQ gdc do triet hgc trai nghiem than the, pham tru/ khai niem chu yeu cung la ke't qua cua sti trai nghiem than the, chung c6 dau an sau sac ctia sQ trai nghiem than the con ngUdi trong the gidi vat chat, van hoa xa hgi va ke ca the gidi tam linh. Pham tru hoa la cd sd hinh t h a n h khai niem va tQ ngQ, mang (Jam dac trttng trai nghiem, vi vay khai niem va tQ ngQ cung mang dftm n6t tinh trai nghiem.
Con ngQdi dtia tren cd sd trai nghiem than the ma cd dQdc kha nang pham tru hoa, trong cudc song hang ngay rat tti nhien c6 the phan
chia ra hai pham t r u ldn la pham trii sQ vat tfnh (thingness) va hanh dgng tinh. Tren cd sd tri n h a n nhQ vay, chung ta cd dQdc cac tQ loai khac nhau trong ngdn ngQ, de nhan manh cac pham tru co tfnh chit khac nhau. Vi vay, tQ loai dQdc quyet dinh bdi mat no'i trgi ciia pham tru.
NgQdi khdi xQdng va sang lap ra ngQ phap tri n h a n Langacker khi gidi thieu ngQ phap tri nhan cua minh da bac bd each phan dinh tQ loai t r u y i n thd'ng (lly y nghia tQ vQng hay kha n a n g k§'t hdp, hoac l&'y ca hai lam tieu chuan de phan dinh tQ loai), dng n h i n m a n h cap dd'i lap giQa sQ vat va quan he la nhQng d6'i lap khai niem cd ban n h i t dQdc hinh t h a n h qua nhQng trai nghiem ctia con ngudi. Trong con m I t ctia loai ngQdi, the' gidi dQdc hinh thanh nhd cac sti vkt (thing) va nhQng quan he (relation). Va Langacker cho r i n g trong ngdn ngQ chi c6 hai hien tQdng vi ngQ hoa cd ban: vi ngQ hoa danh tQ (bieu thi mgt sQ vkt, bao gom sQ vftt cu the lan trQu tugng va qua trinh tri nhan sQ vat) va vi ngQ hoa quan he; tQ chang qua chi la sQ dien dat trQu tQdng hdn cua hai hien tUdng nay trong ngdn ngQ. Tren cd sd dd, dng chia tQ vQng ra lam hai loai: sti vat (thing) va quan he (relation), nhQ danh tQ rat hien nhien chi ve ban than sQ vat, dQdc coi la phac hoa sQ v&t (profile things), lam ndi trgi mat sQ v&t tinh ciia pham tru; dgng tQ dQdc coi la phac hoa qua trinh (profile processes), lam noi trgi mat hanh ddng tfnh; gidi tQ chii ye'u phac hoa cac quan he (profile relations); v.v..
NhQ vay, danh tQ, dai tQ, mao tQ, tQ chi thi, sd tQ v.v. trong ngQ phap truyen thd'ng thudc nhdm nd'i trgi
Thu ap dung., 39 ve mat sQ vkt tinh; dgng tQ, tfnh
tQ, phd tQ va gidi tQ thugc nhom ndi trgi ve cac kieu quan he (gom qua trinh, tfnh chat, quan he v.v.).
Ong cdn chia nhdm tQ loai thQ hai (tQc nhdm tQ loai noi trdi cac kieu quan he) ra thanh hai nhdm nhd:
quan he qua trinh (Process Relation, tUdng dQOng vdi quan he thdi gian tfnh ciia tac gia Taylor) va quan he phi thdi gian tinh (Atemporal Relation).
Y nghia qua trinh Qng vdi ddng tQ, quan he phi thdi gian tfnh Qng vdi tfnh tQ, phd tQ, gidi tQ va ke't tQ.
NhQ vay, tQ loai tuy tren binh diSn cu phap v l n the hien ra sQ dd'i lap giQa danh tQ, ddng tQ, tfnh tQ v.v., nhUng ban c h i t ctia chung khdng phai la y nghia ctia chung, cung khdng phai la chQc nang cu phap hay chQc nang dien dat cita chung, ma la ke't qua ctia qua trinh y niem hoa va nhQng mat noi trgi ngQ nghia cua chung. Mdi danh tQ, dgng tQ, tfnh tQ v.v. deu cd mgt linh vtic tri nhan ctia minh (tQc th^ hien mgt linh vQc tri nhan cua con ngUdi do'i vdi the gidi khach quan), linh vtic tri nhan dd bao gom mgt thiic the sQ vat va cac md'i quan he giQa thiic the dd vdi mgt thQc the khac. Cd dieu la, thdng thQdng, danh tQ the hien nd'i trgi mat sQ vat tinh, dgng tQ the hien nd'i trdi mat quan he dgng tac, va, tinh tQ the hien nd'i trgi cac quan hd tinh chat.
Ngon ngQ hgc tri nhan cho rang tQ loai the hien qua trinh y niem hoa cua tQ va cac mat no'i trgi ngQ nghia ciia chung. M6i loai tQ deu the hien mgt mat nao do cua sii vat, tQc deu no'i bat mgt mat ngQ nghia nao dd ciia tQ. Song vdi nhQng dieu kien nhat dinh, chang han nhQ nhQng
cau true ngQ phap dac thu hay sQ can thiep ngQ dung, nhQng mat nd'i trgi ngQ nghia dd lai cd the chuyen dich. Dieu nay dan tdi sQ chuyen dich chQc nang ciia tQ loai. Cd khi danh tQ cd the dam nhiem chQc vu cu phap cua dgng tQ hay tfnh tQ, va ngUdc lai.
3. Li thuyet dien dang (prototype) trong n g h i e n ciiu tii loai
Pham trQ trong triet hgc dQdc dinh nghia la khai niem chung nha't va nen tang nhat phan anh nhQng thugc tfnh va nhQng quan he cd ban va pho bie'n cua cac hien tugng ciia hien thQc va nhan thQc. Ngdn ngQ hgc tri nhan cho rang pham tru khdng phai la sti chia cat tuy y ddi vdi sQ vat khach quan, cung khdng phai chia cit the gidi dUa theo nhQng dac trQng chung hay nhQng tieu chuan khach quan, ma diia tren cd sd md thQc ctia hoat dgng tri nhan, tap hdp hang loat cac thugc tinh la'y dien dang lam tham chie'u, va qua con dudng tUOng tQ ve gia toe.
NhQng nghien cQu ciia tam li hgc cho tha'y, hien tUdng pham tru hoa la nhiing bieu hien tam li d giai doan tien ngon ngQ, cd cd sd tam li chung ciia nhan loai, thugc linh vQc tri nhan. Ben canh dd, hinh thQc the hien ben ngoai ciia pham trQ hoa thudng thdng qua tQ ngQ. Trong ngdn ngQ, tQ ngQ cung Qng vdi mdt pham tru n h i t dinh. NhQng pham trQ tri nhan vdi tQ each la bieu hien tam II khdng phai nha't thie't ddi Qng mgt dd'i mgt vdi tQ ngQ, tren thtic te mgt tQ thudng cd the Qng vdi tren mdt pham tru. Trong khi dd, pham vi cua pham tru khdng phai nha't thanh bat bie'n ma co the md rgng (Tac gia T r I n Van Cd viet:
40 Ngon ngOr so 10 nam 2009
"Ranh gidi giQa cac pham tru hay cac y niem khdng dQt khoat" [2, 260]).
Dieu thu vi la sau khi pham tru dugc md rdng thudng van ap dung nhQng hinh thQc tQ ngQ ban d i u , dieu nay d i n tdi hang loat tQ ngQ deu cd nhQng net nghia khac nhau.
Theo If thuyet pham tru tri nhan luan, pham tru cd cau true dien dang ndi tai, giQa cac thanh vien ciia pham trQ khdng co mgt thugc tfnh chung, ma cac thanh vien dan xen giao thoa vdi nhau, A cd mdt thudc tinh tQdng tti vdi B, B cd mgt thudc tinh tugng tQ vdi C, va A lai cd mdt thugc tinh khac tQdng tQ vdi C, nhUng chung khdng hoan toan trung lap vdi nhau. Quan he ciia chung cung nhQ cac thanh vien trong mdt gia tdc, ve mgt mat nao dd the hien ra tinh tQdng tti nhQng lai khong hoan toan gidng nhau.
Hien tugng dd dugc ggi la tfnh tQdng tQ ve gia tgc. Theo tinh tQdng tQ ve gia tdc, cac thanh vien trong cung mgt pham tru kh6ng phai do mgt thudc tinh chung nao dd quye't dinh, va khong cd mdt thudc tinh nao ma ta't ca mgi thanh vien deu sd hQu.
Cac thanh vien ciia pham trQ nhd tfnh tUdng tu ve gia tdc ma hdp nhat vdi nhau, cd mdt sd thanh vien c6 nhieu dac tfnh chung hdn so vdi cac thanh vien khac, nhQng thanh vien dd se trd thanh thanh vien hat nhan hay dien dang ciia pham tru. Nhd dien dang, con ngudi tri giac dQdc hien thtic: con ngQdi tao ra trong dau minh mgt hinh anh cu the hoac trQu tQdng ve nhQng sQ vat thugc ve mgt pham tru nao dd, ye'u to' nao ctia pham tru d g i n cai hinh anh nay hdn ca se dugc danh gia la mgt phien ban t6't nha't hoac dien dang
nha't so vdi nhQng phien ban khac.
NhQng thanh td trung tam ciia pham tru cd nhQng dac tinh tri nhan khac vdi nhQng thanh td ngoai vi, nhQng dac tfnh nay dQdc ggi la "hieu Itic dien dang". Hieu iQc dien dang the hien d cho nhQng ye'u td'gan vdi dien dang hOn cua pham tru dUOc nhan bie't, linh hgi n h a n h hdn, dQdc sii dting thQdng xuyen hdn, day nhanh viec giai quye't bat ki nhiem vti gi lien quan de'n viec n h a n dang.
Ng6n ngQ hgc tri nhan cho rang nhQng dac tfnh t6' hgp hoac hoa ke't cua tQ ngQ dQOc the hien trong qua trinh sii dung la nhQng dac trQng ngQ phap cua tQ, khong phai la ban than tQ loai. TQ loai thugc pham tru ngQ phap dQdc kie'n tao tren cd sd dac trQng dien dang. Tat ca thanh.
vien cua mgt tQ loai nao d6 thdng thudng khdng cd chung mgt dac trQng phan bd nao ma cac tQ loai khac khdng c6, cho nen khdng the diia vao chQc nang ngQ phap ma quy mgt tQ nao do kh6ng thugc loai nay thi thugc loai kia, nha't la dd'i vdi nhQng ngdn ngQ ddn lap, phan tie't nhQ tieng Han va tieng Viet.
Dong thdi xem xet tQ loai tQ gdc do pham tru dien dang khdng c6 nghia la bac bd vai tro cua dac trUng cu phap trong viec phan dinh tQ loai, ma tren cd sd dac trUng ngQ phap cd them cai nhin dien dang, se cho phep chung ta cd dUOc mgt each nhin khoa hgc va thtic dung hOn ddi vdi van de tQ loai.
Tren cd sd h thuye't dien dang, chung ta cd the thii khao sat tfnh c h i t va pham vi ciia danh tQ trong he thd'ng tQ loai tieng Viet.
Chung tdi cho rang danh tQ la
Thurap dung.. 41 mdt pham trii (Jien dang, cd cac thanh
vien dien dang va thanh vien phi dien dang. NhQng danh tQ dien dang la nhQng tQ bieu thi thiic the cu the, cd lap, cd mdt khdng gian hai chieu hay ba chieu, dd la nhQng danh tQ cd y nghla sQ vat. NhQng danh tQ dien dang thQdng cd dac trUng cu phap nhu sau: a) cho phep sQ han dinh ciia cac doan ngQ chi sd iQOng, b) khong cho phep sti han dinh ctia phd tQ phii dinh khong, va c) cd the dam nhiem thanh p h i n chii ngQ va bd ngQ trong cau mgt each khdng rang bugc.
Danh tQ phi dien dang la nhQng tQ lay danh tQ dien dang lam diem tham chie'u, dtia vao vi tri phan bd' trong sQ tQdng tQ ve gia tdc ma cd dugc tinh danh tQ vdi nhQng chQng mQc khac nhau. Chang han nhu nhQng "danh tQ phi sQ vat", nhQ cac tQ viec ldm, ddng gdp, thdng Idi v.v..
Khi giai thich nhQng danh tQ phi sQ vat nay, tac gia Dinh Van DQc viet:
"... con ngQdi da khdng tri nhan cac sQ vat mdt each may mdc, theo 16'i mgt dd'i mgt. Tren bac trQu tUdng, vdi mgt each thQc phan anh cd tinh ddc lap, ngUdi ban ngQ da dQgc tU do trong viec hinh dung mgt so' dd'i tQgng nha't dinh (nhU hoat dgng, tinh chat...) theo mgt "md tip" khac.
Do nhQng yeu cau c i n thiet, giup cho viec nhan thQc, ngUdi ndi dUdc quyen lam thdi trao nhiing dac tritng cua sU vat cho mdt so'khai niem vdn
"phi sii vat"... Mgt khi dugc "sti vat hoa" trong khi phan anh, chiing xua't hien dQdi dang nhQng danh tQ that sQ (danh tQ chi sti vat)". Bing phQOng thikc dd, khi ngQdi ban ngQ nhan thQc ve cac khai niem phi sQ vat, da "hinh dung chung tren bac khai
niem nhu la nhQng sii vat bing each lam thdi trao cho chung nhQng thugc tinh ma cac sii vat vdn cd, nhQng thugc tfnh nay xua't hien trong mdi quan he giQa sQ vat vdi cac khai niem khac (thi du quan he giQa sQ vat vdi cac pham tru van dgng, dac trUng, sd'lQdng v.v..)". Tac gia nay cdn ndi: "Pham cha't, tinh cha't, so iQdng, quan he, van dgng la nhQng dac trQng cua sti vat. ...Cac do! tQdng phi sQ vat (hanh dgng, tinh cha't...) khi dQdc con ngQdi trQu tUdng hoa va tri giac nhu nhQng sQ vat thi cung bat diu tie'p nhan cac dac trUng nhQ la mgt sii vat vay".
NhQ vay la pham tru danh tQ xung quanh cai trung tam la nhQng danh tQ dien dang, dan din md rgng ra ben ngoai, va hinh thanh tQ loai danh tQ vdi ranh gidi md hd va v6 tan. NhQng danh tQ dien dang cd nhieu nhat cac thugc tinh cita danh tQ, va nhQng danh tQ phi dien dang, do hieu iQc dien dang khac nhau ma cd dugc cac thugc tfnh ciia danh tQ vdi nhQng chQng mQc khac nhau.
Ve hinh thQc bieu hien, cac danh tQ dien dang cd day dii cac dac trUng ngQ phap ke tren, va cac danh tQ phi dien dang chi cd dUdc phin nao nhQng dac trUng ngQ phap dd. Dieu cin iQu y la, tQ danh tQ dien dang den danh tit phi dien dang la mdt he thd'ng tuyen tfnh, khong the chia tach ra gidi han giQa danh tQ va cac tQ loai khac mdt each nghiem ngat. Ddi vdi nhQng danh tQ phi dien dang, chung ta cung khong the ndi mgt each ddn gian chung la danh tQ hay khong phai la danh tQ, ma lay nhQng danh tQ die'n dang lam tham chie'u, to'ng quan nhQng dac trQng ngQ phap cita chung.
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Ve If thuye't dien dang trong viec t6 chQc tQ loai danh tQ, tac gia Vien Du Lam co mgt luan diem kha thu vi nhQ sau: "NgQdi ta thudng cd khuynh hQdng xep nhQng tQ bieu thi nhiing pham tru khai niem tQdng ddng hay tQdng tQ vao cung mgt loai, va xep chung vao vi tri ke't hdp gidng nhau trong cau, tQc sii dung chung nhu mgt loai tQ ngQ c6 chQc nang gid'ng nhau, va gan cho chiing nhQng chQc nang ngQ phap tQdng dong. Chang han nhQ, ngQdi ta xep nhQng tQ bieu thi cac hoa qua dien hinh nhu tdo, le, ddo, man, chuoi v.v.
vao cQng mgt loai, roi can cQ tfnh tQdng tQ ve gia tgc giQa cac thQc the khac nhau, xe'p nhQng tQ bieu thi hoa qua phi dien hinh nhU dUa, mia, md thdy, trdm v.v. cung vao loai nay, va cung gan cho chung vao nhQng vi tri ke't hdp ciia danh tQ.
Md rgng ra, vi hoa qua thugc pham tru sti vat, thiic pham, q u i n ao, xe eg, dd dQng, vu khi, v.v. cung thugc pham tru sQ vat; vi vay, ngQdi ta se la'y nhiing tQ bieu thi khai niem thQc pham, quan ao, xe eg, do dung, vu khf, v.v. dien vao cac vi trf ke't hdp ma nhQng tQ bieu thi hoa qua cd the dam nhiem, tQc sii dung chung nhu nhQng danh tQ" (Vien Dti Lam, 1995).
TQ tren day chung ta bie't pham tru tQ loai la mdt pham tru dien dang, tQ mdt tQ loai nay de'n mdt tQ loai khac, ve dac diem ngQ phap thQdng la mgt qua trinh qua do d i n d i n , chQ kh6ng phai la dQt khoat, du ap dung nhQng tieu chuan gi, hien tQdng dan xen giao thoa giQa cac tQ loai deu khd cd the tranh khdi.
NhQ vay, cd mdt sd tQ ciia pham tru tQ loai khac cd the lai cd nhQng chQc nang ngQ phap cua danh tQ,
Ngdn ngijr so 10 nam 2009 va mgt s6' danh tQ cung cd the dQdc mdt s6' chQc nang ngQ phap cua cac tQ loai khac, nhQng tQ nay nam trong vi trf bien gidi ciia pham tru danh tQ. NhQng tQ nay tuy sdludng khdng nhieu, nhQng v l n the hien md'i quan he phQc tap giQa danh tQ va cac tQ loai khac. Trong cBgc sd'ng ngdn ngQ, chung ta thQdng thay mgt s6' dgng tQ va tinh tQ cd sQ lien he kieu nay vdi danh tQ.
-I- Danh tQ vdi dgng tQ
Tren thQc te', r a n h gidi giQa nhQng danh tQ dien dang va ddng tQ dien dang la r a t ro rang, nhQng van cd mgt sd'vQa cd d l y du hay bg phan cac chQc nang ngQ phap ciia ddng tQ, vQa cd day du hay bd phan cac chQc nang ngQ phap cua danh tQ, thf du nhQ cac tQ nghien cau, phdn tich, hogt dgng, giao due, v.v..
NhQng tQ nay vQa c6 dac trQng ciia dgng tQ vQa co dac trUng cua danh tQ. Sach ngQ phap trQdc day deu can cQ vao tieu c h u I n y nghla ma xet chung la mgt tQ hay hai tQ. Trong tie'ng Han, cac nha ngQ phap diu cho rang "ngQ nghia ciia chiing da cd sii thay d6'i ro ret, nhQng tQ cung loai kh6ng the phdng theo, cho nen la nhQng tQ chuye'n loai". Chang han khod trong khoa caa va mgt cdi khoa la hai tQ, nghien cOu trong nga phdp nghien citu va nghien ciCu nga phdp la mgt tQ. Cd mdt van de la dQa vao tieu chuan ngQ nghia ma phan dinh sti chuyen loai tQ loai v l n thie'u mdt tieu chi khach quan, vi tieu chuan ngQ nghia la mang tinh chu quan, thudng la mdi ngQdi c6 mgt quan diem khac nhau, each xC( 11 khac n h a u d6'i vdi nhQng tQ nay d cac tac gia khac nhau da cho tha'y va'n de. Tren thQc te, viec thay
Thtrap dung... 43 d5i ngQ nghia chi xay ra tren mgt
mQc do nha't dinh, ra't khd cd the phan tich ranh mach rd rang. Vi vay diia vao tieu chuan ngQ nghia ma phan dinh viec chuyen loai tQ loai la dieu khdng the. Xem xet tinh cha't ngQ phap cua nhQng tQ ke tren vln phai diia vao chQc nang cu phap cua chung, nhQng tQ nao cd the dat trQdc nd mgt tieu tQ bieu thi sdlQdng vat thi tQ do thugc hai pham trQ tQ loai, tQc la hai tQ, nhQ nhiing tQ khod, bien tap, thdng bdo, lanh dgo, v.v.;
ne'u ding trQdc nd khdng the cd tieu tQ bieu thi so' lugng vat ma cd the cd tieu tQ bieu thi sd' lUdng dgng tac va cd the dam nhiem thanh p h i n chii ngQ va bd' ngQ trong cau, thi tQ dd n i m d vi tri bien le cua pham tru danh tQ, nhQ nhQng tQ kiem tra, phdn tich, hgc tap, quang bd, v.v..
-H Danh tQ va tinh tQ
GiQa danh tQ va tinh tQ van ton tai van de ranh gidi khdng dQt khoat, the hien d cho, mgt tQ von la danh tQ, nhQng trong qua trinh sii dung lai cd dQdc d l y dii hoac bg phan nhQng dac trUng ngQ phap ctia tfnh tQ, chang han nhQ cac tQ khoa hgc, litudng, hien dgi, v.v.. Cdn cd mgt so' tQ tuy khong c6 dQdc dac trQng ngQ phap ciia tinh tQ nhQng van cd each dQng nhQ mgt tinh tQ trong cau. Thi du nhQ:
- Mon dn ndy rat Viet Nam.
- Cd dy trdng ra't dan ong.
- Ong dy r l t quan lieu.
Dot vdi nhQng tQ Viet Nam, ddn ong, quan lieu trong cac cau thi du tren, kh6ng ai cho rang chung da cd dugc nhQng dSc trQng ngQ phap cua tinh tQ, p h i n ldn deu cho d l y
la each sii dtang nang dgng cita tQ loai. NhQng ne'u dUdc sQ dung nhQ the mai mai thi se khong ai dam chic la chung khong the trd thanh nhQng tQ kiem loai.
Cdn mgt hien tQdng nQa, cd mgt so' tQ v6'n la tinh tQ nhUng trong qua trinh sii dung lai cd dUdc day dti hoac bg phan nhQng dac trQng ngQ phap ctia danh tQ, nhQ nguy hiem, hgnh phuc, khd khan, v.v..
Thi du: '
- Con dudng ddy nguy hiem.
- Cugc song trdn dly hanh phuc.
- TYen dUdng dinddd gap nhieu khd khan.
4. Ldfi k e t
TQ nhQng phan tich tren day chung ta tha'y pham tru cd ca'u true dien dang ngi tai, giQa cac thanh vien ciia pham tru khdng cd mgt thugc tinh chung, cac thanh vien dQdc lien he lai vdi nhau bang sQ gid'ng nhau ve gia tgc va lly dien dang lam tham chie'u. Hinh thQc the hien ben ngoai cua pham tru hoa thudng thdng qua tQ ngQ. Trong ngdn ngQ, tQ ngQ cung Qng vdi mgt pham tru n h i t dinh. Mdi tQ loai the hien mgt thugc tinh noi trgi ctia pham trQ. TQ loai thugc pham tru ngQ phap dQdc kie'n tao tren cd sd dac trQng dien dang. Ta't ca thanh vien ciia mgt tQ loai nao dd thdng thQdng kh6ng c6 chung mgt dac trQng phan bo' nao ma cac tQ loai khac khong cd, cho nen khdng the diia vao chQc nang ngQ phap ma quy mgt tQ nao dd khdng thugc loai nay thi thugc loai kia, nha't la dd'i vdi nhQng ngon ngQ ddn lap, phan tie't nhu tie'ng Han va tie'ng Viet.
44 Ngon ngOf so 10 nam 2009 Chang han nhu sti phan bd giQa
cac thanh vien trong ngi bg pham tru danh tQ la khdng ddng deu, cd sti chenh lech ra't ldn giQa cac ca the; va mdt sd' danh tQ ton tai sti giao thoa vdi cac tQ loai lien quan;
ve mat c i u true cu phap, ben canh viec the hien tinh cha't chung ctia tQ loai danh tQ, cac danh tQ cdn td ra tinh chat rieng ve ca the. Dd la sU the hien ve tinh tQdng tii ve gia tdc giQa cac thanh vien trong pham trQ tQ loai danh tQ. Nhd sti tQdng tti ve gia tdc, cac danh tQ dQdc lien he vdi nhau l l y cac danh tQ dien dang lam tham chie'u.
T A I LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Nguyen Tdi Cdn, NgQ phap tieng Viet, Nxb DHQG, H., 1998.
2. Trdn Vdn Cd, Ngdn ngQ hge tri nhan, A'':*:^ KHXH, H, 2007.
3. Dinh Vdn DUc, NgQ phap tie'ng Viet - tQ loai, Nxb DHQG, H., 2001.
4. Ly Toan Thang, Ngdn ngQ hgc tri nhan - tQ li thuye't dai cQdng de'n thtlc tien tie'ng Viet, Nxb KHXH, H, 2005.
5. mom±m, mmi<^m^m,it
tli^t^fxtUmi; (Hd Minh DUdng chu. bien, Khao sat van de tQ loai, Nxb Hgc vien ngon ngU Bac Kinh, 1996.
6. Mft^. iA^ni^tf^ffii&. -h
Khai luan ve ngdn ngQ hgc tri nhan, Nxb Giao due ngoai ngU ThUdng Hdi,
2001. ••,:. •, :K\
7. ^n, T^mmm^mmn^
t/f. mil\l^^-X'^-m±it1C; Ly Tdn, Di chuye'n chQc nang tQ loai - phan tfch tQ gdc do tri nhan, Lugn vdn thac si, TrUdng dgi hgc sUphgm TU Xuyen, 2007.
^m]\%, m^^M±x^^^i< 2004
^ 9 i ? ^ 4 # m 3 Sf3; {Luu Thuan, Nghien cQu ve danh tQ tieng Han tQ gdc do tri nhan. Tap san Dgi hoc lam nghiep Nam Kinh, Sd 3, quyen TV, thdng 9 ndm 2004).
9. ^«s#, nmi^m^'^ik^u tt, « i^m^t^mm), 1995Hf-m i
W\; {Vien Dii Ldm, Tfnh tQOng tQ ve gia tgc ciia pham tru tQ loai, T/c Khoa hgcXd hgi Trung Qudc, Sd 1, 1995).
10. MWM, T^m^mti^mmu
tt, it-MX^mmt, (Vien Du Ldm, Tinh tQdng tQ ve gia tgc cua pham tru tQ loai, Nxb Dgi hgc Bdc Kinh, 1998).
