HQI NGHI KHOA HQC T O A N Q U Q C V £ SINH THAI VA TAI NGUYEN SINH VAT L A N THQ- 5
DA DANG NGUON TAI NGUYEN CAY THUOC CUA DONG BAO DAN T O C TAI TINH GIA LAI
BUI VAN HU'OfNG. NGUYEN VAN DU", HA TUAN ANH, TRAN HUY THAI, T R A N MINH HOI Vien Sinh thdi vd Tdi ngiryen sinh vdi, Viin Hdn ldm Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam Viet Nam la nude cd nguon lai nguyen thien nhien da d?ing va phong phii. Trong dd, ngudn tai nguyen thyc val vd cimg da d^ng, chung cung cap cho ta khdng chi san phSm ve gd ma cdn cung cap cho ta ngudn tai nguyen lam san ngoai gd, trong dd cd ngudn tai nguyen cay thudc. Tir th6i xa xua, dng cha ta da biet each sir dyng cac loai thuc val tu nhien de lam thudc chua benh, Nhthig kinh nghi^rn quy bau ve each thirc six dung cay cd tu nhien lam thudc da dupe luu truyen vatt'ch luy qua nhieu the he. Day chinh la nguon tri Ihirc ban dia vd cung quy bau can khai thae, bao tdn va phat trien. Tuy nhien, mdi dia phuang, mdi dan tgc deu cd nhirng each chiJa trj rieng bi?t, nhirng kinh nghiem bi truyen cua hp it dugc pho bien, hp chi truyen lai cho mdt sd ngudi trong gia dinh khi qua ddi. Khu vuc Tay Nguyen, dac biet la tinh Gia Lai, nai cd ngudn lai nguyen thuc v^it kha phong phii vdi nhieu dan tpc sinh sdng nhu Kinh, Ba Na, Gia Rai... da tao nen s\r phong phii ve tri thirc sir dyng tai nguyen cay ihudc de chiia benh. Bai bao nay chiing ldi birdc dau dieu tra cay thudc ciia ddng bao dan ldc tai tinh Gia Lai de lam ca sd cho qua trinh khai thae va sir dung ngudn dugc lieu ciia tinh, ddng thdi bao tdn ngudn gen cay thudc, phai trien kinh te va bao v? sire khoe nhan dan Irong viing.
I. PHU'aNG PHAP NGHIEN ClTU
* Thgc v(d ddn tpc hgc: DiSu tra nghien ciiu tri thirc ban dia cac bai thudc va cay thudc tai tinh Gia Lai dupe tien hanh theo cac phuang phap nghien ciiu Ihuc vat dan tpc hpc ciia Gary J.
Martin (2002) bao gom:
- Thu th^p mau lieu ban va mau nguyen lieu cay thudc: Da thu thap dugc 725 mau tieu ban cua 145 loai thyc vat, ghi day dii cac thdng tin ve mau vao eliket Cac mau nguyen lieu da dupe xit ly Irvc tiep ngoai ihuc dia va bao quan can than.
- Thu thap thdng tin: Bang phuang phap PRA cd su tham gia ciia cdng ddng dan ban dia, phit phi^u dieu tra, tidn hanh phdng van cac dng lang, ba me, nhirng ngudi dan cd kinh nghipm
> ve siJ: dung cay thudc tai khu vuc nghien cuu.
*Xdc dinh ten klwa hgc: Xir Iy mSu val va phan Ioai mau dya Iren phuang phap hinh thai truyen thong, kel hgp vdi kinh nghiem ciia cac chuyen gia va mgt sd sach chuyen khao nhu: Cac bO Thyc vat chi Viel Nam; Cay cd Viet Nam (Pham Hoang Hd, 1999-2000); Tir diln cay thudc Vi?tNam (Vd Van Chi, 2011); Nhung cay thudc va vi thudc Viet Nam (Do Tal Lgi, 2005); Cay thuoc va dpng vat lam thudc d Viel Nam (Vien Dugc lieu, 2006); Danh luc cac loai thuc val ViflNam (2001,2003.2005),...
n. KET QUA NGHIEN ClTU
Cac kel qua nghien ciru da xac djnh dugc 145 loai cay thudc dugc ddng bao dan tpc tai hnh Gia Lai sir dung de chira cac loai benh khac nhau. Sau day la tinh da dang ve su phan bo 'rong cac taxon khac nhau, cac nhdm benh khac nhau, cac bp phan dugc sir dung... da dugc 'hong ke.
HQI NGHI KHOA HQC T O A N Q U O C V £ SINH T H A I V A TAI N G U Y £ N SINH V A T L A N THU 5 1. Da dang ve cac taxon
Su da dang cua thuc vat lam thuoc dugc thS hipn qua so lugng cac hp, cac chi va cac loai, Kdi qua dieu tra nghien cuu phan loai ban dau chiing tdi da xay dung dugc danh lyc cay thuoc vdi 145 loai dugc ddng bao dan tgc sir dyng chOa benh thugc 112 chi, 61 hg ciia 3 nganh thiiK vat la Polypodiophyta, Lycopodiophyta va Magnoliophyta. Ket qua thdng ke dugc the hi^niSf
bang I. J Bdngl
So luong taxon trong cac nganh thuc vat lam thuoc ^ M^'anh
Oifo-ng xi (Poiypodiopiiyta) Thong dat (Lycopodiophyta) NgQC lan (Magnoliophyta)
Tong
Hp Sd iu'9'ng
6 2 53 61
T * l ?
(%)
9.8 3,3 86,9 100
Chi S6 ItJQ'ng
6 1 105 112
Tyl?
6,3 0,9 93,8 100
Loii S6 luo'ng
6 2 137 145
Tyl{ 4,1 1.4 94,5 100 Qua bang I cho thay, phan ldn cac taxon tap trung chu yeu trong nganh Ngpc Ian (Magnoliophyta) vdi 53 hp, chiem 86,9%; 105 chi, chi6m 93,8% va 137 loai, chiem 94,5% sa' vdi tdng sd hp, chi, loai cay thudc da dieu tra. Tidp den la nganh Duang xi (Polypodiophyta) (K hp, chiem 9,8%; 6 chi, chiem 5,3% va 6 loai, chiem 4,1%. Nganh Thdng dai (Lycopodiophjlal chilm.ly le hp, chi loai thap nhai vdi 2 hg (chiem 3,3%), I chi (chiem 0,9%) va 2 loai (chj^
1,4%)). De thay ro han sy da dang cac taxon Ihyc v?tt, chiing toi tiln hanh phan tich sau hon ve
nganh Magnoliophyta va dugc the hien qua bang 2. I
So ItroTig taxon t r o n g nganh Ngoc lan ( M a g n o l i o p h y t a )
Wf
- Lop Hanh-IVlot la mam (Liliopsida) - Lap Ngpc lan-Hai ia mam (Magnoliopsida)
T^ng
Hp S6 lipp'ng
8 46 54
Tyl?
(%)
14,8 85,2 100
Chi S6 lirpng
16 89 105
T y l f (V.) 15,2 84,8 100
Loai '
i
S6 lu'p'ng
25 112 137
nm
18.2 j 81,8 100 Kel qua bang 2 cho tha>^ nganh Magnoliophyta cd 2 lap: Ldp Nggc lan (Magnoliopsida) chiem uu the vdi 46 hp, chiem 85,2%; 89 chi, chi6m 84,8%. va 112 loai, chidm 81,8%. Up Hanh (Liliopsida) chiem ty le thSjj vai 8 hp, chiSm 14,8%; 16 chi, chi6m 15,2%; 25 loai, chiem 18,2%. Cac hpcdsudadang ve sd loai cay thudc: Qua dieu tra nghien ciiu thong ke dupe 10 bp cd sd Ioai nhidu nhSt do la: Hg Thau dau (Euphorbiaceae) cd 12 loai; hp Ray (Araceae) c69 loai; hp Ca phe (Rubiaeeae) co 9 loai; hg Na (Annonaceae) cd 7 loai; hp Cam (Rutaceae) c6 7 loai; hg Girng (Zingiberaceae) cd 6 loai; hp Dau (Fabaceae) cd 5 loai; hp NgQ gia bi (Araliaceae) cd 4 loai; hp Bac ha (Lamiaceae) cd 4 loai va hp Bdng (Malvaceae) cd 4 loai.
2. Da dang ve dang song cua cac cay lam thuoc
Can cir vao nhQ-ng dau hieu thich nghi ciia timg loai thuc v?it de lam ca sd phan lo^i dliBJ sdng. K6t qua nghien ciru thu dugc cho thay nhdm cay byi vdi 62 Ioai, chlSm 42,8%; tiep denS nhom cay than thao vdi 31 loai, chidm 21,4%; nhdm cay day leo vdj 25 loai, chiSm 17^^
nhdm cay gd vdi 21 loai, chidm 14,5% vacudi ciing la nhdm cay than rl vdi 6 loai, chiem 4,lWj
HQI NGHI KHOA HQC T O A N Q U O C V £ SINH T H A I V A T A I NGUYEN SINH VAT L A N THiJ 5 3 Da dang ve tan so sir dung ciia cac bp ph|in khac nhau ciia cay thuoc
Cac bg ph^n khac nhau ciia mdt loai cay thuoc chira cac thanh phan hoa hpc khdng hoan toan giSng nhau, hiSu qua chCfa bpnh tuy thudc vao kinh nghiem sii dung cac bg phan ciia cay thuoc va su hieu biet ciia cac thay thuoc. Sir da dang ve tan sd sir dung cac bg phan ciia cay thu^ dugc thi hien qua bang 3.
Bdng 3 Su da dang cac bo phan cua cay thuoc dirge sir dung
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Bp phan su' dung Re Than
La Cacay
Vo Cii Qua
S6 Ioai Sd lifomg
51 33 25 25 16 15 2
Tyl#(%) 35,2 22,8 17,2 17,2 11 10.3
1,4
Ket qua bang 3 cho thay bd phan dugc ddng bao dan tpc sir dung nhiSu nhat la re vdi 51
\ohi, chilm 35,2% tdng sd loai; bp phan than sir dyng de chifa benh vdi 33 Ioai, chiem 22,8%i.
B? phan la va sir dyng ca cay dugc sii dung vdi ly le b^ng nhau (17,2%). Cac bp ph^n khac nhu:
Vd, cii, qua... cung dugc su dyng luy khdng nhieu nhung cdng dung ciia chimg cung vd ciing hi?u nghi?m.
4. Da d^ng ve cac nhdm benh dugc chira tri
Theo tai lieu Dd Tal Lgi, Vo Van Chi,... kinh nghiem y hpc cd truyen cho thay mdt cay cd the cd tac dyng vdi nhieu loai benh va ngugc Iai phai cd nhieu loai cay mdi cd the chiia dugc mOl benh. Qua dieu tra nghien ciru chimg ldi lam chia viec sir dyng cac cay Ihudc de chira benh theo cac nhdm benh nhu sau:
TT 1 2 3 4 6 6 7
e
9 10 11 12 13
S u dii dang \ e nhom benh ch Cac nhom b?nh
Benh ve rang Benh de day, dai trang
Benh ve xuong (gay xu'Ong, bong gan,..) Benh ve than idnh (bai liet, th4n i^inh...) Benh ve thgn (soi than. Ipi tieu. viem thgn ) B§nh ung thu' (cac loai u .)
B§nh ve gan (gan, da vang. ..) 0$ng vat c§n (sen.vit can, )
B§nh ngoai da (nhiem triing. lp ioet. mun nhot ) BOI bo sire l(hoe
Benh phu nu (de. da con. ) Benh ve tieu hoa (ta. ly, ngo dpc -.) Cac benh l(hac
ira t r j So lirpng
4 4 5 5 6 6 7 9 12 12 13 14 21
Ty lp (%) 2.8 2.8 3.4 3.4 4.1 4.1 4.8 6.2 8.3 8.3 9.0 9.7 14.5
HQl NGH] KHOA HQC T O A N Q U O C V E SINH T H A I V A TAJ N G U Y £ N SINH VAT L A N T H O ' 5
Ket qua bang 4 cho chiing la thay ty le cay thudc dugc ddng bao sir dung chfra trj nhom benh vetieu boa la nhieu nhat vdi 14 loai chiem 9,7%o; tiep den la nhdm benh phy nir vdi 13 lojjj chiem 9,0%. Cac benh ve ngoai da va ddng v^t cdn triing c5n co s6 loai \kn lugt la 12 loai chi^m 8,3% va 9 loai chi^m 6,2%i. Mpt so benh ve rang va d^ day ty lp su dung cay thuoc dl chiia trJU kha it.
IH. KET LUAN
Qua dieu tra nghien ciiu, budc dau da xac djnh dugc 145 loai thyc vat dugc sir dung lam thudc thupc 112 chi va 61 hp ciia 3 nganh thyc val bac cao cd mach dd la Ngpc ian (Magnoliophyta), Duang xi (Polypodiophyta), Thdng dat (Lycopodiophyta).
Nganh Nggc lan (Magnoliophyta) chiem uu thi vdi 53 hp, chiem 86,9%i; 105 chi, chiem 93,8% va 137 Ioai, chiem 94,5%i so vdi tdng sd hg, chi, loai cay thudc da dieu tra,
Ve dang song ciia cay thudc thi nhdm cay bui vdi 62 loai, chiem 42,8%i; tiep din la nhom cay than thao vdi 31 loai, chiem 21,4%»; nhom cay day leo vdi 25 loai, chiem 17,2%; nhdm cay gd vdi 21 loai, ciiiem 14,5%) va cudi ciing la nhdm cay than re vdi 6 loai, chiem 4,1% t6iigs6 loai cay thudc da dieu tra dugc.
Trong cac bp phan cOa cay thudc, re la bg phan duoc sir dyng nhieu nhat vdi 51 Ioai chiem 35,2%i; than vdi 33 Ioai chilm 22,8%i; la va ca cay dugc sii dyng vai ty le b5ng nhau la 17,2^0.
Cac bd phan khac nhu: Vd, cu, qua... luy dugc sir dyng nhung ty le khdng dang ke.
Cd 13 nhdm benh chii yeu dugc chifa trj bang cay thuoc ban dja vdi kiln thirc cua ddng bao dan tpc. Trong dd, nhdm benh vl lieu hoa la nhilu nhat vdi 14 loai chilm 9,7%; tilp din \k nhdm benh phy nir vdi 13 loai, chilm 9,0%i. Cac benh vl ngoai da va ddng vat con triing c5n c6 sd loai lan lugt la 12 Ioai, chilm 8,3%) va 9 loai, chiem 6,2%t. Mpt so benh vl rang va da diiy ty Ie su dung cay thudc de chiia tri la kha it.
L&i cdm an: De hodn Ihdnh bdi bdo ndy tgp the ldc gid xin girl ldi cam an t&i di lai "Diia tra nghien ci'ni cdc cdy thuoc dirge sir dung Irong cdc bdi thudc ddn tpc lgi Tdy Nguyen vd cdc bien phdp bdo tdn" (md sd: TN3/T10), Chirang trinh Tdy Nguyin, Viin Hdn ldm Khoa hgc vJ Co*7g nghe Viel Nam dd tgo dieu kien vd tdi trg kinh phi de thirc hiin.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Nguyen Tien Ban, 1997. Cim nang tra ciiu va nhan bilt cac hp thyc vat h?t kin d Vi?t Nam. NXB.
KHKT, Ha Npi.
2. Nguyen Tien Ban (Chii bien), 2003, 2005. Danh lyc cac loai Thuc vJit Via Nam. NXB. Nflng nghi?p, HaNpi,tapll, III.
3. Do Huy Bich, Bang Quang Chung, Bui XuSn Cbirang, Nguyen Thirpng Dong, Do Trung Dinii Pham Van Hiln, Vu Ngoc Lo, Pham Duy Mai, Pham Kim Man, Doan Thj Nhu, Nguyen T?p.
TrSn To^n, 2006 Cay thudc va dpng vat lam thuoc d Viet Nam. NXB. KHKT, Hi N^i, t^p I; 1138 trang; tap II: 1256 trang.
t. Vo Van Chi, 2012. Tir diln cay thuoc Viet Nam. NXB. Y hoc. Ha Ndi, tap 1,2.
5. Do Tat Lo-i, 2005. Nhirng cay thudc va vi thuoc Viet Nam. NXB. Y hpc, m Npi.
6. Gary J, Martin, 2002. Thyc vat dan tpc hpc. NXB. Ndng nghiep. Ha Npi.
HQl NGHI KHOA HQC T O A N Q U O C V £ SINH T H A I V A TAI NGUYEN SINH VAT LAN THLT 5 THE DIVERSITY OF MEDICINAL PLANT RESOURCES OF ETHNIC GROUPS
IN GIA LAl PROVINCE
BUI VAN HUONG, NGUYEN VAN DU, HA TUAN ANH, TRAN HUY THAI, TRAN MINH HOI SUMMARY
From the results of the investigation of plants used in value remedies of ethnic groups in Gia Lai province, 145 species belonging to 112 genera, 61 families of three divisions (Polypodiophyta, Lycopodiophyta. Magnoliophyta) were recorded. The largest division is the Magnoliophyta comprising 137 M)edes, accounting 94.5% of all species. The families with the largest number of species are:
Euphorbiaceae (12 species), Araceae (9 species), Rubiaeeae (9 species), Annonaceae (7 species), Rulaceae (7 species), Zingiberaceae (6 spedes). Fabaceae (5 species), Araliaceae (4 species), Lamiaceae (A species) and Malvaceae (4 species).
