NghiSn citu QuSc tisd 3 (90), 912012:175-188.
HOAT DQNG CITONG C H £ " H 6 A BINH"
CUA LIEN HgfP QU6C TRONG HAI MlTOl NAM QUA
TS. Nguyen Hdng Qudn*
Tdm tdt
Tii khi ra ddi Igc Iugng gin gOr hoa binh Lien Hgp QuSc (thdng 6/1948) cho t&i khi kit thue Chiin tranh tgnh (ndm 1991), Hpi ddng Bdo an Lien Hgp QuSc (HDBA LHQ) chi duy nhdt mpt ldn tiin hdnh hogt dpng cudng chi (iheo quy dinh tgi Chuang Vil, Hiin chuang LHQ), do Id chiin dieh gin gii? hda binh a Dai-ia (mpt quoc gia chdu Phi) tii thdng 7/1960 din thdng 6/1964. The nhung, trong vdng 20 ndm tra lgi day (tie 1992 din nay), HDBA dd sii dgng hinh thdc ndy nhieu hon, chiem t&i gdn 1/4 chien dich gin giit hoa binh, dien ra o hdu hit ede chdu luc.
Bdi viet ndy e6gdng lim hiiu nguyen nhdn hiin tugng ndy, nhiing khde biit ca bdn glUa hogt dgng gin giii hda binh truyen thdng vol hdnh dpng cuong che "hoa Hnh " do LHQ tien hdnh, qua do xem xet nhiing thdnh cdng cung nhu ht?n chi ciia hogt dpng ndy trong hai muai ndm qua.
Nguyen nhan HIBA LHQ co xu hirdng tien hanh nhieu hon cac hoat d$ng cirdng che *'h6a binb^'
Hien tupng nay C(^nhieu nguyen nhan, tuy nhien cd the neu Ien mpt sd nguyen nhdn chu >?u sau:
* Ph6 Vian trucmg, Vien Chilnliigrc Qu6c phdng, Bd Quoc ph6ng. NhOng dSnh giS, quan dilm neu trong bii la cOa rai6i vi€t, khdng phan inh quan dilm cua ca quan noi tSc gii cdng tdc. \
9/2012 \ 175
Cdc vin di Qudc ti Thu nhdt Id nhi^u chi^n djch gin gi& hda binh truydn thong ho$c gin gi& hda binh md rdng dp LHQ ti^n hdnh khdng du khi ning giii quy^t nhthig cu^c xung ddt phurc tgp, nh^t Ii khi chien djch dd chiia d^mg nhiSu nii ro.
Thu hai Id theo nguyfin tfic tdn trpng chu quy^n qu6c gia, LHQ phdi d^t dirpc s\r d6ng thugn trudc khi ra quydt djnh ib chiic m^t chi^
djch gin gio hda blnh. Nhung th§t khd cd the dgt dupc dong thugn giOa chinh phii dang chm quy^n vdi cic "d6i tupng" khic nhau \xon% m^t qu6c gia, nhat li d nhihig "nhi nudc th4t hgi";' trong khi dd, cic hoat ddng "cuSng ch^" khdng dx\ dkn s\r "dong thu$n" cua qudc gia noi s8 dien ra chien djch quin sp' cudng chk.
Thd ba Id LHQ khdng the hpi du c|uan so, phuong ti?n can thiet va ngan sich d^ cimg liic tri^n khai nhieu chien djch ghi giit hda binh tren cic chau l\ic, ddi phd vdi nguy co xung dpt cd kha ning dan toi nhung thim kjch ldn lan rpng. Trong khi dd, mdt sd nudc ho$c td chiic khu vyc dd nghi dupc "nhan danh LHQ" de giii quyet mot so cupc xung dpt, thudng la xay ra d dja bin inh hucmg truyen thong, ho$c khu vuc cd y
' Theo Quy Hoa binh, mdt trong nh(hig diu hi^u "nhd nir6c diSt b9i" \k: (i) Chinh ^^
mil quyen kilm sofit ISnh th6, mit ddc qu>ln sir d^ng vt 1 ^ m$t cdch chfnh ddng, khdng cdn khd ndng ra quylt djnh t^p thi hay cung img cdc djch vy cdng; (ii) Din chQng chu ylu trdng c$y vdo thj trufmg chg den, khdng <J6ng thul hodc tham gia vdo cdc hofl ddng bAt tudn phdp lu$t quy m6 Idn; (iii) Qu6c gia bj budc phdi han chl m^t phin chii quyln nhu bj c&m v$n chlnh trj, kinh tl, bj dp ddt vdng cam bay hodc phii chip nh^n s^ cd mdt cua qudn ddi nudc ngodi tr£n l&nh tho cua minh. Qup Hoa binh xip 60 nudc vdo danh sdch cdc nudc cd nguy c o bit dn, chu thdnh ba nhdm tiiy theo mue dd, trong dd cd 20 nudc thudc nhdm "n^ifim trgng'' nh;:: Bd biln Ngd, Cdng hda Ddn chii Cdng-gd, Xu-ddng, !-rdc. Xd-ma-li, Xi-€-ra Lfi-dn, Sdt, v.v...
' Cdc thdnh vifin LHQ thirdng ddng gdp ch|m, khdng day dQ cho QuJ ho^t ddng gin giii hda blnh, n£n LHQ khdng ddm bdo kjp thdi chi pfai cho cdc chiln djch gin gift hda blnh dang diln ra. LHQ phdi mil khd nhilu thdi gian (It nhit Id ba thdng) mdi t6 chtic dugc mdt chiln djch gin gill hda blnh.
1 7 6 9/2612
Nghlln ciru Quic tiso 3 (90)
nghTa chien luge quan trpng d6i v6i mOt nu6c \dn, hojc t6 chiic khu vyc dd. Khong it tnrimg hgp, c4c nudc 16n nhin nh$n c4c vu xung dOt nOi bg qu6c gia nhu m$t hien tuQng dang "de dga an ninh quoc t^". Mgt so nu6c Ion con cho rdng nhDng cuOc xung d$t n$i b$ quoc gia d^ng cham d^n lgi ich cua ho, nen thiic glue cdc nu6c trong khu v\ic img hg phdn ihig cua LHQ. Trong tnrdng hgp ay, HDBA giao nhi^m vy cirSng che h6a binh cho Itrc lirgng khu vtrc ho$c lire lirgng da quoc gia, do mgt nuac dimg diu. D6 U nhihig ho^t dgng cudng che do Phdp chi huy 6 Ru-an- da, Bd bi^n Ngd; do Nga ldnh d^o d Gru-di-a (trudc ndm 2007); do My cdm dau d Xo-ma-li, Nam Tu, Hai-i-ti; hodc do 6-xtray-li-a ddm nhi?m d Dong Ti-mo...
Chinh vi nhung ly do trdn, hdnh dgng cudng chS (c6 tiSn le tir chiSn dich gm giirhoa binh d Dai-ia (1960-1964)), c6 chi6u hudng dugc sijr dung vdi tdn suit ldn hon trong hai muoi nam qua, ke tu nam 1992 tdi nay.
Sir khac biet giira ho^t dgng gin giir hoa binh xen lan hanh dgng cu-frng che va cic chien djCh gin gii^ hda binh truyen thong
TTiif nhdt, lire Ifcmg thtre hito cuong chi Id dgi quan chiSn ddu, nhieu khi dugc trang 111 vii khi tien cdng hien dai, hong khi do, luc Iugng gm gia hda binh chi qioc trang bj vu khi du miic tu ve khi cdn thijt, khong phai Id dgi quan ihiin ddu.
ChiSn dich gm giuhda binh tniyin thdng chi dugc td chile khi cdc ben xung dot do ky d u t Thda thudn ngimg bdn, dong thudn cho luc Iugng cua LHQ vdo giah sdt thirc hien ngimg bin; viec ky ket dugc Thda thudn nhdm dam bdian todn cho cdc luc Iugng cua LHQ; ngudi chi huy chiin dich do Tdng Thu ky LHQ chi dinh va dugc cdc nudc ldn trong HDBA thong qua; Hnh phi hoat dgng do LHQ chi trd theo hgp
Cic van di Quoc ti d6ng ky vdi cdc qu6c gia ddng gdp nhdn Itrc, l^y tir khodn ddng gdp ciia cdc thdnh viin LHQ.
Trong khi dd, ho(it d$ng cudng chi tnin khai ngay sau khi cd nghj quyit ciia HDBA md khdng c4n cdc ben xung dOt ngimg bdn, ciuig khdng chd cdc bdn lidn quan ding y, vl thi, khdng cd d u ^ cam kit bdo ddm an todn cho binh sT. Ngudi chi huy thudng do nudc chu tri chiin djch dd ddm nhi$m md khdng cin qua Ting Thu ky LHQ phd chuin, chi phi cho cdc boat d$ng ndy chii yiu do cdc nudc tu nguydn tham gia gdp qudn ddm nhi^m.
Trong nhihig hdnh d$ng cudng chi, LHQ chi gidn tiip kidm sodt, khdng thi chi dao chiin djch nhu cdc chiin djch gin giit hda binh h^yin thong khde. Ngugc l?i, luc lirgng hodc quoc gia dugc giao trdch nhidm ldnh d?o chien djch "cudng chi" cd vai trd ldn, Uvc tiep chi d?o mgi diln tiin cua chiin djch gin giii hda blnh, dua ra quyit dinh chinh trj va qudn su cho chiin djch theo hudng cd lgi nhit cho hg. Virdc diiu hdnh Itrc Iugng da quoc gia thudng Id nhihig quoc gia cd sire m^nh chinh trj, qudn su, tdi chinh, ddm bdo phdn ldn qudn so, trang bj, chi phi cua luc luong cudng chi. Quan ii)\ nudc diiu hdnh chiin djch cuteg chi ldm ndng cit, trong khi dd, luc Iugng qudn ddi cdc nude tham gia tu nguydn chju su chi huy ciia ngudi dirng dau luc Iugng cudng chi.
77iM- tiai. trong ho^t dgng cudng chd ndy, ••ai trd cua cic Id chdc khu vuc nhdt la NATO, dugc tdng cudng.
Cdc t i chiic khu vuc bj Idi kdo, Igi dynj ldm bmh phong di bao vdy, cd ldp, gdy siic dp, cuii cimg Id l$t di chlrti quyen d nhihig quic gia khdng dugc ldng My. Mp dd Igi dyng Lidn minh chdu Phi (AU) di cd l|p Li-bi, tranh thii H$i ding Hgp tdc Vimg Vjnli (GCC) de gdy sire dp vdi mgt so nudc Vimg Vjnh.
178 9/2012
NghiSn citu Qudc tisd 3 (90)
Vai trd cua lidn minh quin sp NATO dupc ting cudng. HDBA da cho ph6p NATO tham gia hinh dpng cu&ng ch^ d cic khu v\rc khic nhau tren thd gidi: l§p Lgc Iugng dn djnh (SFOR) t^i Bd-xni-a vi Crd-a-ti-a vdi 60 ngin qufin, bao gbm 20 ngin qufin My cimg cic dan vi quan dOi ciia 12 nu6c khdng thu^c NATO, frong dd cd Nga vi to chuc l\rc Iupng da qu6c gia 6 C6-xd-vd (KFOR). Di^u ding chd y Ii hinh dpng cda NATO da virptra ngoii ph^m vi bi6n gidi cic nudc thinh vi6n, trd thinh cdng cu trong tdy mpt s6 nudc Idn d^ th\rc hi^n chien lupc cua hp. Bi$n phip "cudng chi" d Nam Tu k6o theo nguy ca md rdng chi^n tranh, t^o vd bpc hpp phip cho nhihig toan tinh den toi cia cic the Ipc mim toan ip dit ;^ dh cua minhcho cic dan tpc khic.
Thd ba, hinh dpng cudng che cua LHQ liic dau cdn gidi han d vifc ehong lai hanh dpig xam phgjn hda binh, an ninh thd gidi, chdng xim lupc. Ve sau, vipe tu dung vu luc nhu th^ dupc md rpng sang cic linh vuc khic nhu: "canlhiep nhan dao" (d Bd-xni-a - Hec-xe-gd-vi-na, Xd- ma-Ii); bio ve luc lu^g gin gitt hda binh LHQ (\uc lupng UNPROFOR) d Nam Tu;^ khdi phuc chinh phu hpp phip do dan biu ra (d Hai-i-ti);^ tri diia hanh ddng tan cdig vio l\rc lupng gin giu hda binh LHQ d Xd-ma-!i (UNOSOM 2);* hoic ik "bio ve thudng dan" a Ru-an-da,^ d Cdng hda Dan chii Cdng-gd, ....Dudi danh nghTa "bio vd thudng dan", cic hinh dpng cudng che do HfflA tien hanh gay nen nhihig h? I\iy ddi vdi quan ' Cdc ngh! quylt HDBA sd 7^, 787, 816,836,908, 1031, 1088, 1174, 1244,1247.
•* Nghi quylt HDBA s6 940 (B94), cho ph6p 20 ngdn qudn My vdo Hai-i-ti dl dua ong Aristide trd lai c^m quyln. \
' Nghi quyet HDBA s6 794 (893), cho ph^p I^c Iugng UNOSOM 2 sir dyng vfl li;c, tiln cong quan ndi ddy. \
' Nghj quylt HDBA s6 929 ©94), cho ph^p Phdp t6 chiic l^rc Iugng da qu6c gia Turquoise \
' HDBA cho phdp Phdp chi hu^l^c lirgng phdn img nhanh qu6c tl g6m 20 nu6c, tic thdng6 dinthdng 9/2003.
CicvindiQuicli
hi quic ti, can thi^p vdo cdng vi^c n$i b$ ciia mdt quic gia cd chii quyin; khuyin khich cdc luc Iugng dii l$p - dudi danh nghia bdo vd sdc t$c, tdn gido - gia tdng cdc hdnh ddng ching dii chinh quyin hgp phdp, giy bit in chlnh trj, thjm chi ly khai, tdc d(ng khdng tit din xu Uii phdt triin ciia khdng It nudc, nhit Id nhOng nudc tiim in nguy co mit in djnh chinh trj cao. Gin ddy nhit Id h-ong cu$c chiin d Li-bi ndm 2011, rd rdng NATO dd lgi dting vd thay dii myc dich Nghj quyit 1973 (2011) cda HDBA LHQ. Nghj quyit khdng cho phdp thay dii che ii) cua Li-bi, nhtmg vide M^ tuydn bi nhd Idnh d^o Li-bi Ga-da-phi "phdi ra di" cho thiy My vd cdc ding minh khdng don thuin chi din Li-bi di ndm bom.Hdnh dgng tan edng Li-bi t^o tien Id nguy hiim cho vide cd thi tin cdng cdc quic gia md cdc nhd Idnh d^o cdc quic gia dd khdng thdn thidn vdi My vd phuang Tdy.
Nhihig hdnh dOng dd dd bj lgi dyng di phyc vy myc dich chinh trj, gay nhiiu thi^t h^i cho ddn thudng.' HDBA cdn cho phdp tiin hdnh cudng chi di chuin bj mdi trudng an todn cho ho^t dgng ciia luc Iugng gin gift hda binh (d Cgng hda Trung Phi,' EWng Ti-mo,'" Li-bd-ri-a,"
c i t Di-voa,'^ Bu-run-di," Hai-i-ti...).'''
' Du4i danh nghla "bio v{" dta IhirtmE vd Ihsrc thi Nghi quyit 1973 (2011) cda HDBA, LiCn quin do NATO c i n diu d9 tiin hinh hing tram cu(c klAng kich d Li-bi, lim hiig tram dSn thirimg chit vd bi thirong, buOc hon 746 nghln njuiri phdi riri kh6i Li-bi, 58 nghln ngufri mit nhd cda, h ^ g nghln ngirdri bj kft tai cdc khi vyc bi£n gidi.
' N g h j quyet HDBA s i 1155 (1998), cho phtp sd dyng yd lie mjng 11 ngiy a C^ng hin Trung Phi.
'° Nghi quyil HDBA s i 1264 (1999), cho phip think ldp lyc luvng da qu6c gia INTERFET do 6-xtrty-li-a chl huy, d i bdo v i phii b«UNAMET, h5 try hojl djng cung cip vi^n y y nhdn dao, tdi lip hda blnh.
" N g h i quyit HDBA s i 1497 (2003) cho phip Hoa KJ »4n khai lyc luyng da quic gia.
" N g h i quyil HDBA s i 1528 (2004), Ihdnh lip lyc luynj UNOCI.
" Nghi quyit HDBA s i 1545 (2004), cho phip Ihinh l i | lyc luyng ONUB.
" Nghi quyit HDBA s i 1542 (2004), cho phip lip lyc l^jng NONUSTAH.
1 8 0 9/2012
NghiSn curu Qudc tisd 3 (90)
Thanh cdng cua cic hoyt d^ng cirdng chl
Hai mucfi nSm qua, cfic chien djch gin gid h6a binh xen lEn hiinh dpng cudng che cua LHQ d3 dgt du<?c m^t so thAnh c6ng nh^t djnh nhir sau:
Thd nhdt, g6p phAn ngin ch$n, h ^ che h$u qui cugc nOi chiln giiia cdc cpng 46ng t6n gido, sfic tpc nhu 6 X6-ma-li, Ru-an-da, Hai-i-ti, Cpng hoa Dan chii C6ng-g6, Bu-run-di, Lien bang Nam Tu. Trong dieu ki$n het sijrc khdkhan, nguy hilm, LHQ da g6p p h ^ dgt dupc nhthig gi^
phdp nhSm on diuh tinh hinh, thong qua vi^c vgn d$ng cdc ben ximg dpt ky mpt so hi?p dfch ngimg ban vk tudc bd vu khi cde ben xung dpt nhir dam bdo r6t quSm jpi Nam Tu kh6i Cr6-a-ti-a, bdo v$ ede "vimg do LHQ bdo ve", trao trd 4iyen I^e cho chinh quyen Cro-a-ti-a tai cdc vCmg do qudn dpi nu6c naj kilm sodt. LHQ dS ngdn khong de mdu cua dan thirong tiep tuc do \rong cupc xung tpc ton gido, khong de xung dpt 6 Nam Tu bien tlianH"cupc chien Ban-cdng" (voi nguy ca 16i cuon mot loat nuac ldng gieng c6 quan he huyet thong vdi cdc nh6m sac tpc va cpng dong ton gido l^i Nam Tu tham gia), gop phan bdo ve hoa binh trong khu vuc.
Thd hai, tham gk cdc hogt dpng curu trg nhan dao, giup hang trdm ngan dan tha huang, b bao vay ngay tren chinh manh dat ciia minh tgi Nam Tu, X6-ma-li, Rvan-da, Dong Ti-mo, B6 bien Ngd, v.v... tranh dupc tham cdnh doi, retlidng trdm ngan nguoi ti nan khac duac tra vl va tai dinh cutren que huoig; ph6i hop vai cdc to chiic khu vuc, t6 chuc qu6c tl (EU, OSCE, UNflCR...) van chuyen va phan phdt hang cuu trg nhan dgo.
Thu ba, gop phdn id rpng vai tro LHQ trong vi?c bdo v | ddn thudng, ngan chan phdn bit doi xu, vi pham nhan quyen, ngan khong de
Cic vin di Quic li tdi diin nhOng vy tdn sdt tdp thi. Trong </ nghia dd, LHQ dd gdp phdn tao ra cuOc sing ydn blnh cho hdng trdm ngdn ddn thudng d Xd-ma-li, Ru- an-da, Bu-run-di hay t^i Nam Tu. T?i Crd-a-ti-a, Nhdm ho trg cdnh sdt dan su (UNPSG) dd gidm sdt vide thuc hi^n quyin con ngudi dii vdi nhOng ngudi hii hucmg. T?i Bd-xni-a - Hdc-xd-gd-vi-na, Phdi b$ gin gia hda blnh UNMIBH dd ddm bdo thuc hidn quyin ciia ngudi ddn thu^c mgi sdc tdc khde nhau. Luc Iugng "cudng chi hda blnh" LHQ cdn tham gia truy tim nhimg kd bj coi Id tgi phym chidn tranh, trg giup IJp Tda dn xdt xir tdi dc chiin tranh d Nam Tu, Ru-an-da.
Thit tu, ngodi vide tu vin hodc true tidp t i chile cdt cugc biu cir di xay dtmg chinh quyin mdi d Nam Tu, Ddng Ti-mo, lire Iugng gm gift hda binh LHQ cung ldm cdng tdc thdng tin, tuydn truyin vi hda hgp, hda gidi ddn t^c d Hai-i-ti; gido dye nhdn ddn ve tdc hai vdedeh thirc tlido gO min cdn sdt 1^ sau ximg dgt; trvc tiep rd phd bom, min d Nam Tu.
Han che cua ho^t d$ng gin giir hda binh icn lan hdnh dyng cirdng che ciia LHQ
ThU nhdt. ik thuc hi^n cudng chi, lyc ItnTng thyc thi thirdng sd dyng vu khi tiin cdng, nen hg ddnh mit llnh vo Iw, khich quan cda LHQ, bidn LHQ thdnh mgt bdn xung d^t, can thier vdo cdng vide ngi bp cdc nudc. Ddy Id diem yeu chi tu cua ho^t d^ng 'cudng chi hda binh".
Hon nChi, day khdng phdi Id gidi phdp cho cugc xmg dgt. Tiic tliay diiu dd lyi dien ra d Nam Tu, Xd-ma-li, Li-bi. E>o dc, hdnh dgng cudng chi dd idm thuc d^y tinh than dan tgc, t^o ndn ldn smg ehong dii manh mS ciia nhan ddn dja phucmg, thfim chi lyc Iugng (i cudng chi bj cdc phe nlidm dja phucmg tien cdng. T^ Xd-ma-li, hdnhdgng vd luc Iugng cudng che bj nhdn ddn Xo-ma-li Idn dn, coi day Id "cm nghia thuc ddn" LHQ.
Vige luc Iugng gin gitt hda blnh LHQ tji XS-ma-li (UNOSOM 2) si dyng vfl luc dd ty ddt minh vdo tinh thi nguy hiim. Mgt si nhdm - ddc
182
Nghien cmi Qudc tisd 3 (90)
bi?t Id nh6m qufin ciia tudng Mohained Farah Aidid - phdn cdng. Khi 23 linh Pa-ki-xtan bj qufin cua Aidid gilt thdng 6/1993, UNOSOM 2 khdng cdn gift dupc sv vo tu, d$t myc tifiu Id phdi tieu di?t bfing dugc thii llnh Aidid. Dilu d6 dfi thay doi vai trd UNOSOM 2 tir l^c Iugng gin gia hda binh trung Igp thanh l\rc Iupng chiln dau, d$t UNOSOM 2 vdo tinh thi rat toi t?. My dfi chuyen m\ic tieu ban dfiu Id ho trg phdn ph6i hdng cim, trg nhfin dgo sang huy tira tudng Aidid. Kit eye Id qudn My g$p phdi nhOng hilm hga Idn khi tiln hdnh chiln djch qudn s\r d cdc viing ndng thdn, not hda lyc M? khdng phdt huy dugc tdc d\ing. Thdng 10/1993, 18 Iinh My bi quii Aidid gilt. Hinh dnh xdc h'nh Mp bi ngudi dan dia phuang k^o le tiSn dudng pho lam cho du lugn My vd cdc nudc khde phdn doi kich lig vai trd cua My d Xo-ma-li. T6ng thing My Clin-tcm tuyen bo tfing qifin My trong thanh p h ^ UNOSOM 2, nhung thdng 3/1994, My phai mt tat cfi Ivrc Iugng My vl nudc. Nhung hogt dpng cuong che ciia lirctugng da qudc gia d Hai-i-ti vd Bd-xni-a cung bi anh hudng khi Tdng tl^ng My Clin-tan xem xet Iai vi?c gdp quan My vdo cdc chien dich gin ^ hda binh, dac biet Id nhihig hogt dpng cd nhieu nii ro. Th\rc te. My ph^ngimg dd quan vd cd van vao Hai-i-ti, nai My dugc HDBA liy nhiem giiJj^ Hai-i-ti lap Igi chinh phu ddn chu, vi ngudi dan d Port-au-Prince (thu di Hai-i-ti) dpa se tao ra "mpt Xd-ma-li khde". L\rc Iupng thirc hien vai trt cuong che bpc 16 nhieu yeu kem, tham chi sa lay, thi?t hai smh mgng bWi sT, bdi luc luong cuong che khdng he ky kfit thda thudn vdi cac betixung dpt, khdng dam bao an toan cho nhdn vien gin giu: hda binh LHQ.Hogt dpng cudng che bien thanh cupc chien giira cdc l\rc Iugng do My laih dgo (d X6-ma-Ii) vd Phdp chi huy (d Ru-an-da) vdi cdc lire Iugng dang )big dot tai dia phuang. Tgi Nam Tu, ngudi Xec- bi bdt cdc linh mii ndi xaWi, tfin cdng lire Iugng gin giii hda binh LHQ.
Thd hai, tuy cudnache giup ngan chdn kip thdi mdt sd cuOc tan sdt, khdi phuc chinh quya hpp hiln, nhung hanh dOng cudng chl ciing cd thi tgo ra tinh trgng baiSn, "khdng cd hda binh de gin gift" (no peace
CicvindiQuicli
to keep) ldm cho khung hodng d nhthig noi dd kdo ddi. Chin ndm sau ngdy LHQ oan thiip, Ru-an-da mdi chim dirt dugc cu0c xung dOt (thdng 9/2003). Ndi chiin d Xd-ma-li ti* diu thdp kj- 90 cua thi ky 20, din din can thijp cda l\rc Iugng da quic gia vd l\rc Iugng gin giO hda blnh LHQ, nhung cuOc xung d^t phe phdi chl chim diit vdo thdng 8/2004. Chlnh quyin hgp hiin d Hai-i-ti dugc khdi phyc ndm 1994 do hdnh dOng cudng chi ciia LHQ, nhtmg sau dd dit nudc 14m vdo tinh tr?ng bit i n djnh, khung hodng. Ting thing J. Aristide phdi bd ch?y khdi dit nudc ndm 2004. Ndm 2010, tinh hlnh dit nudc ndy mdi trd 1^
blnh thudng. Cd-xd-vd tdch khdi Xdc-bi-a vd tuydn bi trd thdnh m0t quic gia dgc ldp tir ngdy 17/2/2008, nhung chinh sy kiin ndy dd kich dgng, khuyen khich ly khai tfi khdng it khu vuc trdn thi gidi. Bdn c ^ dd, xuit hi^n nguy co can thi^p tir bdn ngodi vdo cugc xung dgt hodc cd thi luc Iugng qudn dgi nudc ngodi dihig ve mdt ben xung dgt nhu d C$ng hda Dan chii Cdng-gd.
TTitr ba, bidn phdp "cudng chi hda binh" nhie> khi kdo theo tgm dgng nhdn quyen. Bdn canh hdnh dgng cirdng chi cua lyc Iugng gin gift hda binh, cdc bdng ddng tgi ph^m, budn bdn vfl khi nhit Id vu kiii nho, thira c o tdng cudng hoft dgng, Idm cho mgt s i khu lyc toi vdo tinh trang bit i n . . . gdy nhiiu dau khi cho thudng ddn. Bidn phdp cudng che con t$o vd bgc hgp phdp, che ddy dm muu cua cdc the lyc muon dp ddt y do ciia minh cho cdc dan tgc khde. Cdc cugc trimg ih^t, c i m v$n kinh te, thdm chi phdt dgng chien tranh d I-rdc, d Nam Tu.. Idm hdng chyc ngan dan thudng thi^t myng, hdng trdm ngdn ngudi g i i phy nir, trd em chit vi ddi dn vd khdng dugc chdm sdc y ti.
Thti tu, can thi^p qudn su ldm thay dii cdn <dn so sdnh lyc Iugng, Idm mil cin bing chlnh Irj. Nghj quydt cila HBB/ LHQ ddi khi chi di hgp thirc hda cdc ho^t d$ng cirdng chi md mgt s i quic gia muin thyc Men, th?m chi dang tiin hdnh, dudi danh nghia luc lutng gui gio hda bmh.
184 9/2012
NghiSn citu QuSc tisS 3 (90)
Chi^n dich gin gift hda binh vfi can thi?p qufin s^ d Nam Tu cu6i cung dfi lam thay doi so sdnh ly:c Iugng Nga - My, ldm m^t cfin bdng chinh trj d khu v\rc. Thong qua hoat dOng gin gift hda binh xen iSn hdnh dpng cudng chl dudi danh nghia LHQ, cdc nudc ldn thyc hipn chiln luge quoc te ciia hp, kilm chl nhau. Vi thi, vdo nhftng ndm 1990, Nga m4t dan dnh hrdng d Nam Tu, Gru-di-a vfi chdu Phi. Nga phe phdn cu$c khdng kich Nan Tu ciia My va NATO Id "vi pham nghiem trpng Hien chirong Lien Hpp Quoc", Id "hdnh vi xdm lupc ehong mpt qudc gia cd chii quyen". Ngi ung hp cdc lyc Iugng X6c-bi-a, lo nggi chinh quyen Nam Tu syp do (6 lam gifim dnh hudng ciia Nga d Ban-cfing. Nhung the vd lire ciia Nga sau khi Lien Xd tan rfi khdng cho ph6p Nga hanh dOng mgnh m6 hon. T B ^ chi, Nga nhugng bp My, ddng y de My nem bom sdn bay Sarajevo, Wam Tu (thdng 2/1994), Li-bi (nfim 2011) vd de khdng b} mdt vai trd tront mpi tinh huong cd the xdy ra, Nga dang dieu chinh chinh sdch nhat dji^ trudc khd ndng My Igp Igi kich ban Li-bi tgi Xi-ri.
Hai mucri ndm qua,Nga, Trung Qudc mat ddn dnh hudng chinh tri, lgi ich kinh tl tai Tnmg Ddng - Bfic Phi, nhdt la sau hanh dpng cudng che ciia HDBA tai Li-bi idm 2011. Trong khi dd. My vd ddng minh cua My dfi cung cd, md rpng vi tri vfi finh hudng chinh tri, kinh te cua hp d Ban- cfing, Trung A, chdu Ihi, Trung My, Ddng Nam A - Thdi Binh Ducmg.
My ggt Nga, gat EU ladi Ban-cdng - mot khu vuc nfim giua EU vfi khu vuc dnh hudng ciia NgL noi My cd rdt it dnh hudng sau Chiln tranh thi gidi thu hai. Thdng 3/w94, My bdc bd yeu cdu ciia HDBA cdn tang 8.500 bmh sT gin gift hci binh LHQ tai Nam Tu, vi liic nay My phdi dua qufin din gidi quylt cudikhung hoang d Hai-i-ti, khu vyc "sdn sau" cua My; nlu chfip nhdn tang ^dn tgi Nam Tu, nhieu khd ndng sd qudn ndy se do EU va Nga ddng gdp. My se khdng chi phdi dugc tien trien ciia chien dich. Khi cd lgi thi, My i^dn gidi quylt vdn dl Nam Tu bfing sue mgnh
CicvindiQuicli
qudn su, thao tiing HDBA thdng qua m^t lo^t bidn phdp true tiip ching Crd-a-ti-a vd ndm bom vdo qudn Xdc-bi-a, Idm cho cu^c xung dgt them dai ding vd khic Hit. My ra siic thyc hidn chii nghla bd quyin, giuong chidu bdi "nhdn quyin cao han chu quyln", dimg biin phdp "ddnh ddn phii diu", bit chip chii quyin cdc quic gia khde. Cdc iiy vidn thudng tryc khde ciia HDBA, vi lgi Ich cia hg, dd thda hiip vdi My, khong cdng khai phdn dii My. Thdm chl ngay cd khi HDBA khdng nliit m'. thi My cflng phdt Id LHQ, dem phucmg phdt d$ng chiin U-anh ching A|>-ga-ni-xtan (ndm 2001), ching I-rdc (ndm 2003) vd khdng lo^i Uir "qua mdt" HDBA di xii ly cdc cudc khiing hodng khde trdn the gidi.Trong ho?t ddng d Nam Tu, Phdp tliidn vi ing hi ngudi Xdc-bi.
IChi bdt dau tiin hdnh ho^t dgng gin gilt hda binli, Phdp gitt vai trd hdng diu trong tiin trinh ra quyit djnh gidi quyit xung ddt tiip xic vdi cdc nudc cd dnh hudng, nhat Id vdi Nhdm Tiip xuc dure thanh ldp tlidng 4/1994 theo sdng kien cua Phdp (gim My, Phdp, Nga, E)iic, Anh). Phdp dp dyng bidn phdp m^h: triin khai lyc Iugng phdn ung nhanh tai Bd- xni-a di tiin hdnh cudng chi, chdn dimg cdc vy tin cdng binh linh LHQ, bdo vd ddn thudng, gdp phin budc Xdc-bi-a phdi kj Hiep dinh hda binh Sdy-ron (Dayton) thdng 12/1995.
Cugc tien cdng qudn sy vdo Cd-xd-vd vdi ly do "bdo v? nhan quyin" Idm cho Trung Quic lo ng?i t?o tlidnh tiii li nguy hiem, vi ngi tri Trung Quoc cd van di tucmg tu nhu d Cd-xd-/d. Tnmg Quic coi sy kidn Cd-xd-vd Id cdng vi?c nOi bO cia mOt quic jia cd chi quyin. Trong khi HDBA muin kdo ddi thdi h?n ho?t dgng cia Phdi bg gin giO hda binh LHQ (UNPREDEP) t?i Ma-xd-dd-ni-a di njdn chdn tdc dgng xiu tir tinh hlnh Cd-xd-vd, thi Trung Quic l?i phu qiyit, vi khdng muin tiip tyc ddng gdp nguin lye cua minh di bdo vd hdzbinh d mdt nudc cd quan hd ngoiii giao vdi Dai Loan.
186 9/2013
Nghiln civ Quic lisi 3 (90)
Thii ndm, mdt si nghj quyit cia HDBA LHQ vi nhi$m vy cua lye Iugng gin giiT hda binh xen lin hdnh ddng cudng chi thiiu tinh hidn thyc.
HDBA rat tham vgng khi giao nhidm vy cho lyc Iugng gin giii hda blnh, nhimg tren thuc ti lai khdng cung cip di nhdn lyc, vdt lyc, thdm chi mdt si nudc ldn thiiu quyit tdm thyc hien nghj quyit cia HDBA. Cdc chiin djch t^i Nam Tu, t^i Xd-ma-li cho thiy mdt si quic gia khdng muon ddng gdp nhdn lyc cho cdc hoat dgng cudng chi. Cd quic gia khi thay nhan vidn gin gii hda binh bj tan cdng, vgi rit lyc Iugng cia minh v.v..., do dd, ke ho^chdi ra ban ddu cia LHQ khdng thyc hidn dugc.
Thay cho tri kit
Nhm lai haimuoi ndm qua, de ddng nhdn ra xu hudng LHQ ngdy cdng tiin hdnh nlSiu hon cdc hoat dgng cudng chi theo Chuong VII, Hidn chuomg LH() khi cdc ho?t ddng gin giir hda binh huydn thing khdng mang lai ketqua mong mudn. Hdnh dgng ndy cd thd mang lai mdt si kit qua ban ddu, ihimg dd lai hau qud ldu dai, ldm thay ddi cdn can so sdnh luc Iugng giira idc nudc ldn.
Mdt didu dangthu y la mdt so td chic khu vuc ngdy cdng bj lgi dung di gay sue dp, A lap. Mgt si nudc thdnh vidn, dudi vd bgc Id thuc hien Chuong VIII, Hin chuang LHQ trong gidi quyit cdc vin dd khu vuc theo su didu klliiltiia mdt si nudc \da. Ddc bidt, NATO ngdy cang md rdng tim hoat ddn\ ra ngodi bidn gidi cdc qudc gia thdnh vidn, trd thdnh cdng cu di thycWdn hdnh ddng cudng chi nhdn danh LHQ, di thuc hidn su chi dao ciaMy hodc cdc ding minh dugc "uy quyin".
Nhimg han chi ciahoat ddng "cudng che hda binh" neu tren ddng dugc quan tam, can nhdokhi Vigt Nam chuin bj va tham gia boat dgng gin gitt hda binh LHQ trig thdi gian sdp tdi, dd thuc hidn frach nhiem thdnh vien LHQ, vita dam^o Viet Nam la ban cia tdt cd cdc nudc, phi
CicvindiQuicli
hgp vdi Igi Ich cua dit nudc. Bdn canh dd, hit sue chi y tdng cudng su gdn kit vd vai trd chi diio cia ASEAN trong vide gidi quyit cdc vin di khu vyc, khdng di ASEAN bj mOt si nudc ldn thao ting, trd thdnh "vd bgc" hgp phdp cho nhflng toan tinh tit bdn ngodi./.TAI LI$V THAM KHAO
1. Ly Vdn Anh, "Nhtmg thyc tiln mdi trong an ninh tdp thi hidn nay;
Gidi thieh Chuong VII Hiin chuong Lidn Hgp Quic", T?p chi Nghien citu Quic te si 3 (58), 9/2004, tr.28-29.
2. Nguyen Quic Himg - Nguyen Hing Quan, LiSn Hgp Qudc vd Life Iugng gin giii hda binh Lien Hgp Qudc, Nlld xudt ban Chinh tri Quic gia, Hd Ngi, 2008.
3. Organisation des Nations Unies, 50 arts de maintien de lapaix (1948-
;99»), New York, 1999.
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