D A N S 6 VA N H A & VIET NAM - K E T QUA VA CHlNH SACH
ANH HUdNG CUA DO TH| HOA D I N SINH KE
C U A NCLf6l D A I M V E N B O
Sau han 20 ndm thUc hien doi mdi kinh te, nU&c ta dd ccf bdn thodt khdi ngU&ng ngbeo vd trd thdnh nUdc c6 thu nhgp trung binh, dong thcfi dUcfc ghi nhdn Id nUdc co toe Sd phdt trien kinh te nhanh, on dinh. Cung v&i t6c dp phdt triin kinh te, qud trinh cdng nghiip hda, do thj hda cung dien ra nhanh chong. Theo ddnh gid cua Ngdn hdng The gidi (WB), Viet Nam Id nUdc cd toe dd dd thj hda nhanh nhdt Dong Nam A, v&i toe do tdng 3,4%/ndm.
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d t h i t h I y , tdc dp d d thj h o i nhanh d l true t i l p gdp phan c h u y i n djch cd cau kinh t l theo hudng g i l m d i n t y trpng g i l trj ndng, l i m , thuy s i n trong t d n g thu nhap qudc d i n va tang dan ty trpng d e n g l n h cdng nghiep, x l y dUng, djeh vu; hinh thanh tren dja b i n ndng t h d n nhOng khu edng nghigp, khu e h i xuat c l e trung t i m dich vu, ele khu dd thj mdi...da n i n g g i l trj sU dung eua d I t dai, tao n h i l u n g l n h nghe va viec l i m mdi, nang cao gia trj lao ddng, tao mdi trudng Ung dung rpng r l l khoa hpc, cdng nghe...; kich thich va tao ca hdi di eon ngudi nang ddng, sang tao hOn trong t i m kiem v l Ida ehpn ele phupng thUe, hinh thUe t d chUe s i n x u l t , kinh doanh, vuon len l i m giau chinh d i n g . Tuy nhien, tdc d d d d thj hda nhanh cung k l o theo n h i l u he luy n h u d i n sd dd thj t i n g nhanh, mang ludi giao t h d n g chUa d i p Ung kjp nhu e l u van e h u y i n , l i n g phi trong viee sU dung dat, lam g i l m dign tich d I t ndng nghiep va I n h hUdng tdi sinh k l ben vUng eCia ngudi dan vung ven dd sau d d thj hda. Dae biet la viec bo t r i e h u y i n ddi nghe nghiep va hd t r p sinh ke cho ngudi ndng d i n sau khi bj thu hdi d I t . B i n canh do, nhUng van d l ve bdi t h u d n g va
den bli dat ehua thda d i n g , ho trp viee lam chua kjp thdi cho ngudi d i n bj thu hdi dat phuc vu d d thj hda, edng nghigp hda dang I I mpt trong nhUng van di cap b i c h , ddi hdi p h i i cd nhUng chinh sach hpp ly, eu the va kjp thdi hon, n h I m d i p Ung ygu d u x l y d u n g ndng t h d n mdi, hien dai v l tdc dp d d thj hda ngay e i n g t i n g cao.
Kit q u i tU eude khIo sat "Anh hudng cCia qua trinh dd thj hda tdi sinh k l eua ngudi dan ven dd" d Viet Nam trong 10 nam gan d l y (2003-2013) do Trung t i m Du bao kinh t l - xa hdi qudc gia (Bd K l hoach v l 0 l u tU) thUe hien, da cho t h I y bUe tranh toan d n h eua q u i trinh dd thj hda tdi eude sdng eua ngUdi d i n vung ven dd sau khi bj thu hdi d I t . TU do cd nhUng d l xuat va d i l u chinh hpp ly cac chinh sleh de ho trp kjp thdi eho ngudi dan dn djnh cupc sdng sau khi bj thu hdi d I t . Thay doi ddt & vd ddt canh tdc euahd
Theo k i t q u i d i l u tra, t r o n g sd d e hd da tUng bj thu hdi dat, ed 78% sd hd bj t h u hdi dat hoan t o l n va p h i i e h u y i n ddi noi d bat d i u lai cudc sdng va t i m k l sinh nhai. NhUng hd chua bj t h u hdi dat h o l n t o l n t l l p tuc duy tri s i n xuat ndng nghigp t r l n dien tich dat canh t i e cdn lai, ddng t h d i lam
t h e m cac cdng viec khIe de sinh k l h o l e chuyen ddi han sang n g h i khac ( k h o i n g 60%). CIc k i t q u i n l y cung t u o n g d d n g vdi d c p h I t hien trudc d d trong nude v l tren t h i gidi ve I n h hudng eua d d thj hda tdi t h u hep dat s i n x u l t ndng nghigp va thay ddi noi d, k h i l n cho k l sinh nhai cCia ngUdi d i n p h i i thay ddi theo.
K i t q u i cCia eude k h I o sit eung eho thay ele hd dan bj thu hdi dat sau khi nhan tien d i n bu d i u sUdung de x l y dtmg nha cda ddng thdi d i n h mdt p h l n eho t i l t kiem va dau t i ^ 87% sd hd sUdung t i l n d i n bu de x l y eat n h i ciia, 43,3% sii dung de mua s i m vat dung gia dmh, 29,3% dau tU cho con d i hpe hanh, 19,4% gurt t i l t kiem va khoang 1 B% sUdung de I n tieu hang ngly. Chi cd k h o i n g 2% hd sd dung mdt p h l n tien den bii de dau tU eho hoat ddng ndng nghiep trong khi cd den hem 17% hd dau t u c h o hoat ddng budn ban, djeh vu. NhU vly, do thj hda phan nao da ed t i e ddng tich cUc. Tuy d c hd p h i i bat d i u lai cupc sdng v l s i n xuat nhtmg rd rang vdi sd tien d i n bu ed dupe, mdt ty le hd dan nhat djnh cd d i l u kign de t i l t kiem hole dau t u eho tuang lai - dieu ma trudc d l y hp khdng cd dupe. Tuy vly, mat t r i i eua v l n de la cd trong tay sd t i l n d i n bu Idn, khdng it ngudi d i n
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D A N S 6 V A N H A Cf VIET NAM - K^T Q u A v A C H I N H S A C H
da sa v I o d c t l nan xa hdi n h u cd bac, nghien ngap...
Thay d6i vi nghi nghiip Ca cau n g h i nghiep da ed sU b i l n ddi trong vdng 10 n l m t r d lai d l y do n h i l u ngUdi d i n da chuyen n g h i . Thuc trang c h u y i n n g h i eCia ngudi dan theo xu hudng ehung la chuyen tU linh vue ndng nghiep sang ITnh vuc djch vu v l cdng nghigp. Tai thdi diem k h I o s i t , k h o i n g 30% ngudi dai dien hd ed n g h i nghigp ehinh la budn ban, dieh vu, 24% I I edng nhan, s i n x u l t tieu thu edng nghiep, 18% lam s i n xuat ndng nghiep v l hon 10% lam can bd Nha nude.
Mac du e l e dja phUdng deu ed chinh sach d i o tao cho ngudi d i n dudi I n h hudng eua d d thj hda, song ngUdi d i n van chua tan dung dupc h i t CO hdi di cd thu nhap t d t hon va dn djnh hon. Ly do chinh I I vdn n h i n Ipc ei!ia ngUdi d i n cdn
ehua eao vdi trgn 80% dUdi trinh dp cao d i n g . Hien viee dao tao n g h i chua dua tren nhu d u eua ngudi lao ddng ciing n h u ehua can eU vao nhu eau eua ngUdi sU dung lao ddng. Vl vay, nhieu lao ddng d dja phuong khdng cd eo hdi duoc nhan v I o l i m viec d d c khu edng nghigp, khu e h i xuat nhU da thda thuan giUa ehinh quyen dja phuong va d c khu cdng nghiep do khdng duoc dao tao k i l n thUc, nghe nghiep, ky n i n g phd hpp. D i l u nay dan tdi t h U e t l l a n g U d i t a o d d n g b j m a t d l t , vUa khdng cd viee lam lai khdng ed edng eu lao ddng (dat ndng nghigp) ngn khdng the tao thu nhap dam bao eude sdng. Mae khae, tudi cung la mdt rao d n ddi vdi ngUdi lao ddng khi e h u y i n ddi nghe nghiep do dp nhanh nhay g i l m , k h i n i n g t i l p t h u ky nang, k i l n thUc mdi cham. Khd khan ehu y l u x l y ra ddi vdi lao ddng tudi trung nien t r d len.
Thay doi ve thu nhdp D d t h i hda m d t mat lam thu hep dien tich dat san xuat ndng nghiep eua hd, mat khac g d p phan day manh e l e hoat ddng eung cap djch vu, budn b i n trong dja ban va giiip hinh t h i n h va phat trien d c hoat d d n g phi ndng nghiep mdi. Trong vdng 10 nam, d c ngudn thu nhap eua hd d l ed su thay ddi dang k l . Dac biet, ngudn thu tU cac hoat d d n g ndng nghiep nhU trdng liia, hoa mau va c h i n nudi cda hp d l g i l m manh. Trong khi dd, t h u nhap tU luong, t r p e l p va hoat ddng budn ban, dich vu lai tang manh.
Cu t h i , trong 10 nam qua, da ed 35% sd hd ed t h u nhap tang them tU hoat ddng budn b i n djeh vu.
tuong t u 18% hd tU hoat ddng san xuat t i i u thCi cdng nghiep, 62% hd t U t i e n luong, t i l n edng v l 20% tU hoat ddng lam thug. Hai nghe ehii y l u x u l t hien mdi trong t h d i gian gan day la n g h i t i i u thu edng v l lam thug. Cd the thay, su c h u y i n ddi nghe nghiep trong bdi d n h dd thj hda la tat y l u va qua trinh dd mang lai n h i l u d i l m tieh eUc hon ddi vdi thu nhap ciia cae hd dan.
Tuy v l y , t y trpng nhdng nghe nay trong tong thu cdn chUa ldn.
Von xd bdi
Trong vdng 10 nam, mUc dp tham gia cCia ddi tUpng k h I o sat v I o d c hoat ddng van hda l i n g , x l , hdi hpp vdi lang xdm, ho h l n g h l u nhu khdng thay ddi (trgn 60%). Cac hoat ddng nhU hpp t d d i n phd, hpp doan the da tang len d i n g k l trong vdng 10 n l m (40%). NhU vay, dd thj hda da lam sinh hoat eua nhdng ngudi d i n trude day d khu vuc ndng thdn nay ehuyin thanh khu ven d d da ed nhUng thay ddi d i n g k l trong d e hoat ddng edng ddng.
Mac dii sdng d nhUng vung dd thj hda nhung quan he l i n g xdm d i e trung eua ngUdi dan ndng t h d n van cdn kha b i n chat. Mdi quan he vdi ngUdi eung lang, xa van I I mdi quan he ehu y l u dupe duy tri (75%). Chi ed k h o i n g 10% ngUdi t r i Idi van tiep tuc duy tri mdi quan he vdi ban quen trong sinh hoat v l n hda, the thao. Day cung chinh I I ly do ma khi gap khd khan hay cd viec gi Idn, ele hd n g o l i viee n h d cay gia dmh npi, ngoai (57% v l 62%) thi hp t h u d n g nhd cay hang xdm lang g i l n g (42%).
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4tl^ NGHIEN CCrU - TRAO D 6 I
Ben canh viee duy tri ele ngudn vdn xa hdi vdn ed, ngudi d i n d ele dja ban dieu tra eung dupe hudng Ipi tU qua trinh dd thj hda do he thdng d c djch vu dd thj eung t r d nen san cd hon. Tuy nhien, vdi t y ie d i n sd dd thi tang nhanh nhU hien nay, viec tiep can ele djeh vu do thj nhU g i l o due, y t e . . . cung dang t r d t h i n h van d l khd ddi vdi ele n h i quan ly. Ve phia ngudi d i n , chi t r i eho d c djch vu n l y d khu vUc ven dd v l dd thj khi q u i t i i djch vu cung la mdt b l i t o l n nan g i l i .
Cd t h i ndi, bUc tranh ehung cua do thi hda da ed t i c ddng kha tich cue ddi vdi k l sinh nhai cda ngUdi dan. Ve cd ban, chuyen doi n g h i nghiep cCia ngUdi d i n dang dien b i l n theo hUdng tich cUc, tUc la tU khu vUc ed n i n g s u i t thap (ndng nghiep) sang khu vUc ed n i n g s u i t cao hon (phi ndng) dan tdi thu nhap tU c l e ngudn thu phi ndng nghiep cung tang dang ke trong nhUng nam gan d l y . Trong khi do, vdn x l hdi t r u y i n thdng ei!ia ngUdi d i n van duac duy tri v l ed p h l n t i n g thgm. Duy ehi ed vdn nhan Ipe van eon la mdt v l n d l nan g i l i khdng chi ddi vdi mdi hd gia dinh m l cdn ddi vdi c l cac dja phuong va t o l n xa hdi.
Di n i n g cao chat lupng cudc sdng cua ngUdi d i n ven do n h I m dn djnh sinh ke eho ngUdi dan sau q u i trinh dd thi hda can ed nhUng chinh saeh hpp ly va thieh hpp n h u
ThU n h l t , nang eao hieu q u i eua chinh sleh q u i n ly d d thi. Cle chinh sleh tU e l p qudc gia, d p tinh, huygn d i u d n p h i i ed sU nhat q u i n v l ddng bd, ddng thdi, d n p h i i tinh d i n hieu q u i thUe thi v l tinh thuc tien hop ly hon de dat dugc hieu q u i cao nhat trong bdi d n h dd thj hda hign nay d Viet Nam.
ThU hai, ehinh sleh dao tao v l giai q u y l t viee l i m d n dua trgn nhu d u thUe t l eua ngudi dan va yeu e l u eCia thj trudng de dat duge hieu qua cao v l h c ^ ly.
ThUba, can dUa trgn dac d i l m d d thj hda eua tUng tinh d l hoach djnh d c ehinh sleh d i m bao sinh k l cho ngudi dan sau d d t h j hda.
ThU tu, c l e dja phuong can cd chinh sleh giao due v l d i o tao hop ly d l ngUdi d i n d khu vuc nay ed t h i n i n g eao dUpc trinh dp eua b i n t h i n , n l m bat dupe nhOng co hdi tU q u i trinh do thj hda cOng nhU qua trinh p h I t trien eua dja phuong mang lai. Chinh sleh g i l o due va dao tao ngoai viec dUa tren djnh hudng phat t r i l n ehung eua Nha nude can dUa tren nhu d u p h I t t r i l n eua dja phuong, ngudi lao ddng, doanh nghiep, xa hdi di di ra nhUng g i l i phap thich hpp n h I m dat hieu q u i eao trong giao due. ThUc hign d e chinh sleh giao due v l dao tao hpp ly ngoai viec mang lai lai ich cua dja phuong cdn gdp p h l n vao viec thUe hien vige x l hdi hda g i l o due va dap Ung nhu e l u dao tao theo nhu e l u xa hdi m l Nha nude ta dang thuc h i l n . / .
Cac quan dien
Co n h i e u each h i e u c u n g n h i f d i n h n g h i a khac n h a u v e t h d n g ke hoc, t i f u t r u n g lai co h a i each h i e u t h d n g d u n g ve t h o n g k e , thCr n h a t d t f n g i d n t h d n g ke la viec t h u t h a p va t d n g harp s d l i e u , t h i ^ hai d u o c h i e u la h e t h d n g cac phUcAig p h a p de n g h i e n ciiTu ( t h u t h a p , t d n g h o p , p h a n tich) s d l i ^ u cac h i e n t i f d n g t i / n h i S n , k y t h u S t , k i n h t e , xa h o i .
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et theo ddng Ijch sd, tU thdi c h i l m hOu nd le, phong k i l n d c ghi c h i p thdng k l , tinh t o l n da ra ddi va p h I t t r i l n . Nam 1660, H. Conhrinh (1606- 1681) nha kinh t l hpe ngUdi DUc da g i l n g day phuong p h I p nghign cUu hien tuong x l hdi dua vao sd ligu d i l u tra cu t h i . T i e p h i m ed tinh c h i t p h l n tieh thdng kg dau tien ra ddi, cudn "Sd hpc chinh trj" cCia W. Petty (1623- 1687) dupe menh danh I I ngudi sang l i p ra mdn Thdng ke hpe. N l m 1759 g i l o sU ngUdi DUc G. Achenwan (1719- 1772} lan dau tien dung danh tU"Statistic" tU mdt t h u l t ngd gdc Latinh "Status" nghTa I I n h i nUdc h o l e trang t h i i , hien tUdng - sau nay ngudi ta djch 11 thdng k l di chi phuong p h I p ndi trgn v l quan niem do la mdn hpc so s i n h , p h l n tich cac sd lieu thu thap v l mpi mat cCia cac nude khae nhau. CCing vdi su ra ddi va phat t r i l n cua ly t h u y l t x l e s u i t va t h d n g ke t o l n d nUa d i u t h i ky 19, viec Ung dung eCia nd d l m d ra bUdc phat t r i l n manin me eCia khoa hpc t h d n g kg. Dac biet cting vdi su p h I t trien cua ky nguygn cdng nghe t h d n g tin, viec Ung dung cle p h l n m I m t i n h toan, phan m e m thdng ke chuyen dung da lam eho khoa hpc t h d n g ke p h I t t r i l n manh me trong nghien cUu ly iuan v l trong Ung dung thUc tien.Cd n h i l u each h i l u cung n h u djnh nghTa khIc nhau v l thdng kg hpe, tUu trung lai cd hai d e h h i l u thdng dung v l thdng ke, thU n h l t don g i l n thdng k l la v i l e thu thap v l tdng hpp sd lieu, thUhai dUpc hieu la he thdng d c phUdng p h I p de nghien cUu (thu t h I p , t d n g hop, phan tich) sd lieu d c hien tupng t u nhien, ky thuat, kinh t l , x l hdi. DUdi gdc dp phan n g l n h eijng cd hai quan ^ I m chd y l u , t h d nhat thdng ke la mdt phan nganh eua kinh te hpe, thude khoa hpc x l hdi; thU hai thdng kg la mdt phan n g l n h cOa t o l n hpc, thude khoa hpe tU nhign. Mdi quan d i l m n i u tren d i u dua tren co sd thuc t l va ly l u i n khIc nhau.
Quan d i l m thdng kg la mdt p h l n ciia khoa hpc xa hdi dpa trgn qua trinh hinh thanh v l p h I t t r i l n ciia hoat ddng thdng ke g i n lien vdi d c hoat ddng kinh te xa hpi eCia eon ngudi. Quan diem nay phd bien d d c n h i thdng ke Nga,
