Tgp chi Ddn tpc Imc so 2 - 2020
"PHU QUY SINH LE NGHIA": SINH KE VA BIEN DOI VAN HOA CUA NGU^Oa KHO-ME 6 HUYEN TRA CU, TINH TRA VINH
P G S . T S . Ngd Thi Phirffng L a n Trirong Dai hoc K h o a hoc X a hoi va N h a n v a n Dai hgc Qudc gia TP. H 6 Chi M i n h
Tom tdt: Dua trin nghien ciru tgi huyin Trd Cu (tinh Trd Vinh), bdi viit trinh bdy nhicng ddng thdi thay ddi trong thuc hdnh vdn hda cua ngudi Kha-me (Khmer) khi ddi song lanh ti cua ddng bdo khdng cdn dan thudn dica vdo hogt ddng ndng nghiep md Id mdt bice tranh sinh ke m&i da dang, tgo ra ngudn thu nhap cao han trudc. Su tdng cudng ngudn tiin mat do cdc hogt dpng muu sinh mang lgi da tdc ddng den nhimg thuc hdnh tdn gido, tin ngudng (Phgt gido, thdNeakta...), td chuc cdc su Men vdn hda, le hpi v&i quy md ldn hem vd chi phi ciing nhieu hem so vdi trudc day. Bdn chdt cua ddng thdi ndy la su hda trdn giica tinh hpp ly. long ngudng md tdn gido, vd ddp img nhu cdu hic&ng thu vdn hda cua cdc cd nhdn.
Tir khoa: Phii quy sinh li nghia, ngu&i Kha-me, sinh ke, bien ddi vdn hda.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 4/2/2020; ngdy gici phdn bien: 28/2/2020; ngdy duyet ddng: 17/4/2020
Gioi thieu
Kha-me la tgc ngudi cd ddi sdng van hda gan lien vdi Phat giao Nam tong. Da cd nhieu cdng trinh nghien ciiu ve tinh dpc dao ciia tde ngudi nay tren cac khia canh kinh te, van hda va xa hpi, trong do cd nhiing cdng trinh nghien ciiu ve ddng thai bien chuyen ddi song kinh te ciia ngudi Kho-me dudi tac ddng cua cac yeu td chinh sach phat trien. Nghien cmi ciia chiing tdi tap trung tim hieu mdi quan he giira bien ddi kinh te va ddi sdng van hda cua dong bao. Co nhieu nguyen nhan dan den bien doi van boa. Theo ly thuyet duy vat van hoa (cultural materialism), kinh t l (cy t h i la sinh k l ) la ylu td quan trpng cua bien ddi van hoa; song bien ddi van hda cua mdt tdc ngudi khdng hoan toan la he qua tryc tiep sy bien ddi kinh te, co thi do nhilu ylu td tac ddng cdng hudng vdi nhau. Trong qua trinh khao sat, chung tdi nhan dien da chieu, xem xet cac biln ddi van hoa nhu he qua ciia su thay ddi sinh ke tir gdc dp ngudi trong cudc. Tir kit qua nghien cuu cho thay, vdi su gia tang ve thu nhap, dac biet la sy xuat hien cua ddng tiln mat co dupe tii' da dang sinh ke, cac thuc hanh van hda cua ngudi Kha-me da biln d l i theo chiiu hudng tang ve quy md va chi phi. Ban chat ciia dpng thai nay la sy hda ttdn giira tinh hgp ly, Idng ngudng mp va dap iing nhu can hudng thy van hda ciia cac ca nhan.
40 NgdThlFhlSJ&i^
Be CO dii lieu nghien cim, ben canh eae nguin tai lieu thii elp, chiing loi *«<; hi?"
da tai cgng dong va sir dung eac cong cu ehinh la phong vin sau va quan sal tham du tai on xa eua huyen Tra Cu (Nggc Bien, Tan Hiep, Long Hiep va Dai An), tinh Tra Vinh. Cugc khao sat dugc tiln hanh tit thang 6 din thang 7 nam 2016 va cac dgt bo sung dit heu ttong nam 2017. Ngoai cac cgng ding dugc khao sat, chiing toi con sir dung phirong phap nghien cuu da dilm (multi-sites) vcri nhimg nhom ngucri Kha-me a huyen Tra Cu dr chuyen den Thanh phi H6 Chi Minh hay tinh Binh Duang dl muu smh.
1. Biin doi sinh Itl ciia ngu-M Khc-me tai huyen Tra Cii
Tra Cii la noi tap hung dong nguai Kha-me cua tinh Tii Vinli (chiem 67% toan huyen, nam 2015). Bay la huyen viing xa, cu dan sinh sing chii ylu blng nong nghiep, ttong do lira va bap la eac cay tring chilm nhilu dien tich eanh tac. Nggc Bien, Tan Hiep va Long Hiep nam trong nhom cac xa san xuit lira diln hinh; Nggc Bien va Long Hiep con thugc cac xa trong bap nhieu eiia huyen. Ngoai lua va bip, nguai dan con trong khoai lang, khoai mon, khoai mi; cac loai rau, dau (dau phong, dau xanh, dau den); eac loai cay cong nghiep nhu mia, dira, dilu; cac loai cay an qua nil bat voi eam, quyt, chanh, buoi, xoai, nhan, chuoi va mgt so cay khac.
Tan dung cac manh dit nong nghiep khong thuan Igi eho trong ttgt, nguoi dan chan nuoi nhilu loai gia site, nhit la bo va heo; trau khong duge nuoi nhilu nhu truoc vi khong con la siic keo (do khau lam dit da dugc eg giai hoa manh me), ehii yen nuoi de lay thit Bo va heo duge nuoi deu o tat ea cac xa va thi tran, voi sg dau eon len den han 33.000 moi loai;
trong do Nggc Bien la xa nuoi nhilu bo nhat huyen voi 3.229 con. Be co them nguon thirc pham va gop pham tang thu nhap eho gia dinh, nguoi Kha-me nuoi them ga, chii yen thii trong vuon nha. Do cu ttu tren eac giong cao, thuang bi thieu nuoe nen nguai Kho-me khong nuoi vit - loai gia eiim can nhieu nuoc. Trong bon xa khao sat, Dai An la xa c6 dien tich mat nuoc nuoi trong thiiy san thuge Igai kha trong huyen, dugc ngu'di dan tan dung de nuoi tom, cua va ea nuoc Ig. Nguoi dan a thi tran Dinh An eon cai tao ao va nguon nuac de nuoi ca 16c.
Tuy nong nghiep hien van la nganh nghi chinh ciia da so ngu'cri Kha-me, song kinh te eiia dong bao dang co nhirng buac ehuyen lan trong boi canh phat trien kinh te ehung eiia Viet Nam. Thj truang dii tao dilu kien cho cac hoat dgng trong trgt, chan nuoi, thu cong nghiep eua nguoi Kha-me tro nen phong phii va da dang han; hi do dat ra yen clu phai md rgng san xuit, diu tu vin, img dung khoa hgc cong nghe va tham gia chuoi gia tri san xuit.
Hien nay, nguoi Kha-me khong dirng lai a viee san xuit de dap iing nhu can luong thuc va dl dting eho rieng gia dinh, hg hang, than tgc, ma da chii y den nhu cau ciia thj truang, Nguoi tieu dimg da bilt nhilu din cae san phim do ngucii Kha-me tao ra. Them vao do, nhu clu tieu dimg Ion ciia thi truong eung ma ra co hgi de nguai Kha-me mo rgng pham vi mua ban, trao dli cac san phim nong nghiep, thii cong nghiep vugt qua giai han cua .su tieu thu
Tgp chi Ddn lpc lipc s62 - 2020
han hep ttudc day. Tinh canh ttanh cua thi trudng hang hda gdp phan quan trpng ttong thay dli each thirc san xuit cua ngudi ndng dan ngudi Kha-me. Su gia tang tir mdt vu liia trudc day thanh ba vu va cac giong lua da dang khac nhau hien nay gdp phan md rdng hoat ddng tring trpt ciia hp ttong suot mdt nam; lam giam bdt thdi gian ndng nhan va giup ding bao nang cao thu nhap tir viec ttdng liia.
Sinh ke truyen thong trudc day ciia ngudi Kho-me vimg ddng bang sdng Ciru Long gan lien vdi boat ddng san xuat ndng nghiep va chan nudi gia sue, gia cam ttong pham vi phum sdc. Hien nay, dudi tae ddng cua kinh te thi ttudng eiing nhu nhiing khd khan phat sinh trong cugc song d ndng thdn da lam cho ngudi Kho-me chap nhan di ra khdi pham vi khong gian van hda truyen thdng cua cdng ddng nham tim kiem nhung phuong thiic sinh ke mdi tai cac viing dd thi; ttong khi mdt sd ngudi nang ddng trudc bdi canh xa hdi, hg tu tao ra nhiing loai hinh sinh ke mdi mdt each linh boat ngay tai dia phuong ma hp dang sinh song.
Ben canh do, sy ndi len manh me nhiing nganh cdng nghiep tai Viet Nam eiing sy xuat hien cac co sd san xuat cong nghiep tai dia phuong da dan den nhihig thay ddi ldn trong cac boat ddng kinh te cua ngudi Kho-me (Pham Van Son, 2014; Huynh Thi Hdng Nuong, 2011). Sy phat trien cua cac nganh cdng nghiep da tao ra mdt thi trudng viec lam da dang, khien nhieu ngudi Kha-me tham gia vao thi trudng lao dgng nay tai nhiiag thanh phd va tinh thanh ldn de tranh tinh ttang that nghiep. Ngay tai huyen Tra Cu, hai nha may san xuat giay da My Phong va Phudc Hung da thu hut rat nhieu lao ddng nii' lam cdng nhan. Trd thanh cdng nhan lam cdng an luong la mdt trong nhiing hudng phat trien kinh te cua ngudi Kha-me hien nay.
2. Tang trirdng Idnh te - nen tang cho su' gia tang cac thyc hanh van hoa Kinh te tuy cdn nhieu khd khan song rdiin chung, ddi sdng ciia ngudi Kha-me hien nay da CO nhiing cai thien dang ke. Bilu hien ro nhit la sy da dang nguon thu nhap tao ra bang tien mat ngay cang nhieu ban so vdi trudc. Dilu nay cho phep ngudi Klio-me cd the thda man cac nhu cau cua cudc sdng hien dai vl tien nghi sinh boat va cham soc ddi song ngay cang tot ban, dac biet ve giao due va y tl; tao kha nang dau tu cho cac thyc hanh van hda von dl gan vdi ddi sdng Phat giao Nam tdng Kha-me ngay cang thiet thyc va phat ttien ve quy mo. Dieu dd the hien ro qua thyc hanh Phat giao, tin ngudng thd Neakta, cac le hdi va thudng thuc am nhac.
Mac dil Phat giao Nam tong chi phdi ldn din ddi sdng tinh than ciia ngudi Kha-me Nam Bd nhung viee di viing chiia ciing cd nhilu biln dli, vi nd phu thupc vao cdng viec muu sinh va thdi gian thu xip cua cac hp gia dinh. Ngbi thiic ciing dudng cho chu tang bang tiln (tinh tai) va cac loai hinh phim vat ngay cang cd chiiu hudng gia tang, khi nhung ngudi thanh nien Kha-me khdng din chiia thudng xuyen. Da xuat hien xu hudng phan cdng lao dgng va phan cdng ttach nhiem tdn giao bing viec di viing chua trong nhieu gia dinh: ngirdi
42 AfedJ5L£*?H«i^
tre moi lo di lam viec de eo chi phi, nguai gia thay mat cho gia dinh mang pbSm ^ ' chua ciing ducmg. Co thi noi frong giai doan hien nay cae loai hmh sinh ke van daig dgng rat Ion din hoat dgng ton giao ciia nguai Kha-me. Tuy nhien, nguai Klio-m''™" "I"™
niem ring, nhiing thanh eong dat dugc ttong cong viee va niim an vui frong cugc song ^ la ket qua hoi bao tir nhiing viec lam tit dep cua con ngutri doi vol ton giao va cgng ^ ong.
Do vay, nghi le di chiia ciing duong, eau an, clu sieu vin duge xem nliu la frach n lem va bon phan eua mli nguoi Kho-me, nhit la nhung gia dinh gap canh song ngheo kho trong qua khir nhung hien nay lai dang phat dat ttong lam an. Viec dong gop xay dung chua chien phu thugc rit IcSn vao hieu qua kinh tl ciia moi gia dinh. Ong Trin Son Thai (sinli nam 1956), Truang khom VI eho bilt, tren dia ban khom co mgt chiia Nam tong Kho-me (chira Seray Potchum Cumpy Sako hay con ggi la chiia Dinh An). Trong nhiing niim gan day, ngum Kho-me eo nhilu dilu kien dl phat triln kinh tl nen da eiing nhirng khoan tien dong gop rat Ion eho chira. Cu thi vao nam 2015, chira xay dung lai nhilu hang muc kien tnic, eac hg co dilu kien kinh tl tit dong gop tir 5 trieu din tren 20 frieu ding, gia dinh ong dong gop 23 trieu, gia dinh anh Tang Van Soc gop 20 trieu"'-
Ngoai viee phan eong lao dgng va tang cuong dong gop eho cac thuc hanh Phat giao, con CO sir gia tang nghi ll tho ciing Neakta. Cac ngoi milu tha Neakta truyen thong cua nguai Kha-me thucmg chgn mgt hon da to co hinh dang de nhin dat a trung tam tugng trung cho ong Ta, xung quanh la nhiing hon da nho hon dai dien eho binh linh hay nguai hau.
Ngay nay, a mgt sl milu, nguoi Kha-me thay eac hon da blng tttgng mgt cu gia tay chong gay, tay cam binh tra. Cae soc kho khan vl kinh tl, chua co dii dieu kien dl dung tugng thi ve hinh eng Ta ngii thiin tren vach mmg. Theo ba Lam Thi Hoa (sinh nam 1954), nguoi frong coi ngoi milu tho Neakta cr Ip Tha La, xa Nggc Bien, huyen Tra Cu, ngucri Kha-me thucmg the hien pho bien hinh tugng ong Ta theo hai bieu hien ehinh la ong Ta di tham soc va ong Ta ngoi thien^.
Trong quan mem ciia ngucri Kha-me cr huyen Tra Cii, hinh tugng ong Ta di thiim soc mang y nghia la vi than di tim hieu cugc song, cong viec lam iin ciia ba con de day bao va giup do cho hg. Ong Ta nggi thien mang y nghTa la vi m si Phat giao hanh thien, giii giai ho tri cho ngoi chiia va ban phuoc lanh eho nguoi din viing chiia. Day ciing la nhan thirc moi ttong quan niem ve Neakta ciia nguai Kha-me, no vira the hien y thirc bao ton mot loai hinh van hoa dan gian, vira the hien sir biln dli thich img vao eugc song thuc tien ciia cgng ding hien nay. Xuit phat tii nhan thiic moi, ngucii Kha-me cho rang, than linh phai gijj gicji tu hanh nhung ciing luon sEn long phu trg, dap iing nhitng dieu mong moi eiia nguoi dan trong eugc sing. Cach nhin nhan mang tinh thuc tien vl tin nguong thcr Neakta 6 huyen Tra Cii cho thiy, CO thi nguoi Kha-me da chiu anh huong quan niem ve moi quan he gma "j^o ^j dai" eua ehu tang Nam tong Kha-me, tiic ton giao va the ttic phir song hanli cimg nhau.
' Phong vS„ ong Trto Son Thai, Tmong Khom VI, thi trSn Dinh All, hayen Tra Cu ngiy 20/o8.,„^
' Phonl ba Lam Thj Hoa ngu ti ip Tha La, xa Ngoc Bien, huyen Tra Cu, ngay 22/08/2016,
Tgp chi Ddn tpc lipc so 2 - 2020
Ciing cd the tii' nhiing tac dpng ttong qua trinh giao luu van boa vdi cac tdn giao khac, viec quan sat dia hinh cua cac vimg, dia phuong nam ngoai huyen Tra Cii da din din nhiing thay doi ldn ttong nhan thiic ciia ngudi Kho-me, rang mpt vi than linh dii in ttong da ciing cin phai cd hinh dang cu the. Dieu nay danh dau tu duy nhan thirc mdi eiia ngudi Kho-me d huyen Tra Cii, tir tin ngudng eo truyen ve Neakta vd binh chuyen sang ed hinh tugng cu thi.
Ll hdi ddng vai trd quan ttpng ttong ddi sdng tinh thin ciia ngudi Kha-me Nam Bd.
Ben canh viec gia tang ddng gdp eho tdn giao, tang cudng nghi ll thd ciing Neakta, vdi su phat trien kinh te, ngudi Kha-me cdn td chuc cac le hpi truyen thdng quy md va trang ttgng hon. Trong sd cac le ldn dien ra hang nam, ngudi Kha-me thudng tap tmng tham gia bin ll chinh la le mimg nam mdi (Choi Chnam Thmay), le bao hilu td tten, dng ba (Sel Dolta), ll cung trang (Ok Om Bok) va le Dang y (Kathina). Ll hdi truyin thdng la djp dl ngudi Kha-me nghi ngoi, vui chai, tham vieng, ta an, le bai va cau nguyen nhiing dilu tit dep cho cugc sdng. Tuy nhien, nghien cim ciia chimg tdi cho thay, da co su khac biet vl quy mo cua le hgi d mdi dja phuong. Dieu nay phu thudc vao hoan canh Idnh te cua cpng dong xuat phat tir loai hinh sinh ke ma ngudi Kho-me dang lam. Cu the, tten dia ban huyen Tra Cu, hang nam le hdi eiing ttang (Ok Om Bok) dugc td chiic hoanh ttang nhat dien ra tai chiia Seray Potchum Cumpy Sakd d thi tran Dinh An. Mot trong nhung nghi thiic tao nen khong khi sinh ddng nhat ciia le hdi cung ttang la nghi thirc tha den nudc hay tha hoa dang (Loi Krathip). Hang nam, nha chiia dau tu mdt khoan kinh phi ldn de lam mgt chiec den nudc hinh hoa sen cd dudng kinh hon hai met. Kinh phi td chirc le hpi cung trang (Ok Om Bok) do ngudi Kha-me d thi ttan Dinh An ciing dudng. Trong nhimg nam gan day, mgt sd hd Kho-me d dia phuang gap nhieu thuan lpi trong lam an nen thudng ciing dudng nhirng khoan tien ldn hoac trd thanh nha tai trg chinh cho mdt khau quan trgng nao do trong le hpi.
Co hp san sang bao trpn gdi chi phi lam den hoa dang ciia chua; mpt vai hg khac hd trg chi phi trang tri chiia, mua cdm dep, mua khoai mdn hay tra banh;...
Trong sd nhirng le hdi thudng nien cua Phat giao Nam tdng Kha-me, Kathina (le Dang y) la le quan trgng nhat ddi vdi chu tang, ddng thdi cd tam anh hudng het su'c sau rdng doi vdi tmyen thong van hda cua ngudi Kha-me Nam Bd. Theo tmyen thdng, trong le Dang y nay, ngudi Kha-me dang ao ca sa cho cac su, nhung hien nay nbiing ngudi cd uy tin trong cdng dong thudng khuyen khich cac phat tit Kha-me dang tang tai chinli cho chu tang. Sd tien ciing dudng la tiiy tam, nhung rit thilt thyc khi chu tang can ngudn tai chinh de chi cho nhieu viec khac nhau, nhat la hpc tap d cac trudng dai hpc nim ngoai he thdng giao due Phat giao. Khao sat ciia chung tdi tai cac ngdi chiia khac cho thiy, viec dang tien ciing dudng bang hinh thirc cay bdng cimg vdi nhirng phim vat khac ciing dang diln ra phd biln tuong ty nhu tai chiia Seray Potchum Cumpy Sakd d Dinh An. Cd thi ndi, each ciing dudng cua ngu'di Kho-me theo md hinh dang bdng la mgt sy biln ddi van hda theo chiiu hudng thich iing vdi ddi sdng tu tap hien dai cua chu tang hien nay. Phat giao Nam tdng Kha-me hay he phai Nam tdng noi
44 ^,.„,: fijjPhumgJ::!!!L ehung ggi le Kathina la Dang y, nhtmg nhirng ngucri Khg-me ma chimg loi pW^S ™"_
huyen Tra Cii diu ggi la ll Dang bgng hay di Dang bong. Dilu nay cho thiy anh humig cua hinh there dang le sau dam din miic da tta thanh mgt loai hinh phong tuc mai doi vol nguai Kha-me khi den ehiia cimg duong cho chu tang frong ngay ll Kathina.
Truoc day khi tl chirc le hgi cung trang (Ok Om Bok), nguoi Kho-me thuong huy dgng eon chau, nguai than tl chiic gia clm dep lam phim vat dang eimg ong ba, to tten, Ditc Phat va chu thien. Cim dep cflng la phim vat quan trgng dl thuc hien nghi thirc diit com dep bat bugc phai co trong dem diln ra le cimg trang. Xua kia, ngiroi Kha-me gia com dep bang phuang phap thir cong, vira thi hien long thanh khi lam ra le vat ciing duang, vira ren luyen doi tay kheo leo cho nhirng ngutri con gai sSp lly ching. Ngay nay, nhirng nguai tre di lam cong nhan, khong con gin bo vai hoat dgng san xuit nong nghiep nira; ngu'oi gia thi ban viec ding ang. Do co rit it nguoi, kl ca thanh nien nam nir, nguai lan taoi gia com dep thuang xuyen, nen san phim elm dep lam ra khong dat chit lugng nhu mong muon eua thuc khach. Hon niia, ngay nay cong nghe hien dai dugc iip dung eho cac cong doan san xuat com dep, san pham lam ra duge ban dai tra tai cac chg dia phugng. Vi vay, khi sap den miia le hgi Cling trang, ngucri Kha-me khong tl chuc gia clm dep nhu truac, ma mua com dep lam san ban ngoai ehg hoac tai eac cira hang ttong soc.
Su da dang smh kl, dac biet la tham gia vao nhung viec lam phi nong nghiep cung din den su thay doi eac boat dgng van hoa tinh thin vl thcri gian to chirc. Nhflng ngucri Kha-me song bang nong nghiep cr dia phucmg eo thi dl dang tham gia vao cac le hgi tmyen theng dien ra hang nam. Song, nhung nguai di lam eong nhan hay lam eac nghe tu do a thanh pho thi viec vui chai cua hg chi dien ra vao ngay Tet Nguyen dan. Day la dip de eong nhan lara viec cr Trii Cii nghi a nha vai gia dinh, nhitng nguoi di lam iin xa ttanh thii thoi gian ve que nghi le. Dac diem sinh ke cua nghe lam cong nhan vo hinh ehung da tao nen mgt so lugng lan nhiing nguai Kha-me tap trang ve cac vung thon que ttong nliirng ngay Tet Nguyen dan hang nam. Dieu do lam eho thi tnrcmg hang hoa a cac ngoi ehg dia phucmg nhu Dai An va Lgng Hiep soi dgng han len so vai ngay binh thuang. Phong van cac hg ngucri Viet va Kha-me buon ban tai ehg Dai An va Long Hiep cho Ihly, boat dgng kinh tl ciia chg phu thugc nhieu vao sire mua sim ciia lue lugng cgng nhan trong nhiing ngay Tet Nguyen dan.
Trong sl nhimg mat hang cin tang cucmg cho thi tru'ong ngay Tit eo bia, ma ngay thucmg eae tieu thuang a ehg Dai An va Long Hiep xem la ban khong chay. Doi vol nguai Kha-me muu sinh bang nhiing nghi lao dgng nang nhgc, tiec bia bi xem la ton kem nen hilm khi hp to chuc, ngoai ttii nhimg dip hg thu nhap duge nhilu tiln hoac khi hg hoan thiinh mgt viec quan frgng nao do. Hang nam vol sl ngay nghi Tet Nguyen dan va khoan ticn thuang ttr cong ty da cho phep nhiing ngucri cong nhan Kha-me to chiic biia tiec khoan din ngucri than va be ban diing bia la thiie uing chinh. Viec huong thu biia tiec cung la each dc gia dinh va khaeh mcri cong nhan thanh qua lao dgng met nhgc ciia hg frong suot mgt nam vi, cflng ^hi CO ngay Tit Nguyen diin, eong nhan Kho-me mdi uong bia.
Tap chi Ddn tpc hpc so 2 - 2020 45_
Trong nhiing dip hdi he gap mat, am nhac ddng vai trd quan trgng trong ddi sdng tinh than cua ngudi Kha-me Nam Bp. Cac ngdi chiia dugc xem la nhiing trung tam thue hien viec bao tdn va phat huy gia tri di san phi vat the eiia cdng ddng, trong dd am nhae truyin thong Kha-me la mpt loai hinh di san quan trpng dugc chu tang quan tam dang k l . Tai nhiing ngdi chua ldn, ngudi Kha-me thudng ddng gdp kinh phi de mua s i m it nhit mpt dan nhac Ngii am va thanh lap mdt ddi nhac cdng chuyen phuc vu am nhac cho cac le hdi truyin thong va nghi le vdng ddi. Tuy nhien, dieu kien kinh te va su tac ddng cua thi tru'dng am nhac da anh hudng tryc tiep den nhan thirc am nhac, ciing lam bien ddi hinh thiic bieu diln va each thudng thuc am nhac ciia ngudi Kho-me hien nay. Viec td cbiie dam tiec cimg vdi am nhac di kem dang ttd thanh mdt ttao luu khdng the thieu trong cudc sdng tinh than ciia gidi tre Kho-me d huyen Tra Cu hien nay.
Khi kinh te gia dinh phat trien, sd lugng ngu'di Kha-me to chirc cac tiec vui ngay cang tang len. Smh ke ciia mpt sd hd Kha-me gap nhieu thuan lgi, ngudn thu nhap hang nam duoc nang cao da cho phep hp to chuc them nhieu loai hinli tiec timg ma nhirng the he dng ba hp tmdc day hiem khi to chiic. Nhiing loai binh tiec mimg su kien gia dinh bat dau pho bien ttong cac gia dinh ngudi Kho-me thanb dat ve kinh te nhu tiec mimg tan gia, mung sinh nhat va lien hoan cuoi nam, dugc td chirc tai nha. Dieu nay cho thay, cho du anh hudng bdi nhirng yeu td van hoa mdi nhung ngudi Kho-me van the hien trong pham vi khdng gian van hoa truyen thong ciia cdng ddng.
Sy dam me ca hat cua ngudi Kha-me lam cho loai hinh nhac sdng trd thanh mdt trao luu van nghe thinh hanh nhat hien nay trong cac phum sdc Kho-me. Viee to chiic ca hat khong cdn gidi ban tai cac biia tiec vui cua gia dinh, ma da dugc md rpng vao nhiing ngdi chiia Phat giao Nam tdng. Nhirng dip dien ra cac le hdi tmyen thdng, tai mdt so ngoi chua Kha-me nai day, ehu tang td chirc cho dan sde vui choi bang ca hai loai hinh am nhac, nhac Ngu am va nhac song. Viec td chirc nhac sdng trong chua vao cac dip le hgi bat dau dien ra trong khoang thdi gian each day 10 nam; do cac chu tang thay ngudi Kha-me ngay cang dam me ca hat va mdt so ngudi cd tu duy kinh doanh da d i u tu dan nhac de cho thue. Hg da dua them tan nhac vao nha chua phuc vu ngudi dan ttong sdc. Vdi quan niem thye tien la hdi phai vui, cang vui thi cang thanh cong, do do klii nha chiia diing ra td chiic hpi, chu tang luon chii y den thi hilu van nghe cua ngudi dan; khi thiy loai hinh nghe thuat nao ngu'di dan ttong sdc yeu thich thi chu tang dua ngay vao, tan hay cd khdng quan trpng, mien lam sao loai hinh nghe thuat dd dugc danh gia la lanh manh.
Ket luan
Tren co sd phat ttiln kinh t l gin vdi da dang sinh ke, ngudi Kho-me da cd nhiing cai thien v l ddi sdng vat chit. Su xuit hien ciia ddng tiln ttong thu nhap da khien cho ddng bao CO dieu kien de gia tang cae hoat ddng l l bdi v l quy md va chi phi de dap iing nhu cau hudng thu van hda cua ca nhan va cdng ddng. Theo do, ngudi Kha-me da ddng gdp nhieu
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han eho eac hoat dgng a cac ehua - trang tam van hoa ton giao eiia cgng dong Kha-me, ^ doi each thiic tho ciing va quy mo tl chiie tin nguong thcr Neakta theo hucing hinh tu.
doi tugng thcr eiing, xay dung cac milu tho khang trang hon, tl chirc cac buoi cung g ttgng han; cac le hgi ttuyin thing dugc to ehiic quy mo va ttang trgng hon. Dang c m y su "tiln te hoa" va chuyen mon hoa eae hinh thirc sam sira le vat dang cimg. Cac thuang thirc am nhac hien dai va sir xuat hien eua nhflng hinh thire tl chiic vui choi, gp . mcji cflng xuit hien trong cgng ding nguoi Kho-me nhu la kit qua cua su giao luu^van oa de dap ung nhu eau cua cac ca nhan va su phu hgp vcji viec hgi nhap vao sir phat tnen c ung eiia dat nuac.
Tai lieu tham Idiao
1. Ngo Thi Phuang Lan (2013), "Bit In sinh kl va di cu lao dgng cua ngucri Kha-me 6 Dong bang song Cun Long", Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc. So 4, tt. 11-21.
2. Ngo Thi Phuang Lan (2017), Sinh ki tgc nguai trong bii cdnh Viet Nam duang dgi, Nxb. Dai hgc Quoc gia Tp. Hi Chi Minh.
3. Nien giam thong ke tinh Tra Vmh (2016), Ting cue thing ke, Nxb. Thong ke. Ha Ngi.
4. Huynh Thj Hing Nuong (2011), D&i sing vdn hoa tinh thdn cda cgng dong nguai Kha-me & Kien Giang trong qud trinh cong nghiep hoa. Men dgi hoa, Luan van Thac si chuyen nganh Chu nghia xa hgi khoa hoc, Truang Dai hgc Khoa hgc Xa hgi va Nhan van, Dai hgc Quoc gia thanh pho Ho Chi iVlinh.
5. Pham Van Son (2014), Bdo tin vd phdt huy bdn sdc vdn hoa truyen thong ddn tgc Kha-me a tinh An Giang trong su nghiep doi mat hien nay, Luan van Thac sT Triet hgc, Trucmg Dai hgc Khga hgc Xa hgi va Nhan van, DHQG-HCM.
6. Ngo Thi Thu Trang, Hi Thi Kim, Chau Thi Thu Thuy va Ngo Hoang Dai Long (2016), "Thich ung sinh kl eua nguai nhap eu Kha-me tai quan ven do: Diln ctru tai phucmg Binh Tri Dong B va phuang An Lac, quan Binh Tan, Thanh phi Hi Chi Minh", Tgp chi Phdt triin Khoa hgc & Cong nghe, tap 19, Sl X2, tt. 89-104.
