Tac dong cua cac yeu to quan ly den hieu suat cua doanh nghiep xuat khau thuy san
tai Dong bang song CulJ Long
MGUYEN GlAc TRI*
Tom tat
Nghiin cffu nhdm do ludng mffc do dnh hudng cua cdc yiu to qudn ly din hiiu sudt doanh nghiep trong linh vUc xudt khdu thiiy sdn tgi Dong bdng song Cihi Long. Dffa trin kit qud khdo sdt 200 doanh nghiip xud't khdu thiiy sdn tgi Ddng bdng song Cffu Long, nghiin cffu sff dung phucmg phdp phdn tich dinh lugng, kit qud cho thdy, cdc yi'u td', gom: Cam kit cua qudn ly cdp cao vdi ddo tgo ngudn nhdn luc; Cam ki't cua qudn ly cdp cao vdi td chffc sdn xud't; Ddo tgo nguSn nhdn lUc; To chffc sdn xudt; Hudng din khdch hdng; Md'i quan hi trong doanh nghiep tdc dgng din hogt dgng xudt khdu thdy sdn cua cdc doanh nghiep tgi Dong bdng song Cffu Long.
Tuf khoa: hiiu sudt, nguon nhdn luc, qudn ly cdp cao, td chffc sdn xudt Summary
The study aims to measure the influence of elements of management on the performance of seafood exporters in the Mekong Delta. Based on the survey of 200 seafood exporters in the Mekong Delta and quantitative analysis method, the study reveals such determinants as Commitment of senior management to human resource training; Commitment of senior management to production organization; Human resource training; Organization of production; Customer orientation; Relationship In enterprises.
Keywords: efficiency, human resources, senior management, production organization
GlCfl THIEU Chinh vi vay, nghien eiJu du'dc thifc hien nham xac dinh eae ye'u td quan ly anh hu'dng den hieu sua't cua Hien nay, trong mdi trifdng eanh tranh doanh nghiep xua't khau thuy san khu vifc Dong bang hda nhap va toan cau hda ve kinh te, hi6u sdng C^u Long. Nghien ciJu nay ed the la cd sd de cac suat la yg'u td'quye'tdinhsifphat tridn kinh ehuyen gia diu nganh tu' va'n each thu'c phii hdp gitip te cua mgt qud'c gia, mgt nganh va trong nang cao hieu suat cho cac doanh nghiep xu3't khau tdng doanh nghiep (Steenhuisand Bruijn, thuy san tai Dong bang sdng Cijfu Long va eae loai hinh 2006). Dac biet, dd'i vdi cac nifdc dang doanh nghidp khac.
phat trien, hieu suat lao ddng du'dc coi la
yeu tdquan trgng nhat Sauian.M.'(2002). CO^ SCf IY THUYET VA PHUaNG PHAP Trong nhieu nam qua, cd nhieu NGHIEN CUU
nghien eiJu de cip den cac ye'u to' quan
ly cd anh hu'dng den hieu suat doanh Tren the gidi da cd mgt sd nghien cu'u ve hieu sua't nghiep. Trong dd, cac cdng trinh nghien va cac ye'u td anh hu'dng den nd tren cac gdc dp va quan ctfu ve hieu sua't tap trung vao viec thid't diem khac nhau. Nghien cdu cua Baines, A. (1997);
ke he thd'ng do lu'dng hidu sua't, tren cd Park va cgng sif (1998); Hoffman va edng stf (1999);
sd 2 yeu to: tai chinh va phi tai chinh. Chapman va cdng sif (2002) va Khan, J, H. (2003) cho Tuy nhien, chda tim thay nghidn ciiM tha'y, cam ket cua quanly cap cao la mdt yeu td khdng nao kham pha nhmig tac dong ddng thdi the thieu trong cac chu'dng trinh nang cao hieu sua't cua cac yd'u td quan ly de'n hieu suat. doanh nghiep. Khi da cam ket, hp san sang ed nhifng 'TS., Tnfdng Dai hgc D6ng Thap I Email: [email protected]
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 01/10/2018; Ngdy phdn bien: 30/10/2018, Ngdy duy&t ddng: 13/11/2018
Economj' and Forecasi Review
HINH: MO HINH NGHIEN Cflu
hd trd cln thie't trong viec dao tao ngudn nhan life, cung cap cac ngudn life d^y du dd tao dieu kidn eho viec td chitc san xua't dat hidu sua't cao. Mgt sd' nghidn c i ^ gan day cung cho thay, cam ke't cua quan ly cap cao ve hieu suat cd tac dgng trifc tid'p de'n vide dao tao ngudn nh^n life va td chu'c san xual (Steenhuisand Bruijn, 2006).
Cac nghien cttu quan tam dd'n cac ye'u tdve ngudn nhan life cung tim thay md'i quan he mat thid't giUa vide giao due va dho tao nh^n vidn vdi hidu suS't doanh nghiep (Chapman va cgng sif, 2002; Chen va cgng sif, 2003; Bheda va cdng stf, 2003).
Mgt sd'nghidn ciJu thifc nghidm khde cung cho thS'y, nhdm ye'u td've td chl?c san xua't, gdm: dieu kidn lam vide, bao tri thid't bi, kiem soat qua trinh san xua^t cd mpt ddng gdp dang ke dd'i vdi hieu suS't doanh nghidp (McKone va cdng sif, 2001; Sauian, M., 2002).
Trong khi dd, mdt sd' nghien ciJu ca ly thuye't lan thifc nghidm deu ddng y rang, vide hu'dng de'n khach hang la mdt yd'u td'chu dao trong kinh doanh. Nghidn ciJu cua Park va cpng sif (1998), Khan, J, H. (2003) eho thS'y, viec hu'dng dd'n kh^ch hang cd mgt tac dgng tich Clfc de'n hidu suat doanh nghidp. Ngoai ra, cac yd'u to' lidn quan de'n md'i quan he trong doanh nghiep eung da du'dc dd cap de'n trong nhieu nghien cdu. Baines, A.
(1997); Sehultz va cpng sif (1999) cho thay, mdi quan he tin cay va hdp tac gida quan ly va life lu'dng lao ddng cd mdi quan he mat thie't vdi hieu sua't doanh nghidp. Ben canh dd, truyen thdng trong doanh nghiep cung la mdt ye'u td' cd anh hifdng de'n hieu sua't doanh nghiep (Baines, A., 1997; Chapman va cpng sif, 2002).
Trdn cd sd ly thuye't va kd't qua cua cac nghidn cii'u tnfdc cd lidn quan, tae gia de xua't md hinh nghien cii\i nhif Hinh.
Trong md hinh 1^ thuye't cd 06 gia thuyet can kidm dinh la:
HI: Cd mdi quan he dtfdng giiJa Cam ket cua quan ly cap eao vdi dao tao ngudn nhan life vdi Hidu sua't doanh nghidp.
H2: Cd mdi quan hd difdng giffa Cam kd't eiia quan ly cap eao vdi td chu'c san xua't vdi Hieu suat doanh nghiep.
H3: Cd mdi quan he difdng giii'a Td chu'c san xua'l vdi Hidu sua't doanh nghidp.
H4: Cd md'i quan he difdng giffa D&o tao ngudn nhan life vdi Hieu suSt doanh nghiep.
H5: Cd mdi quan hd du'dng giu'a Hifdng dd'n khach hang vdi Hidu sua't doanh nghiep.
H6: Cd mdi quan he du'dng giffa Md'i quan he trong doanh nghidp vdi Hidu sua't doanh nghiep.
So lieu khao sat dffde tie'n hanh ddi vdi 200 doanh nghiep xua't khau thuy sdn tai khu vifc Dong bang sdng Cffu Long.
So' lieu thu thap thdng qua phdng van trifc tie'p, e-mail va khao sat trffe tuye'n thdng qua bang cSu hdi vdi phu;dng phap
\iy mau ngau nhien. Doi tffdng tra ldi bang cau hdi la cac nha quan ly trong cac doanh nghiep xua't khau thuy san tai Ddng bang sdng Cffu Long. Nghien cffu difdc thifc hidn tii thang 04/2017 dd'n thang 11/2017. Ke't qua sd'phid'u thu ve la 200, So' phie'u difde nhap vao phan mem SPSS de xff Iy.
KET QUA NGHIEN CLfU
Kit qud phdn tich nhdn to khdm phd (EFA)
Thang do eua eac ye'u to' dffdc danh gia va sang Ipc sdbp bang phu'dng phap phSn tich EFA va he sd Cronbach's Alpha cho tffng thSnh phan. Tidu chuan chpn la cac bid'n phai cd he so' tffdng quan bid'n - tdng (item - total correlation)
> 0,3; he sd Cronbach's Alpha > 0,6; he sd tai ye'u td (factor loading) > 0,4; thang do dat yeu cau khi tdng phu'dng sai trich
> 50% (Hah- va cgng stf, 1998).
Ke't qua phan tich EFA cho tha'y, 6 thanh phan cua thang do Hieu sua't doanh nghiep dffde giff nguyen vdi 25 bien quan sat, cd 3 bien quan sat bi loai, do khdng dam bao ydu cau. Trong dd, trong 3 yeu td (gdm: Hffdng de'n khdch hang; To chffc san xuat; Mdi quan he trong doanh nghidp), mdi yeu tdbi Ioai i bien quan sat.
Sau^khi loai 3 bid'n kd trdn, kd't qua EFA cung trich difdc 6 ye'u td cua thang do hieu sua't doanh nghidp. He sd KMO
= 0,718, ndn phan tich EFA phu hdp vdi dff lieu va thdng ke Chi-quare cffa kiem dinh Benlett dat gia tri 4,009E3 vdi mffc y nghia 0,000; do vay, cac bie'n quan sat cd tifdng quan vdi nhau xet tren pham vi tdng thd. Phffdng sai trich difdc tff 55,47% den 78,12% die hidn r§ng'7 yd'u to' rut ra difdc giai thich t t :o,47%
16
dd'n 78,12% bie'n thidn c5a dff hdu, tai he sd'Eigenvalue bing 1,128. Do vay, cac thang do rut ra la chap nhan dffdc.
Kit qud phdn tich hoi quy Tff Bang 2 cho tha'y, rang ta't ea 6 yd'u to' thuoc thang do eae ye'u to anh hffdng hieu sua't doanh nghiep deu cd tac ddng dffdng (he so' Beta dffdng) hidu sua't doanh nghidp (HSDN) vdi mffc y nghTa Sig. = 0,000 d ta't ea eac bien. Ngoai trff hang sd la khdng cd y nghTa thdng ke va cd he so' P bang 0. Do dd, nghidn cffu cd the ke't lu^n rang, cac gia thuye't HI, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6 dffdc chap nhan. Phffdng trinh hdi quy dd'i vdi cae bid'n cd hd sd' chifa chuan hda cd dang nhff sau:
Fl = 0,530 + 0.344X1 + 0,461X2 + 0,574X3 + 0,567X4 + 0,684X5 + 0,412X6
Trong dd:
Fl: Hidu sua't doanh nghiep (HSDN);
X1: Cam ket quan ly ca'p cao vdi dao tao ngudn nhSn life (CKQLNNL);
X2: Cam ke't quan ly ca'p cao vdi td chffc san xuS't (CKQLTCSX);
X3: Hu'dng den khach hang (HDKH);
X4: Dao tao ngudn nhan life (DTNNL);
X5: Md'i quan he trong doanh nghiep (QH);
X6: Td chffc san.xuat (TCSX).
Ke't qua phSn tich ciing cho tha'y, md hinh cac ye'u to quan ly tae dgng dd'n hidu sua't doanh nghidp cd hd sd' R- hieu ehinh dat 0,64. Dieu nay cd nghia la cac yd'u td've quan ly giai thieh dffdc 64% sff thay ddi cua hieu suat doanh nghidp.
KET LUAN VA KIEN NCH|
Kd't qua cho tha'y, cd 6 ye'u to' anh hffdng tdi hieu sua't cua doanh nghiep xua't khau thuy san vting Ddng bang song Cffu Long, gdm: Cam kd't quan ly ca'p cao vdi dao tao ngudn nhan life;
Cam kd't quan ly cap eao vdi td chffc san xuat; Hffdng de'n khach hang; Dao tao ngudn nhan life; Md'i quan he trong doanh nghidp; Td chffc san xua't. Tren cd sd ke't qua nghien cffu, trong thdi gian doanh nghiep can chii y mgt so' cdng vide sau:
Cam kit cua qudn ly cdp cao vdl to chffc sdn xudl: \.i viec sff dung cac ngudn nhan life nham tac dpng vao cac ye'u to', nhif; vat cha't, tai ehinh, thdng dn... thanh cae san phim hang hda dich vu phu hdp vdi nhu cin eua doanh nghidp. Dieu nay la he't sii'c quan trpng, bdi nd'u doanh nghiep bd' tri mgt bd may quan ly phu
BANG 1: BANG TOM T A T KET QUA KIEivi DjNH THANG DO ThaDh p h i n
Cam ket quun ly cffp cao vdi dao tao nguSn nhan life (CKQL NNL) Cam ket quan ly cap cao vdi to chiJc san xua't (CKQL TCSX)
Hu'dng den khach hang (HDKH) Diio tao nguon nhan lu'c (DTNNL) Mdi quan he trong doanh nghiep (QH) To chu-c siin xuat (TCSX) Hi6u suai doanh nghiep (HSDN)
So' bie'n quan sat 6
-
5 4 6 3 4
D9 tin cSy Alpha
0,734
0,788 0,645 0,657 0,835 0,784 0,783
Phir<fng sai trich (%) 56,34
55.47 76,32 72,44 66,34 63,42 78.12
Danh gia
Dal yeu
BANG 2: CAC THONG SO CGA TCfNG BIEN TRONG PHCTONG TRINH HOI QdY
Md hinh
1 Ye'u to
(Constant) CKQLNNL CKQLTCSX HDKH DTNNL QH TCSX
Hfsd'chifa chu^n hoa B 0,530 0,344 0,46!
0,574 0,567 0,684 0,412
Std. Error 0,064 0,015 0,010 0,012 0,009 0,007 0,009
Hgso chuan hoa
Beta
0.440 0,598 0,609 0,771 0,877 0,580
t
8,28 9,348 9,95 1 14,269 17,389 18,897 21,280
Sig.
0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000
Thong ke CQDg tuyg'n Dung sai
0,574 0.771 0,804 0,828 0,947 0.707
VIF
1,741 1,297 1,244 1,208 1,057 1,415 MqLic
hpp, th! san xua't se dat hidu qua cao, tiet kiem dffdc thdi gian va nguyen lieu. Ben canh dd, bp may ggn nhe se tie't kiem dffdc chi phi va ed the dtfa ra quyet djnh mdt each nhanh chdng, kip thdi, giup mang lai hieu qua eao.
Tuy nhidn, de nang cao nang Iffc cho dOi ngu lanh dao, quan Iy cua doanh nghiep, bdn canh nhffng hd trp tif phia cdng ty, cac ddn vi hffu quan, thi ban than hp phai chii trgng nang cao nhffng ky nang can thie't va cap nhat nhffng kie'n thffc hidn dai, nhat la trong bd'i canh hpi nhap qud'c td' ngay cang sau, ciing nhff trong bd'i canh cudc Cach mang Cdng nghiep 4.0 dang dien ra. Trong dd, can dac biet chu y nhffng ky nang hffu ich, nhff: quan tri hidu qua trong mdi trffdng eanh tranh;
lanh dao eua nghidp chu va gidm dd'e doanh nghidp, quan ly sff thay ddi; thuye't trinh, dam phan, giao tie'p va quan he cdng ehung; quan ly thdi gian. Nhffng ky nang nay kd't hdp vdi cac kien thffc quan tri cd hieu qua se cd tac ddng quyd't dinh dd'i vdi eac doanh nhan, cac nghiep chu va cac nha quan ly doanh nghiep. Qua do,
Economy and Forecast Review
17
nang cao hieu suat lam tang kha nang canh tranh cua cac doanh nghiep.
Ddo igo nguon nhdn liic: Lanh dao doanh nghidp can td chffc dao tao va tnen khai cac chu'dng trinh dio tao bdi dffdng chuydn mdn, nghidp vu va ky nang lam vide cua nhan vien d mdi bd phan, nha't 1^ dd'i vdi nganh chd' bie'n thuy san la nganh ddi hdi cao ve an toan vd sinh thffc pham, cQng nhu" quy trinh san xuat phai chat ehe. Tuy nhidn, doanh nghiep cung can ning cao tinh chu ddng trong cdng tac dao tao bang viee phat trien ddi ngu giang vien ndi bg, trffdc he't la ddi ngu dao tao nghe trong ehe' bid'n thuy san. Sau 1& dao tao nghidp vu giao tie'p, ban hang, tao dieu kidn cho nhan vien mdi tim hieu ve doanh nghiep va y thffc dffdc vi tri, vai trd cua minh.
Hudng din khdch hdng: Khach hang van khdng dffdc xem nhff la tai san gid tri nh&'t cua cdng ty. Khach hang se la ngffdi dem lai ldi nhuSn dai han eho cdng ty.
Viec xem muc tidu hffdng tdi khach hang chi ddn thuan nhff cac kd' hoaeh marketing va dich vu khach hang la hoan toan ehffa dii. Dd'i vdi cdc cdng viec lidn quan dd'n khach hang, mgi nhan vidn cln hieu rd dd la cai gi va tha'y difdc cac thach thffc, ma hp cd the phai dd'i mat.
Viec hieu dffdc tinh trang cac md'i quan he khdch hang va thSm chi mOt vai didu rS't ddn gian vd khdch hang
se cd tac ddng ldn de'n muc ueu doanh thu, qua dd mpi vide se dd dang hcfn ^rong hoat ddng quan ly. Htu nhif khdng ai biet rd dau la "vach gdn" eho cac kiiach hdng - nPi ma ne'u vifdt qua vach. cd nghia doanh nghidp da'hoan thanh muc tjeu hu'dng den khach hang, cdn bang khdng doanh nghidp phai nd life tff dau.
Mdl quan he trong doanh nghiip: Xay difng gid tri va nidm tin giffa ^nhan vien va quan ly thdng qua vide td chffc cdc nhdm thao luan nhd theo ding phdng, ban de chuyen tai sff menh, tam nhin va cdc gia tri cua td chffe thanh Idi ndi. De cd thd dat du'dc sff gan kd't vdi td chffc eua nhan vidn, cac nha quan tri can xay dtfng, thid't lap md'i quan he tich cffe giu'a nhan vidn va doanh nghidp, ddng thdi dgng vien khuye'n khich nhan vien coi trpng long trung thanh, tin tuy vdi doanh nghiep. Nhan vien cang ddnh gia cao vide trd thanh la mdt phan cua td chifc va tff hao la thanh vidn trong td chffc, thi hg eang chae chan d lai phdt trien lau dai Cling vdi td chffc. •
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