The product configuration determination problem can be structured according to the decision method shown in Figure 3. Based on the algorithm shown in Figure 4, the evaluation of product configuration items is developed. The next stage of product configuration concerns the identification of the product structure and product decomposition and the selection of configuration items (Figure 10).
Conclusions
Conflict of interest
Author details
Dealing with subjectivity in the early product design phase: a systematic approach to exploit the potential for the implementation of quality features. Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index in Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI).
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Testing and PLM: Connecting Process and Product Models in Product Development
Introduction
The authors' research [3, 4] focused on testing processes and their ubiquity throughout product development. The chapter further examines how test results can be used to assist other product development processes. In particular, improvements in process models explicitly recognize testing activities and their close integration with other product development processes.
PLM data and descriptions
In this chapter, the results of this research are applied to integrate testing and design more broadly into the product lifecycle. This chapter explores how product development teams can reduce redesign iteration time at various points in the product lifecycle. As a result, the decision-making process in the product lifecycle can be imprecise and incomplete.
Testing across product lifecycle: an industry example
- PLM process model
- Current product governance: field data and new products
- Product support development: design for maintainability
First, background information, such as design requirements, design methods and design standards, and second, foreground information about the details of the product. The top layer of the model shows key stages of the product life cycle from the business strategy to the disposal of the product. Although this chapter will only discuss product design and development activities, it is important to emphasize that the development of the company's product support starts in parallel with product design and development.
Since the diesel engine is a mature product and design changes occur incrementally, engineers in the company start with an existing analysis of the previous generation of products. This leads to the determination of parameters such as material properties, geometric idealization and physics, which help to define the scope of the design activity. Ideally, most of the development-related testing should begin after the requirements have been identified, i.e.
For example, to meet operating standards, the company must demonstrate that the engine meets specific levels of particulate emissions that will be detected and measured at the end of the product's useful life. Quality Functional Deployment (QFD) is applied to identify critical technical design requirements that need to be verified and validated through testing. FMEA is one of the most widely used methods to prioritize technical risks in the PD process, especially during the testing phase [22].
For the development of a new product, the company uses information from the 'field use' to assess how the product performs and from the 'customer use' (how customers use the product) to assess when a potential failure occurs . probably will happen.
Extending the proposition: testing data for predictive maintenance
Three types of maintenance can be distinguished: breakdown maintenance (corrective maintenance), preventive maintenance and predictive maintenance (condition-based maintenance). The main objective of the predictive maintenance is to reliably identify these deterioration processes so that maintenance can be affected before the actual breakdown. At the design and development design stage, the main features of a product are determined and product performance is evaluated.
30] noted that clear definition of the information for maintenance is required if appropriate and sufficient information is to be collected. Although people involved in this process often have a clear understanding of the required information, it is not simple to define or determine exactly what information is required. Design and test data from the EOL stages can be a useful reference point to compare with monitoring data for predictive maintenance.
This is illustrated in Figure 8 with a range of expected values specified by design and pre-test CAE. In practice, this can be the average of the distribution of expected values and is shown as the upper straight line (in red). The magnitude of the deviation is represented by a double-headed arrow in Figure 10, which represents a case of underdesign, where the measured product performance gradually decreases and the deviation increases monotonically.
The sloping line represents the development of the test results over time, which usually shows an increase in the design deviation from the expected performance.
Implications of the proposed method in PLM
In these maintenance, retrofit, and retrofit processes, the combined benefits of combining physical testing, simulation, and usage data can be significant. Taken together, the product lifecycle benefits add up and make the case for PLM systems to provide consistent and up-to-date information flows to support these processes. Extending the overlapping test and design model using convergence between data sources to these product lifecycle processes, several additional descriptions appear in the PLM product model.
This section considered how product development and support through the life cycle combine test, simulation and usage data. Some common issues affecting PLM product models include how to compare this field data with simulation and test, the potential effects on information flow in the process models and the application of field data from one phase of the product to the development process for next generation products, where fundamental analysis of the configuration and architecture of a product is undertaken in addition to adapting new components and new technologies to the existing products. Most of the accelerated tests are to verify that the product will work reliably during its useful life, until it begins to wear out.
Physical test results may not be directly usable for comparison with the field data as operating conditions may vary, load cycle and sensor load location may differ, for example CAE analysis and virtual testing may play an important role in comparing this test and field data. CAE analysis, physical test and field data can provide useful information for predictive maintenance, analyzing why and how a product might fail. This can also help capture/record field data in a suitable way for use by the design engineers for the next generation of the product.
The potential implications for PLM systems of integrating design, test and field data by making information available in preliminary form for use by PLM for dependent activities.
Discussion and further research
Testing and PLM: Connecting process and product models in product development http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80364 91. Describe the creative design process through the integration of technical design and cognitive psychology literature. Failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) in the context of risk management in new product development: a case study in a car company.
PLM for Supply Chain Optimization
Conclusion
The competitiveness of a product on the market no longer depends on the company that assembles or sells it, but on all companies involved in the manufacturing process of this product and therefore its entire supply chain. In this chapter, we proposed a framework that combines PLM and mathematical models to design the product and its related supply chain. In our work, we defend the idea that the structure of the supply chain should be defined at the level of the product design, i.e. at the level of the digital mockup.
We then proposed a methodology based on a PLM approach to design a product and its optimized supply chain. Our approach considers the elements of the supply chain that already exist as a first step; their constraints must be incorporated into the digital model. Organizational by integrating the constraints of all supply chain partners responsible for the main phases of the product life cycle.
Technological by uniting all actors around the digital model; it structures the design of the supply chain. A product life cycle management methodology to support knowledge reuse in the field of consumer packaged goods. Methodology for Solving Interaction Issues in the Domain of Product Life Cycle Management [Thesis], Ecole Centrale de Paris (France); 2010.
Towards Supply Chain Optimization: Proposing Conceptual Models Based on PLM Product Lifecycle Management [Thesis], Le Havre University (France) and Moulay Ismail University (Morocco); 2015.
Recycling of Polymeric Composite Materials
- Recycling of composite materials
- Proposed new composite material and manufacturing method for ornamental synthetic plates
- The matrix
- The material
- Mechanical tests
- Microscopy study
- Energy dispersive x-ray analysis
- Conclusions
Separation of the components of the mixture with the aim of recycling each individual component;. Direct conversion of the mixture without prior sorting in order to reduce the amount of waste. It shows the use of glass fiber waste obtained by grinding waste generated in the technological process of manufacturing composite materials, or their elimination from use and incorporation into a product with applications in the field of industrial constructions, which offers superior mechanical properties. to existing similar products.
Achieving the active part of the mold from silicone rubber eliminates the need for additional parting planes, and the rigidity of the mold is ensured by reinforcement with fiber-reinforced composite material. The use of a silicone elastomer matrix mold eliminates additional parting planes, reducing mold costs. The process of obtaining composite panels, which include glass fiber waste in the structure, was manual laying.
It can be observed a good compatibility between resin, filaments and sand, and a good impregnation of the matrix. The weight fraction ratio is composed of the total weight of the analyzed chemical substances. The predominance of silicon and aluminum can be observed in Figure 12 after the elemental EDX analysis was performed on the waste glass fiber [32].
The production companies can run into serious problems due to the accumulation over time of these types of materials. The fracture area of the glass fiber scrap/polyester resin/sand composite samples was analyzed microscopically. Good compatibility between resin, filaments and sand and good impregnation of the matrix was obtained.
Acknowledgements
The new composite material contained ground glass fiber scraps, polyester matrix and sand all mixed together. Analysis of the effect of mechanical recycling on the tensile strength of a short glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6,6. Mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced sand powders with granular thermoset composites: Influence of fiber/matrix interaction.
Chemical recycling of glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin cured with amine using nitric acid. Influence of wood fiber filler on the internal recycling of poly(vinyl chloride)-based composites. Polymeric and cementitious mortars for the reconstruction of natural stone structures exposed to marine environments.
![Figure 3. Levels of information flow achieved between the different product lifecycle phases [15].](https://thumb-ap.123doks.com/thumbv2/1libvncom/9201734.0/25.918.130.759.246.492/figure-levels-information-achieved-different-product-lifecycle-phases.webp)
