Thilc tieh - Kinh nghiem
Bao ton va phat trien ben viifng vung dat ngap nuoc Dong Thap iViuoii
O NGUYEN HA
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dng Thdp Mudi - vOng dit VQng ndm d thupng ngudn sing Cuu Long vd sdng Vdm Cd Tdy Vdi dfa hinh dit thip trdng, mit dit eao tdO,Bm ddn 2m so vdi mye nudc bidn. Vi v$y, Ddng Thdp Mutif (DTM) hdm chda nhiiu die dtim chung cua ca vOng Ddng tidng sdng Cuu Long vi khi hiu, thuy vdn, tdi nguyin tp nhldn. hi sinh tiidi, khodng san... d$e biit Id dit ngdp nudc (DNN).Trong long dien tfch viing DTM, dien tfeh DNN cfla cac huyen thudc 3 linh dupc thd'ng ke la hon 648.400 ha. Vung DNN DTM nam tren dia ban cfla 17 huyen va thanh phd Cao Lanh vdi long sd 299 xa. phUdng, thj Iran ngap nudc va udc tinh khoing gan 60 xa bi ngap nudc mdt phan dien tfeh Iren tdng sd 482 xa, phudng, thj Iran. DTM vdi 700 ngan ha rCmg tram va mat nudc d kha nang tru" nude tren 100 ty m^ nudc ngpt cfla sdng CCfu Long, cung cap cho he thdng sdng rach vao mfla kho, vUa 6i nudi sdng Dong bang song CCru Long, vUa de ngan chan nude biln xam nhap; mpt ddng lyt kfn dupc bao quanh bdi eae gidng dat eao ven bien giPi Viet Nam - Campuchia, de tu nhien doc sdng Tien vd giong bien cd doc theo quoe Id IA dupe chan lai bdi sdng Vam Cd Ddng.
He sinh thai cfla Vung la noi cudi cung d n ton tai he sinh thai diln hinh rimg lau, say ngap nudc, la mpt trong sd d c he sinh thai d diPn tfeh ngpp nudc kha Idn d Viet
Nam. Trudc day he sinh thai nay dac trung bdi eac trang co ngap nude theo mfla, nay da bj bien thdnh da't ndng nghiep trong hau het khu vuc. Noi day ed hai khu bao tdn DNN la VUdn Qudc gia Tram Chim va khu bao ton DNN Lang Sen. Hai khu bao ton nay rat da dang ve sinh hpc. Ddi vdi Vudn qudc gia Tram Chim, he thuc vat dac tamg bdi kieu "RUng kfn la rdng thudng xanh ngap nudc theo mua tren dat ehua phen", d 130 loai thuc vat bin dia tieu bieu bdi 6 kilu
quan xa (sen, Ifla ma, eo ong.
nang, mdm mde va tram). Co hdn 130 loai d nudc ngpt, gan 40 loai ludng cu bo sit va 231 loai ehim;
trong do co 32 loai quy hiem dupc ghi vao Sach do Viet Nam, Sach do The gidl. Cdn Lang Sen dupc xem nhu mot bon trung npi dja thupc viJng trung rdng Idn DTM, tinh Long An, day la vung ngap nudc thudng xuyen. SUduy tri tham thuc vat ven song, dong cd tU nhien ngap nude theo mfla, dam lay va dien tfch tram trdng da iam phong
Tai nguyen vo Mdl traong | Kjf 1 - Thang 1/2013 4 5
phu quin thi dpng IhUc v l l noi day, vdi 156 loai thUc vat hoang da thude 60 hp; 149 loli dong vat ed xuong sdng thupe 46 hp, trong dd ed 13 loai nim trong Sich do Vidt Nam: d c loai thfly san tren sdng rach, lung, trap kha phong phfl,
DTM dupe thanh tao trong phan dai de TU, trPn hai don vi tram tfeh Pleistoeen va Holocen cung vdi giai doan trung gian efla Hau Pleistoeen. Qui tnnh thanh lao hoan t i l cfla DTM dUpc bit dau sau thdi ky hau Pleistoeen d c h day khoang 8.000 nam. Nin tram tfch Pleistoeen vPi eac vlt Iilu phu sa ed khdng ddng diu dupc phu len bang vat lieu mdi eua tram lich Holocen, Do do, cd Ihl lim tha'y nhung gd phu sa co vd nhiJng gidng eat e l nam chen lan gii/a d n h dong phfl sa mdl. Dudi tac ddng cua nhilu yeu to tu nhien va con ngudi, thong qua sU phong hoa vdi cac tien trinh sinh - hoa xay ra da hinh thanh nhieu nhdm da't khae nhau trong DTM. Oat phfl sa cd, dai giong co, dat phen. da't phu sa va phu sa ven sdng. Su tuong tae giua eac yeu td tu nhien:
Dja mao, tram tfch, da't, nudc va d e yeu td khac da hinh thanh nhung d n h quan tu nhien vdi cac hp sinh thai dac trung cfla vung DTM. do la he sinh thai rimg tram va he sinh thai ddng cd ngap nuPc theo mua.
Vdi che dp thfly van dac trung cua vung DTM la hien tupng ID xay ra hang nam. he thdng kenh rach chang chit va eae sinh cinh tu nhien bi tac dong. Dan cu d day chfl yeu sd dung he thdng kenh rach de van ehuyen thdng Ihuong hang hoa. Cle kenh dao da tiep ndi 6i ghe thuyen co t h i giao luu tu cae sdng Tiln Giang. Hau Giang ve TP. Ho Chf Minh, Hien van cdn khoing 40% tong dien
tfch dit cfla vung bi nhilm phdn man. Do bi Inh hudng bdi IQ trin Idn, dja hinh trOng thlp v l bi tic ddng bdi c h l dd bin nhi^t trilu d Biln Ddng, lai xa nOl nhin nudc tiiu ndn hing nam vung niy phli hung chiu hilu Ong ngSp lyt siu klo dai (cd thdi dilm mdt sd vung DTM bj ngap siu tdl 3.5m klo dai tU4 din 5 thing), Hing nam, vung DTM diu bj ngap lu, didn tfch nglp lu vao khoing 120,000 ha. thdi gian nglp lu khoing 3 thang (td lhang 9 din thang 11). d | sau nglp biln thi§n tU 0.4 -1,8 m.
Do cd diln tfch DNN rdng Idn, nen hP thd'ng kdnh rach cae d p hinh Ihdnh, phat Iriln, phSn b l diu khip va VUdn sau vao vung DNN npi dia. He thd'ng bd bao chdng lu bao ve Ifla hP thu, thu ddng dai tren 8.300 km, da chfl ddng chdng 10 cho 87% dien lich Ifla, chfl ddng xudng gid'ng sdm tranh lu. Bd bao chdng lu triet d l bao ve 58% dien lich vudn cay an Irai.
DNN noi day da va dang phai ganh chju hau qua chung nhiing thiet hai do con ngudi gay ra trong qua trinh khai thac va sfl" dyng. Mdi trudng sd'ng va di cuefla nhilu loai sinhval bi pha hfly; da dang sinh hpc va cae ngudn tai nguydn DNN bi suy giam nghiem trpng do d c boat dpng chuyin ddi mye dfch sCf dyng DNN cle loai chat thil ngay d n g gia iang (Nam 2007, tdng lupng chat thai r i n sinh hoat khoang 606,267 tan/nam, nude thai sinh boat 102 trieu ms/nam.
chat thii ran cong nghiep 47,2 trieu m3/nam. rIc thii y te 3.800 tan/ nam. Cle nguon thai nay hlu hit chua dupc xd ly triet dl); danh bat thfly hii san bing phUOng phip CO tfnh huy diet; nan chat phi rUng ngap man. pha buy ran san ho; chit thai eong nghiSp. chit thai sinh boat va thudc trU sau, phan
bdn hoi hpc 66 ra eac thfly VL lim 6 nhiem DNN,
Cic vung DNN d nudc ta cQn nhu trin t h i gidi dang ddng vai tr rit quan trpng trong vin 6i da dan sinh hoc, tuy nhien, vung ONI DTM cdn mdt sd vin d l tdn tai nhi Dign tfch DNN vung DTM nim trei didn tfch tu nhidn cfla 3 tinh, troni dd cd Long An v l Ddng Thlp o didn tfeh DNN giap bi3n gic Campuchia ndn d n g tae quan 1^
bao ton va phit triln bin viJhg vuni DNN bi phan tin. thilu dong bg ngo^i ra trong vflng DNN DTM ct mdt sd khu bio tdn nhung do quj md didn tich nhd, tfnh lien kit yei nen ban c h l den d c boat dpnj bio tdn tren pham vi loan vflng
Vdi nhOmg dilu noi tren, de bio tdn va phat triln bin vung dai ngap nudc ndi chung va vflng ONN DTM ndi rieng, Nha nudc d n pha cd nhiimg giai phip trong viec quar ly DNN nhu: xay dyng va thuc hier chiln lupc qudc gia ve bao ton va phat tnln bin vung DNN; nang cao hieu qua va hieu lUC cfla he thong I h l c h l quan ly ve DNN; thyc thi d c bien phap ho tro cho viec quan ly DNN; phat trien d c bien phap quan ly, bio tdn va sd dung DNN;
quy hoach bio tdn va sd dung ben vCmg da dang sinh hpc vung ofa sdng, ven biln; xay dung va thuc hien quy che quan ly tai nguyen DNN; ddng thdi, day manh dng tic tuyen truyln, giao dyc, nang cao hilu biet cfla mot ngudi ve vai trd va gia tri cfla DNN, Viec bao ton va phat trien ben vCing d c he sinh thii DNN d nudc ta dang d nhiJrig budc bit dau. rat cin cd sU quar tam, tham gia cfla d c nganh, cac cap, su hd trd cua cic nha tai trd, d c td chdc qudc t l trong nUdc VE qudc te trong viec xay dung md chien-lupc quan ly tdng hpp lau da ngudn tai nguyin DNN.B
4 6 Toi nguyen vo Mdi frifong I Ky 1 • Thana 1/2013
