50 S 6 11-2019 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
VAI TRO CUA CHINH PHU DOI VOd PHAT TRIEN KHU CONG NGHE CAO d HOA KY
Dinh Thj Thiiy Linh*
Tom tat: Md hinh Khu cdng nghe cao (KCNC) tgi Hog Ky Id mgt trong nhicng mo hinh kinh te tieu bieu mang nhieu ddc tnmg. Cdc KCNC khdng chi ddng gdp true tiip cho tdng trudng kinh te md cdn giiip ndng cao trinh do cdng nghe sdn xudt vd sice cgnh trgnh cita cdc sdn phgm hdng hod, dich vu citg chinh qudc. Ben cgnh do, cdc KCNC cUng giup Hoa Ky thu hut dugc nhieu ngudn vdn, bao gdmcd nhdn lice vd vdt Itcc trong nude vd nuac ngodi, gdp phdn xdy dung cdc ngdnh cdng nghe ego 1dm ddu tau cho phdt trien kinh te. Quan trgng hon, cdc KCNC cita Hoa Ky tgo dieu kien het sue thugn lgi cho mdi lien ket giica ddo tgo, nghien cicu, phdt trien cong nghe vdi hogt ddng sdn xudt vd dich vu. Trong nhieu ndm qua, chinh sdch phdt trien KCNC cita Hoa Ky dugc trien khai tic cdp lien bang cho tgi cdc bang vd dia phuong gop phdn hinh thdnh cdc KCNC ndng dgng vd hien dgi vdi stc quy tu ciia khoa hgc ky thuat vd tri thicc. Su hd trg ciia Lien bang cho nghien curu vd phdt trien (R&D) Id cue ky quan trgng ddi vdi vdn hog ddi mdi citg cdc KCNC. Bdi viet se phdn tich vai trd ctia cdc cdp chinh phu Hoa Ky ddi voi stc phdt trien ciia mot sd KCNC tieu bieu.
Tir khda: Hda Ky, khu cdng nghe cao, vai ttd chinh phu 1. Md dau
Mdt trong nhttng md hinh kinh te dupe coi ttpng d Hoa Ky chinh la KCNC. Hoa Ky dd xdy dtmg Ipi thd canh tranh bang edng nghe vd giup cho nen kinh te gitt viing dupe vi tri sd mpt.
Rat nhieu bang d Hoa Ky da nhdn ra tim quan trpng eua khoa hpc - cdng nghe vd ddu tu manh tay eho cae chuong trinh thuc day cdng nghe cao; va viee nay dd giup eho hp ndm gitt vai ttd thu litih ttong nhidu lliih vuc quan trpng khae. Thung lung Silicon dupe xem Id hinh miu tien phong va chinh su thdnh edng cua khu vuc nay da tao ndn sue lan tda cho eac khu vuc vd qudc gia khac.
Cae KCNC dupe hudng nhidu uu ddi so vdi khu v\rc khde va day cung Id mpt trong nhflng nhdn td giup cho ede doanh nghidp ttuc thude cd eo hpi phat trien manh me hem. Vide dua ra nhflng chinh saeh phu hpp cd y nghia to Idn den su thanh cdng eiia KCNC. Vdy nen, ca ehinh quyen lien bang vd chinh quydn d eae tidu bang eua Hoa Ky rat cin ttpng trong vide xdy dung cdc till che lien quan.
Anh hudng eua ehinh phu lien bang ddi vdi cdc khu vue dua tren cdng nghd d Hoa Ky cbti yeu thi hien trong cdc sang kidn chinh sdch nhu Dao luat Bayh Dole ndm 1980, tdi trp cho nghien ciiu
' Vien Nghien cicu Chdu My
CHAUMYNGAYNAY S6 11-2019 51 cua cac tiirdng dai hpc, va gdn ddy
nhat la eai thien ndng Ittc qudc gia, gitt chdn nhdn tdi qude td dupe dao tao d Hoa Ky thdng qua eai thipn thu tuc nhdp cu va thi thuc.
2. KCNC Tam giac, tiiu bang North Carolina
KCNC Tam giac (Research Triangle Park - RTF) ndm d khu vuc Raleigh- Durham dupe xem la KCNC Idn nhdt ctta Hoa Ky. RTP dupe ddt ten theo hinh tam gide dupe edu thanh bdi ba thanh phd Raleigh, Durham, vd Chapel Hill, hay ndi ehinh xac hon la bdi ba tradng dai hpc nam ttong ba thdnh phd dd - Dai hpc bang North Carolina, Dai hpc Duke, va Dai hpc North Carolina tai Chapel Hill. Nam 1960, RTP thu hiit dupe cdng ty ddu tien Chemstrand, nhd sang lap eua AstroTurf Sau dd, IBM din khu vue vd md ea sd nghidn curu rdng 7.000 mdu Anh. Tinh din nay, RTP cd hon 250 cdng ly va khodng 50.000 chuydn gia ttong cdc linh vuc nhu vi dien tu, vidn thdng, cdng nghe smh hpc, hda chit, dupe pham vd khoa hpe mdi ttudng'.
Chinh quyin lien bang
Cac CO quan lidn bang da giup thiet Ijp tmh hpp phdp cua RTP bdng cdch ddt CO sd d dd trong nhttng ndm ddu hmh thanh va phdt ttiln. Khdng nhflng thd, eac co quan nhu Bd Y td va Dich vii Nhdn sinh (Departtnent for Human and Health Services - HHS), Bp Qudc phdng (Departtnent of Defense - DoD)
va Quy Khoa hpc Qudc gia (National Science Foundation - NSF) tao ra nhu edu cho nghien ciiu ttt eae tradng dai hpc vd cae td chuc khae ttong khu. Co quan bdo vd mdi tradng (Envhonmental Protection Agency - EPA) va Trung tdm khoa hpc sttc khde mdi tradng (Environmental Health Science Center) dd mang ede hpp ddng tti gid hang trieu USD din KCNC. Ddng tiln ndy ddng vai ttd quan ttpng trong su phdt triln vd thdnh cdng etta KCNC.
Chinh phu lien bang da tdi trp rdt nhidu cho ba tradng dai hpc lien quan tdi RTP. Cu thd, tinh ttong nam 2015, ehinh phu lien bang da tai ttp 54% (559 ttieu USD) ehi phi (R&D) tai Duke (trong dd, DoD cung cap 58 ttidu USD, HHS eung cip 424 trieu USD va NSF ctmg cap 40 trieu USD); Chinh phu lien bang dd tai ttp 61% (586 ttidu USD) ehi phi R&D tai UNC (trong do, HHS eung cip 443 ttidu USD va NSF eung cip 40 ttidu USD); Chinh phu lidn bang da tai ttp 43% (200 trieu USD) chi phi R&D tai NC State (trong dd, DoD eung cdp 27 ttipu USD, NSF cung cip 51 trieu USD va USDA eung cdp 20 ttidu USD);
Vien Tam giac Nghien cttu (Research Triangle Institute), mpt td chuc nghien curu phi Ipi nhuan, da nhdn dupe 53 trieu USDtttNIH.
Chinh quyin tiiu bgng vd dia phuong
* Chinh quyln tilu bang
Chinh quydn tilu bang, dae Met Id sir lanh dao ciia hai thdng ddc bang Thdng ddc Luther Hodges (1954-1961)
52 S 6 11-2019 CHAU MY NGAY NAY va Thdng ddc Terry Sanford (1961-
1965), da giiip ich rat nhidu eho su hinh thdnh vd phdt tridn cua RTP trong nhung nam dau. Y tudng ve RTP, dupe cho la bdt ngudn ttt Romeo H. Guest - mdt doanh nhan d North Carolina, da dupe dl xudt Idn Thdng ddc Hodges.
Ban ddu, Thdng ddc khdng chdp nhdn nhtmg sau dd dng nhdn thdy vai trd eua edng nghe ttong phat triln kinh te, ddc biet khi North Carolina dang ndm ttong nhdm eae tieu bang ed thu nhdp binh quan ddu ngudi thap nhdt luc bdy gid.
Du an Tam giac Nghidn cttu bdt dau dupe biet den vdi ten gpi "Tam gide Nghien eiiu cua Thdng ddc bang". Ndm
1956, Thdng ddc Hodges thanh lap Uy ban Tam gide Nghien eun vdi nhiem vu khuyen khich vd thuc diy thanh lap ede phdng thi nghiem nghien cttu cdng nghidp va ede co sd vdt chdt khae d North Carolina, chu ydu d khu vuc tam giac dia ly dupe hinh thanh bdi ba tradng dai hpc. Thdng ddc Hodges ddng vai trd nhu mdt ngudi thilt lap chuong ttinh nghi su vd tap trang cdc loi ich ehung. Ong da thue ddy cdc tradng dai hpc xem xet ngudn lue ndi bd dl danh gid khd nang tiiu httt cdc cdng ty dua tten nghien ciru vao khu vuc.
Nam 1959, RTP bdt diu md etta. Tuy nhidn, mac eho nhflng nd luc tuyen dung rpng khap Hoa Ky va chdu Au, KCNC nay van cdn khd "trdng ttdi" vd ed giai doan dttng tren bd vuc phd sdn.
Van may cua RTP da dupe cai thien ddng kl nhd vide Terty Sanford len lam
tiidng ddc ndm 1961. Sanford da van dpng va quydn tiln eho cMdn dich cua ung vidn tdng thdng John F. Kennedy, ddng thdi gittp cim Thdng ddc Hodges trd thdnh Bp tradng Thuong mai eho Kennedy. Sau nay Kennedy dd ling hd nhiing nd lire cua Sanford ttong viee md rpng RTP thdng qua cdc thuong vu mua lai ddt Idn. Sanford dd nhdn dupe cam ket ttt Tdng thdng dd xdy dung mdt Trang tdm Khoa hpc Sttc khde Mdi tradng trong RTP. Vdo ndm 1965, chinh phu lien bang dd quyet dinh lua chpn RTP cho sdng kiln mdi tradng mdi. RTP ttd thanh dia diem eua Vidn Khoa hpe Sttc khde Mdi tradng Qude gia, la chi nhdnh duy nhit ciia Vien Y tl Qudc gia nam ben ngodi Bethesda, Maryland lue bay gid.
Ndm 1961, Thdng ddc Sanford ddtdp hpp 39 nha khoa hpc ttt ba tradng Dai hpe cua khu vvre Tam gide d l dua ra ldi khuydn vd cdch giup nha nude dap ttng thdch thtte do thay ddi khoa hpc, giai quydt cdc vdn de eua nganh cdng nghiep dia phuong vd dua tieu bang ttd thanh trang tdm khoa hpc va ddi mdi. Nhdm nay da tham khdo y kiln cua cdc nha khoa hpc dupe mdi den ttt edc tilu bang khde va eudi eung kdt ludn rdng nhu edu ehinh la hd trp tdi ehinh nhidu hon cho nghien cttu khoa hpc. Ndm 1963, Ha vidn eua tilu bang dd thdnh lap Ban Khoa hpe vd Cdng nghp dl khuyin khich cdc irng dung eua nghien cttu khoa hpc, ky thuat vd cdng nghiep trong tieu bang. Ban ddu, Ban hoat dpng nhu
CHAU Mi NGAY NAY S6 11-2019 53 mdt don vi phdn phdi tdi trp theo md
hinh cua Quy Khoa hpc Qudc gia, vdn hdnh eac chuong ttuih tdi trp nghien cttu nha nude e?nh ttanh ddu tidn d Hoa Ky.
Cae chuong ttinh tai ttp cua Ban dupe hudng vao "y tudng cua trudng dai hpc [dia phuong] tdt nhit" va "thuong maii hda eae kham phd hpe thuat". Ttt ndm 1963 ddn ndm 1969, HOi ddng da xem xet 339 dd xudt va tdi ttp 110 trong sd do, dan den 116 khoan ttp cip tidp theo ttt ede ngudn khae.
Chinh quydn tilu bang da tai trp vd hd trp eac tradng dai hpc nghidn cttu edng cdng ttong khu vuc, ddng thdi giup tai trp cdc du dn co sd ha tdng, dudng eao tde, vd mdt sdn bay qude te.
Nhimg didu nay mang lai loi Ieh dang kl eho RTP.
* Chinh quyln dia phuong Chinh quydn dia phucmg da lam vide vdi gidi doanh nghidp vd ttTidng dai hpe dl cung cdp mpt noi hdp ddn de sinh sdng. Hat Durham cam kit 20 tiidu USD cho tai phdt triln thdng qua du an Park Center vao ndm 2015. Sau mpt vdi su tti hoan do thay ddi ve quan ly, ddn ddu nam 2019, giai doan ddu tidn eua du an dd dupe tidn hdnh.
3. Khu cong nghe eao Austm, Texas Austin la "sdn nha" cua Tradng Dai hpe Texas (UT Austin), gin Dai hpe Texas A&M d College Station vd nhilu tradng cao ddng va vi^n ddo tao hai ndm, la dia dilm cua chinh quyln bang Texas. Austin da phat ttiln mot cum
edng nghe manh me va dupe bilt ddn vdi chat lupng cupc sdng cao vd thuang hidu vdn hda khde biet. KCNC Austin phdt tridn ttt mpt nen tdng know-how vd didn ttt nhd nhimg nd lue eua Dai hpe Texas, chinh quyln tidu bang va dia phuong, tdi trp ttt ehinh p h i lien bang, van hda dttt khoat, mdi tradng phdp ly thdn thien vdi doanh nghidp vd su hien didn cua cac cdng ty cdng nghp danh tilng ttt nhttng nam 1960.
Chinh quyen lien bang
Chinh phu lien bang da cimg cdp tdi chinh dang ke eho Sematech. Sematech dupe len y tudng vao ndm 1986, thdnh lap vao nam 1987 va bdt ddu boat ddng t?i Austin, Texas vao ndm 1988 vdi tu cdch Id su hpp tae gitta Chinh phu Hoa Ky va 14 nha sdn xudt chdt bdn din cd tra sd tai Hoa Ky de gidi quyet cdc vdn dd san xudt ehung vd dl liy lai vi the cho nganh edng nghiep ban ddn Hoa Ky trade su eanh tranh ttt Nhat Bdn vdo gitta nhung nam 1980. Sematech dupe tai ttp trong 5 ndm bdi cdc khoan trp cdp ddn ttt DoD thdng qua Co quan Du an Nghien cttu Ndng cao Qudc phdng (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency - DARPA) vdi tdng sd tiln tai trp la 500 trieu USD.
Trong giai doan 2010-2011, ehinh phu lien bang da tai trp cho UT Austin tdng cdng 553,5 trieu USD. Cac ca quan tai trp ehinh bao gdm: DoD Id 122 ttidu USD; NSF la 76,5 trieu USD;
HHS Id 72 ttieu USD; DOE la 42,5 trieu USD; vd NASA la 13 trieu USD.
S 6 11-2019 CHAU MY NGAY NAY Chinh phu hen bang da tdi ttp 53% (346
ttidu USD) chi phi R&D t£ii UT Austm vao nam 2015. Trong dd, DoD dd cung cdp 135 ttieu USD, DoE eung cdp 40 ttidu USD, HHS eung cip 64 USD trieu, vaNSF da ctmg cip 77 tridu USD.
Chinh sach eua chinh phu lien bang eung tdc ddng gian tiep Idn den su phat tridn ciia Austin, vi dii nhu hd ttp su chuyen ddi cua Nha may magie trong CMdn ttanh the gidi lan thu hai d Bde Austin thdnh mpt KOTC.
Chinh quyen tieu bang vd dia phuong
* Chinh quyen tieu bang
Chinh phu da tao Quy Dai hpe Thudng true (Permanent University Fund), mdt quy dupe stt dung dl tdi trp eho Dai hpe Texas Austin (UT Austin) va Dai hpc Texas A&M. Ndm 1949, vdi su hd trp cua Nghi si Lyndon B.
Johnson, UT Austin da mua dia diem eho trang tdm nghien ciru OFF-campus ma vdo ndm 1953 da trd thdnh Trang tdm Nghien cttu Balcones cua tradng, bao gdm ca Phdng Thi nghiem Nghidn eiiu ling dung. Ndm 1994, trang tam dupe ddi ten thdnh Co sd Nghidn cttu JJ Pickle (JJ Pickle Research Campus PRC) dd tudng nhd cuu Nghi si Hoa Ky vd cuu smh vien UT, J.J. Pickle.
PRC la mpt nd luc hpp tdc ctta chinh phu, nganh cdng nghidp vd gidi hpc tiiudt ttong nghien cttu vd phat triln khoa hpc vd ky thuat. PRC bao gdm 19 trung tdm nghien curu true thude UT Austin bao gdm: Phdng Thi nghiem Nghien cttu ttng dung. Cue Dia chdt
Kinh td, Trung tam Tdi nguyen Ndng lupng va Mdi trudng, Trung tdm NgMen cttu vi dien ttt, Nhdm Nghien cttu Robotics, Tnmg tdm may tinh eao cip Texas (TACC), Vien Dia vdt ly... Tdt ed cdc trung tdm nghien ettru nay dd dupe hudng loi ttt su tai ttp nghien cttu lidn bang vd tilu bang.
Cd mdt vdi sang kiln phdt tridn kinh te dupe tidu bang tai trp Id chia khda cho su tang tradng cua Austin dudi vai ttd mpt KCNC. Vi du, ndm 2003, Co quan lap phdp thtt 78 ban hanh mpt kl hoach phdt triln kinh td bao gdm vide Idy 390 ttidu USD ttt Quy binh dn kinh td cua bang (cdn duoc gpi la tdi khoan ngdy mua - Rainy Day Account) dl thdnh ldp Quy Texas Enterprise (TEF), nham thu hut nganh cdng nghidp din Texas va dd tao vipe 1dm. Du dn TEF phdi dupe su chdp thuan cua thdng ddc, phd thdng dde vd Chu tieh Ha vien. TEF da dupe tdi cip vdn vdo ndm 2005, nam 2007, ndm 2009 va ndm 2011.
Ro rang, su tdng trudng eua Austin nhu mdt trang tam edng nghe Idn dd dupe tang cudng vdi vipe su dung quy TEF the hien qua vide thu hut edc cdng ty ndi tieng nhu Faeebook ndm 2010, e-Bay ndm 2011 vd stt md rdng cua Apple tai Austin bdt ddu vao ndm 2013, cflng nhu vipe gitt chdn cae edng ty Helaguolt vdo ndm 2007. Din nay, KCNC Austin dd nhdn dupe ban 443,4 ttidu USD ddu til ttt TEF vd tiiu hut dupe hon 15,4 ty USD vdn diu tu tji tieu bang.
CHAUMYNGAYNAY 55 Ben canh TEF, Quy Cdng nghe mdi
ndi (Emerging Technology Fund - ETF) dupe tiidnh ldp bdi Ca quan lap phap Texas ndm 2005 dd eung cdp kinh phi eho nghidn cttu, phdt ttiln vd thuong mai hda edc cdng nghe mdi ndi. Den ndm 2012, quy ETF da ddu tir 192 trieu USD vdo 133 cdng ty, ttd thdnh nha ddu tu gidng (seed investor) Idn nhdt d bang Texas. Vdi ETF, ehinh quydn bang cung da ttao 178 trieu USD eho tai ttp nghien eim vd hd ttp khde cho cdc tradng dai hpc d Texas bao gdm hd ttp trong viee tuyIn dung 52 nha nghien cttu "ngdi sao" vd cdc ddng nghiep eua hp. Dai hpe Texas tai Austin da hpp tae nghien cttu vdi 23 trong sd edc edng ty dupe tdi ttp bdi quy ETF.
Ngodi ra, Texas ttt Idu da ed mdi tradng hd trp kinh doanh vdi rat it cdc rao can vd lu?t dinh, ettng mtte Ihul thip, khdng ed thul thii nhdp cd nhan vd nhilu uu dai cho doanh nghidp. Nhihig dilu nay giup thu hut cae edng ty CNC ed tilng va ed cdc edng ty khdi nghiep.
* Chinh quyln dia phuong Chinh quydn thanh phd phdi hpp vdi eae nha Idnh dao doanh nghidp vd tradng dai hpc dd thu hut cdc tap dodn;
dua ra mpt k l hoach cho tang tradng kinh t l ddi ban, trong do nhdn manh den khoa hpc, cdng nghe vd mdi lien kit giua chit lupng cupc sdng va phat trien kinh tl. Chinh quyln dia phuong qudng bd va hd trp xdy dung thuong hieu van hda eua thdnh phd. Austin dupe bilt den la mpt ttung tam van hda vd dm nhac
thdi thupng, chdt lupng cupc sdng cao vdi muc chi phi thdp. Hdi nghi South by Southwest (SXSW) va cdc Id hdi dupe td ehtte tai thdnh phd thu httt eae nha khdi nghidp vd nhd dau tu, giup noi day ttd thdnh mdt dia dilm sdng tao vl cdng nghe va dm nhae.
4. Khu cdng nghe cao Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh timg dupe biet den la
"thanh phd thep" nhd ngdnh cdng nghiep sat thep phat ttiln. Trong thdi ky hoang kim eua ngdnh cdng nghiep, ddn sd eung nhu thu nhdp cua thdnh phd tang cao. Tuy nhidn, din ndm 1980, ngdnh cdng nghiep thep cua Hoa Ky bi ddng etta phdn Idn, ty id thit nghiep etta Pittsburgh len din 18%. Kd ttt dd thdnh phd dd phdt triln eae cum cdng nghe trong linh vue cdng nghd sinh hpc, dupe pham vd edng nghe thdng tin, nhung phai den nam 2017 thi mdi chinh thuc ddt ten KCNC. Thdnh cdng cila KCNC Pittsburgh Id nhd mdt phdn Idn vdo kd hoach eua Thornburgh, vi tri trong cdc nganh phdt ttiln nhanh, mdt ndn tdng gido due va nghidn cttu manh, mpt lupng Idn tdi ttp eua lien bang va tidu bang, vdn hda chdt luong eao vd ehi phi sdng thap.
Chinh quyen lien bang
Tai sdn Idn nhdt trong nin kinh td ddi mdi eua Pittsburgh cd le la quy md, chdt lupng va pham vi nghidn cttu. Noi ddy Id nha eua hon chuc ttudng cao dang va dai hpc - trong dd cd hai tradng dai hpe
56 S 6 11-2019 CHAU MY NGAY NAY danh tidng thd gidi Id Dai hpe
Pittsburgh (UPitt) vd Dai hpc Carnegie Mellon (CMU) nam d trang tdm eua KCNC. Thanh phd dttng thtt 9 trong sd 100 thdnh phd hang ddu v l sd lupng R&D eua trudng dai hpe xet ttdn quy md nen kinh te. Ndm 2016, chi tieu R&D binh quan diu ngudi eua khu vue gin gdp 2,5 Idn so vdi ttung binh qude gia. Khu vue nay eung tao ra 273% so vdi mtte ky vpng ddng gdp eho xuat ban hpc thuat, vupt xa mtte trang binh qudc gia trong cdc linh vuc nhu robot, lao khoa, chdm sdc tich cue, chdn thuong thdn kinh, ky thuat md t l bdo, tti tud nhdn tao vd phdn mem.
Chinh phu lidn bang dd tai trp 65%
(561 trifu USD) ehi phi R&D tai UPitt ndm 2015. Trong sd nay, HHS eung cap 472 ttieu USD. Trang tdm Y t l Dai hpc Pittsburgh (University of Pittsburgh Medical Center - UPMC) ddng vai trd khach hdng cho edc san pham va dieh vu tinh vi, dae biet Id ve edng nghe sinh hpe va dupe phim, ddng thdi eung cap CO sd v|it chdt va ehuyen mdn edn thiet dl ddp ttng nhu edu nghien cttu y hpe ngay cdng tang, dae biet la ttt cdc co hdi dupe lien bang tdi ttp thdng qua HHS.
Nam 2016, Dai hpc Pittsburgh nhdn dupe mtte tai ttp cao thtt nam ttt NIH tidu chuin vang vd nghien cttu y sinh.
CMU dd nhan dupe tai ttp nghien cttu lidn bang kha Idn cho khoa hpe mdy tilth, robot va nghidn cttu tti tue nhdn tao. Chinh phu lidn bang da tai trp 77%
(187 ttieu USD) chi phi R&D tai CMU
ndm 2015. Trong dd, DoD cung cip 56 ttidu USD, HHS eung eip 27 ttifu USD vd NSF eung cdp 69 ttidu USD.
Chinh phii lien bang cflng cung eip tdi trp cho ede td ehtte khdng giang dgy.
Vidn Nghidn ciru Phu ntt Magee (Magee-Women's Research Institute), mOt vien nghien cttu ddnh rieng eho sttc khde phu ntt, da nhdn dupe 45 ttieu USD tir NIH vao nam 2015. KCNC Piitsburgh dupe hudng loi ttt vide xdy dung sdn bay tdi tan (tai thdi dilm biy gid) va ehinh phtt lidn bang da eung cdp 50 trieu USD eho san bay nay.
Chinh quyen tieu bang vd dig phuong
* Chinh quyen dia phuong
Ndm 1982, Thdng ddc Dick Thornburgh khdi xudng Chucmg trinh tai ttp thtt thdch ddi tdc Ben Franklin (Ben Franklin Partnership Challenge Grant Program). Tu tudng kinh te ehu dao vdo dau nhflng ndm 1980, cdn dupe gpi Id Reaganomics, t | p tnmg vao cdc CO che thi tradng va chinh phu ban chi.
Theo dinh hudng ehinh saeh ndy, chinh quyen Thornburgh vd eae thdnh vien lap phdp eua Hdi ddng MILRITE da gidi thidu Dao luat t£io vide 1dm cdng ngh^
tidn tiln (Advanced Technology Job Creation Act). Muc dich nhdm thtte ddy su phdt trien ctta cdng nghe tidn tidn vd hd ttp ede edng ty cdng nghe eao mdi ndi nhu mdt each d l tao ra mdt mdi tradng kinh doanh thudn Ipi cho ede edng ty thude khu vue tu nhan. Cdch tiep can nay eho phep chinh phu giam thidu su tham gia ttuc tiep vd stt dung
57 tdng hap tai nguydn thay vi chi dua vao
chidm dung edng cpng. D£io ludt ndy da ttd thanh ndn tdng cua Chuong ttinh Ddi tac Ben Franklin, dupe gidi thieu vdi niem tin rang ehinh phu tieu bang ed the hd ttp cdc cdng ty khdi nghidp cdng nghd nhd vd tao didu kien cho su hpp tdc gitta nganh edng nghiep va eae trudng dai hpc dd gittp giai quydt ede van dl ctta cdng ty. Dd la chuong ttinh phdt ttiln kinh t l thuc diy bdi edng nghd diu tidn trong cd nude. Chuong ttmh dupe thilt kd dd ctmg cap hd ttp tdi ehinh cho cac edng ty hdn doanh cdng nghe eao d giai doan ddu vd cae hogt ddng R&D, ddng thdi kich thich ehuyen giao cdng nghe, thuong mji hda nghien cttu va tieh hpp cdng nghe tidn tiln vao cdc nganh cdng nghiep tradng thanh.
Tilu bang hd ttp khdi nghiep bdng edeh ch?y du dn Cdng trinh ddi mdi (Innovation Works). Chinh quydn cimg tdi ttp va hd ttp tradng dai hpc lidn quan din nhd nude ttong khu vue, UPitt.
Chinh quydn tidu bang vd h?t hd ttp Lien minh khu vuc Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh Regional Alliance) ttong vipe tilp thi eung nhu cae ira dai ve thud vd ddo t?o. Pennsylvania dd eung cap cac Ipi ich v l thud ddi vdi ngdnh edng ngh$ cao, dl kieb thich cac boat dpng R&D vd ddi mdi cdng nghd. Tilu bang cung cdp cho cae nhd tuyen dung muc tin dung thul 10% cho cac khoan ddu tu R&D mdi va cung cdp khoan tin dyng fliud 1.000 USD ttdn mdi viec lam mdi dupe tao ra cho cac cdng ty tjp tinng
vdo phat ttiln cdng nghp. Pennsylvania cflng da loai bd thud ban hdng dich vii mdy tinh dd khuyen khich cdc cdng ty ddu tu nhilu hon vao edng nghd may tinh. v l CO sd ha tdng, ehinh quydn tieu bang eung cap 97 tridu USD ttong sd 397 ttidu USD dl tdi ttp eho sdn bay Pittsburgh.
* Chinh quyln dia phuong Trong giai doan ddu eua khu CNC, ehinh quyen thdnh phd ettng vdi cdc td chttc va doanh nghiep dia phuong, da hop tae vdi Allegheny Conference, khdi xudng mdt sdng kien de hdi sinh trang tam thanh phd. Cdc nha lanh dao dia phuong cflng ddm bao rang quy dinh vd phdn vung se dl sdn ddt cho su phat triln ctta KCNC. Chinh quyln cflng nd luc phat tridn mpt trong nhung thanh phd dang sdng nhdt d Hoa Ky.
Ngodi ra, vdo nam 1985, thdnh phd Pittsburgh, hat Allegheny, UPitt vd CMU dd kit hpp dl tao ra mdt ehiln lupc phat ttiln kinh td chung.
5. Ket luan
Cd thd ndi, chinh phu ddng vai ttd vd cung quan ttpng ddi vdi su hinh thdnh vd phdt ttidn cua cdc KCNC tai Hoa Ky.
Chinh phu thuc Men ddng thdi nhdm gidi phdp dl hd trp cho cae KCNC phat ttiln nhit. Mdt mat, ehmh phu lien bang tao ra hdnh lang phap ly, tao cdc dieu kien thudn Ipi dl eac khu vuc ndy cd the phdt huy hieu qua. Ben canh dd, ehinh phu cung thuc Men cdc bien phdp hd ttp tai chinh dl giup cho cdc du dn tai KCNC.
58 CHAU MY NGAY NAY Su hd ttp cua ehinh phu den ttt cdc cdp,
ttt cap lien bang, tidu bang cho den tan dia phucmg, eho thdy tinh ddng thudn vd quyet tdm cua chinh phti ndi rieng va ctta nude Hoa Ky ndi chung trong vide phat triln eac KCNC.
Thdnh cdng cua cae KCNC tai Hoa Ky da eho thdy nhttng dinh hudng tdng till md Chinh phu Hoa Ky dua ra Id hoan todn hpp ly. Thic nhat, xac dinh cdng nghe vin se Id ddng lire thue day vd dinh hudng eho nen kinh te, Chinh phtt Hoa Ky tao dieu kien thuan loi nhdt de eae KCNC phdt ttidn, trong dd tap trang vao boat ddng R&D. Thir hgi, Chinh phtt Hoa Ky xdc dinh gido due, dae biet la giao due dai hpc, se Id ndn tang eho viee phdt ttien edng nghe. Do dd, viec chinh phu ket ndi boat ddng R&D vdi cdc tradng dai hpe, vien nghien cttu va hd trp manh me cho cdc td chuc nay Id hodn toan hpp ly. Thii ba, Chinh phu Hoa Ky xdc dinh dl thdnh cdng can phdi ed su thdng nhdt gitta cdc cap chinh quydn. Dieu nay dupe the hien d nhflng no lue cua chinh phu d mpi cap dp, ttt lidn bang eho din dia phuong. Cdc KCNC khdng thi dat dupe nhtmg thdnh cdng nhu hdm nay nlu thilu di nd lue ctta bit ky cap ehinh quyln nao. Thic tu, su thanh edng etta edc KCNC rd rang Id thdnh cdng ctta md hinh hpp tde cdng tu: chinh phu ddng vai trd dinh hudng vd hd trp, tu nhdn thd hien tinh ndng ddng cua minh trong cdc boat dpng dd ettng dat dupe muc tieu tdng the. Cho du vdn cdn dd
nhttng ban che va thaeh thtte, nhimg md hinh cdc KCNC tai Hoa Ky la mpt mdu hinh tidu bieu ma nhieu qudc gia cd thd hoe hdi •
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Chu thich:
1. https://www.rtp.org/tucasi/
