DACTRl/NG TRiiT HOC Sif SONG CUA Dl/ONG MINH HOC HAN QUOC
{Tidp theo ky triidc)
KIM SEA JEONG ***
Trong bdi viii ndy, trin lap trudng triit hgc sU sd'ng hiin dgi, tdc gid dd xem xet vd hi thdng lgi nhihig ngi dung ddc trUng triit hgc sU so'ng cda Dudng Minh hgc Hdn Quo'c, bao gom: 1} TU tudng trong thUc chdt vd trgng sU sdng cUa Choi Myong Gil; 2) Tii tudng tdn trong sU song vd tinh chu thi cua Jeong Je Du vd hgc phdi Gang - Hwa vd 3} Tu tudng sU song cua DUdng Minh hgc Hdn Quo'c trong tkdi ky Hdn mgt, di tii do, tim kiim con dUdng gop phdn gidi quyit nhihig van de thdi dgi md chung ta dang phdi ddi mat.
4. Tfl tfldng sfl song cua Dflflng Minh hoc Han Quoc t r o n g thdi ky Han m a t
Vfio thdi difera ehuyfen giao trung cfin dai, tfle lfi vfio cudi the' ky XIX, thdi ky Hfin mat (de' qud'c Han rdi vao giai doan suy thofii) vfi "Tfiy the' Ddng tifera"
(cfie thd Ifle phfldng Tfiy bfinh trfldng sang phfldng Ddng), Park Eun Sik (1859 - 1925) vfi Jeong In Bo (1892 - ?) lfi nhflng hpe gia dien hinh raud'n thdng qua Dfldng Minh hpe de giai quyfe't vaii de ehung ciia cfie nflde Ddng Bic A - ddi phd vdi vfin hda phfldng Tay va vfi'n de dfin tde lfi khdi phuc lai chu quyfe'n tfl tay de' qudc Nhfit.
Mot ldy tli tudng dqi dong (^1^) van vqt nhdt the ( S ® — H ) cua Park Eun Sik
Vao nfim 1909, ddi difen vdi vfi'n de dfin tdc lfi "khdi phue lai ehu quyen".
Park Eun Sik (51 tudi) da eho xufi't ban cud'n Nho gido cdu tdn ludn, trong do
chu trfldng cai cfich Nho giao dfla vao Dfldng Minh hpc. Tiep dd, nam 52 tudi, Park Eun Sik cdn phe phan Chu Tfl hpc la "vfla nhd nhfit vfla vidn vong" (ehi li hfin man), ddng thdi eho xua't ban eu6h VUdng Diidng Mink tien sink thiic ky, trong dd nhfi'n manh tinh cap thife't cua vifec tife'p thu Dfldng Minh hpc - hpe thuyfe't gian di, thife't thfle va dflng dfin (gian di trfle thife't). Qua vifec dai ehung hda Dudng Minh hpc, Park Eun Sik chu trUdng mud'n khdi phuc lai chu quyen qud'c gia. Ong da danh gifi vd DUdng Minh hpe trong cud'n Nho gido cdu tdn lugn nhu sau: "Trong khi cdc nhd nho ngdy nay, mudn tim kiem mot hgc thugt bdn llnh ngodi khoa hoc, thi cd the ndi Id cdi md DUdng Minh hgc co that Id nhitng phdp mdn gidn ddn thidt yeu.
Viec hoc tri lUdng tri Id con diidng triic
{*) Giao sxi, tien sT, Khoa Tri^t hoc, Dai hoc Quoc gia Chung nam, Han Quoc.
chi hdn tdm, viidt khoi ngUdi tkUdng de budc vdo cdnh tri thdnh nhdn, tri hdnk hdp nhdt Id phUcfng phdp tink sdt sii vi di&u cua tdm thudt, viia kkdn yeu viia thiet tkiic, itng dung vdo sU viec thi tinh qud cdm rdt la hogt dung. Id hdi khi chdt cua hgc phdi DUdng Minh vd cdng hieu the hien ra sii viec thi nhieu vd fee''(36).
Dua tren nhflng dfinh gia nfiy. Park Eun Sik, mgt mat, chu trfldng manh rae lufin thuyfe't "md rdng dfin quyen" vfi tfl do tu tfldng dfla tren quan diem "con ngfldi binh dfing" vdi npi dung "lUdng tri thien phd d tdt cd mgi ngUdi deu dUdc hdm thu mdt cdch dong nhdt khdng khdc biet"; mat khdc, dng nhfi'n manh "phat trien tinh thin tfl chu" dfla trfen "sfl tfl lfip cua cfi nhfin vfi tinh tfl chu cua eon ngfldi" vfi thdng qua vifec rad rdng tinh thin tfl chu ay, dng cho ring ed thfe gianh lai quyen ddc lap tfl ehu eua dat nflde vfi dfin tpc(37).
Vd sau. Park Eun Sik thu dung Dfldng Minh hpc nhu lfi hpc phai ban linh dfe tife'p thu mdt cfich ehu dpng nhflng Uu diem cua vfin minh phfldng Tay. Khi ly lufin eua chu nghia de qudc dfla trfen thuyfe't tife'n hoa xfi hdi "thieh gia sinh tdn" (ke thieh nghi dfldc thi tdn tai) dflde the hifen rd qua sfl kien Canh Tudt qud'c si nfim 1910 (Dai Hfin de' qud'e bude phai ky hiep fldc vdi Nhat Ban vfi trd thanh thude dia eua Nhat), dng lai de xuat "tfl tfldng dai ddng" dfla trfen lufin diem "loai bd eae mim raoiig xfi'u" (bat ban tic nguyfen luan) ciia Vfldng DUdng Minh va thay the luan diera "ea ldn nud't cfi be" cua chu nghia
dfe' qud'e bing lufin diem "the' gidi hofi binh" dd tfl dd, tira kife'ra con dUdng radi eho "nhan Ioai cung tdn tai"(38). Park Eun Sik cho ring, trpng tfim eua DUdng Minh hpe Ifi dfle "nhan" trong "van vfit nhfi't thd"(39). Ong viet: "Cfii hpe cua VUdng tfl (VUdng Dfldng Minh) da hoan thien chfl "nhan" trong thifen dia van vat nhfi't the, thdng qua viee lfim sang td ban y ma thanh nhfin lfip gifio da xem bd'n bien la rapt nhfi, mudn dan lfi mdt ngfldi, dfiy chfing phai la dai tdng ehi eua Dudng Minh hpe hay sao?"(40).
Trong Bdi gidng nhdn ngdy sinh Khdng Tli, dng eung dfi gidi thifeu thuyfe't thien dia vgn vgt nhdt the trong saeh Dgi hgc vdn eua VUdng DUdng Minh(41), ddng thdi, dfla trfen thuye't thifen dia van vat nhit thd cua Dfldng Minh, dng trien khai "tfl tfldng dai ddng" va ehu nghia
"tfl hai ddng bao". Ong cho ring, da lfi ngfldi, du thupc dfin tdc nao di nfla thi dfe'u cd Ifldng tri, vi dfle nhfin hdp lfim mdt vdi van vat va khdng c6 sfl tfl rifeng nao nfen mdi ed thd dera lai sfl sdhg eho sinh vat va mUu ciu sfl phfit tridn cua tofin thd nhan loai. Park Eun Sik cung cho rfing, neu nhin tfl quan diem cho van vfit la mdt the thd'ng nhfi't, thi mdi ngfldi se cd chfle phfin phu hdp vdi nfing lflc cua minh, chfl khdng cd sfl phan
(36) Park Eun Sik. Todn thii. Trung tSm nghien culu Dong phUdng hoc, Dai hoc Dankook, 1975, tr.47.
(37) P a r k Eun Sik. Todn thti. Sdd.
(38) Song Seok Jun. TU ttidng thdi ky chuyen biin Hdn mgt vd Diidng Mink hgc: Tap trung vdo tii tudng cua Back Am Park Eun Sik. Tgp chi DiMig Minh hgc, s^5, 2001, tr.l61 -164.
(39) Park Eun Sik. Todn thii, quyin trung, tr.63.
(40) Park Eun Sik. Todn thti, quyen hg, tr.237.
(41) Park Eun Sik. Todn thii, quyin hg, tr.59 - 60.
44
biet chiing tpc da vfing hay da tring.
Ong vife't: "Ong trdi khi sinh ra eon ngfldi da ban tfing cho hp quyen ve ehflc phfin va mdt nfing lflc thieng lieng, phfldng Tay cung nhfl phfldng Ddng, da vfing cung nhu da tring"(42). "ThUdng dfe' bao la vfi cdng bing vd tan nfen yeu thUdng van vfit nhu nhau. Trdi chfim sdc, dat chd che, mpi thfl thudc gid'ng vat, gidng ehay nhay, gid'ng di efl, gid'ng gieo trdng va efic gid'ng ngfldi lfi ngfldi da vfing, da tring, da do, da den ddu cflng chung sd'ng, cflng nudi dudng nhau, xda bd sU fip bfle vfi gfiy hai eho nhau.
Thfinh nhan lfim theo didu dd, eoi van vat lfi nhfi't thfe, bd'n bifen lfi mot nhfi vfi xda bd mpi hfing rfio, bifen gidi"(43).
Nhin tfl quan diem cho ring, khdng kd dia Iy hay ehung tpc, tfim thfe eua eon ngfldi lfi hoan toan gid'ng nhau va ddu cd chfle phan thieh hdp thi rd rfing, chu nghla tit hdi dong bdo vUdt Ifen tren bifen gidi qudc gia hay cfi nhan rifeng le lfi cd thd thflc hifen. Chi khi nfio ehu nghia tfl hai ddng bfio nfiy dflde thfle hien, mpi ngUdi vfi van vat deu cong bfing vfi khdng cdn bifen gidi hay rfio can ngfin each nfla, thi khi fi'y mdi khdng cdn sfl phfin biet gifla cac chung tdc.
Park Eun Sik dfla trfen "Ifldng tri" de phfe phfin raanh me eai hai eua canh tranh sinh tdn va sfl xfira Ifldc bfi't ehinh cua ehu nghia dfe' qud'c. Ddng thdi, tfl khia canh hifen thflc hofi quan difera van vat nhat the, dng dd xuit luan thuye't dgi dong hda binh vfldt trfen bifen gidi qud'e gia. "Dao trdi sinh ra chung sinh, nudi dfldng chung sinh, khdng phfin biet hfiu bae ndi van vfit. Ngfldi dao dfle
phai lay do lam nguyfen ban, phfit huy vfi thfle hifen chfl nhan trong van vfit nhat the, khie'n cho canh tranh trong thifen ha chfi'm dflt de thflc hien ehu nghia eflu the''(44).
Park Eun Sik eho ring, thfinh nhfin lfi ngfldi cdng bfing, vd tfl, yfeu thfldng cdng bing vdi tfi't ca sinh vfit vfi nhfin loai, nen ed the danh dd dUdc ranh gidi cua bdn bien, cUu giup dan sinh trong edn hpa loan, chfi'm diit dUde nhflng cupc canh tranh sinh tdn. Vifee dng de xUdng DUdng Minh hpc lfi cd muc dieh xay dflng ed sd eho nen hda binh nhan loai(45) va tfl tudng dai ddng cua dng cung dat muc tifeu la nhan loai phai dUdc hudng nfe'n hda binh dai ddng iy(46). Yi thfe', tu tudng dai ddng cua Park Eun Sik dfldc dfinh gia lfi bieu hien cua chu nghia tfl hai ddng bfio hda binh(47).
Hai Id, tu tudng sinh mqng cdm thong cua Jeong In Bo
Vdii lfi ngfldi dfldc hpc gia Lee Geon Bang (hieu Nan-gok, 1861 - 1939) thupe hpe phai Gang-Hwa truyen thu tU tudng nghla ly chu dgo (dai nghia), nfira 1930, Jeong In Bo vife't cud'n DUdng Minh hgc diin lugn. Cud'n sfich lfi thfinh qua dang trong khi nd khdng ehi tdng hdp, gidi thifeu hpe phai DUdng Minh hpc Trung Qud'e, ma cdn lan dau tifen he thdng hoa hpc phai DUdng Minh hoe Joseon.
(42) Park Eun Sik Todn thii, quyen trung, tr.217 • 218.
(43) Park Eun Sik Todn thk, quyen trung, tr.212 • 213.
(44) Park Eun Sik. Todn thU, quyen trung, tr.215.
(45) Park Eun Sik. Todn thii, quyen hg, tr.237 • 238.
(46) Park Eun Sik. Todn thU, quyen hg, tr.59 - 60.
(47) Park Jeong Sim. Nghien cUu tii titdng dgi ddng can dgi cua Park Bun Sik. Tap chi Diidng Minh hoc, s6 10, Hoi Dudng Minh hoc Hiin Qu6c, 2003, tr.217 - 221.
Trong Duong Minh hgc dien lugn, Jeong In Bo dfinh gia vifec "lieh sii hfing trfim nfim eua Joseon diy nhflng diu vet hu gia ddng vai" vfi phfe phfin sfl chira dim trong tu ldi, tU due, danh phfin, vinh hoa phu phife'ra (hU hoa), V.V.. Do nhflng nhfi nho thdi diu Joseon, nhflng ngfldi sflng thfldng Trinh Chu hpe nhu phai Tfl doanh (^I^M) dfi mfldn Trinh Chu hpc de theo duoi ldi ich cua minh hay phfii Tdn Hoa (^$;7i^) chu trUdng hpc theo thuyfe't Hoa di de xfiy dflng truyfe'n thd'ng mang tinh
"Trung Hoa" tai Joseon, nhfl nhflng cupc dang tranh, sfl tfin sat dfin thfldng vfi nfe'n ehfnh tri thfe' dao (quyen lUe nim trong tay gia dinh thdng gia hofing tpc) v.v. deu lfi nhflng hifen thflc rdi xa "thUc tfim", lfi bieu hifen eua "hfl" vfi "gia" vi efic quydn ldi fch ky. Jeong In Bo cho ring, lieh sfl rafi'y trara nam eua Joseon da rdi bd "thflc tfim" vfi "thflc hfinh", dim ehim trong gia hfinh (W^) va hfl hpe (0*)(48).
Dfla vao tien de phe phan nay, Jeong In Bo da chu trfldng "thflc hfinh" tfl cd sd "thflc tfim". Cu the, trUdc ti&n lfi phuc hdi "Ifldng tri" mang tinh thfle tam de xac lap y thflc ehu the cua ca nhan va cd suy eho tinh than dan tde Hfin, sau do lfi nghifen cflu Dfldng Minh hpc vdi mong mud'n hda hdp tofin nhfin loai.
Jeong In Bo eho ring, dife'u mfi Dfldng Minh nhfi'n manh ehinh lfi thuyfe't "trf Ifldng tri" vfi dieu mfi Dfldng Minh bfii xfch chinh lfi "thuye't cfich vfit" vdi quan diera "tfle vfit nhi cung ky ly" eiia Chu Hy. Do dd, "tri" lfi "dat", tfle lfi "lfim he't ban dp", "Ifldng tri" lfi "tri gifie thifen
bim", tri vfi IflcJng tri eua ai ai cung gid'ng nhau, va "tri Ifldng tri" la dat dflde tri giac mang tinh thifen bam(49).
Ong eung khang dinh, "minh dfle" hay
"thuyfe't thfin dan" ehinh lfi "thuyfe't tri Ifldng tri" vdi nghia: "Vifee lfim ro rainh dfle vfi vifee than thife't vdi dan chung la mdt. Ne'u cdn gifl khoang cfich vdi dan ehung, khdng eara dflde nhflng tdn tha't vfi an nguy cua dfin chiing nhfl ndi dau trong chinh ed the rainh thi sao ndi dfldc lfi ban the minh dfle dfi sang td.
Than dan cung chfnh la lam tam sang ma lara tam sfing, cung lfi chfnh lfi viec than dan"(50). Ong coi "trf Ifldng tri", tfle minh dfle, tfle thfin dan, khdng gi khfie chinh lfi vifec cam thdng vdi ndi dau eua dan ehiing. Tri Ifldng tri lfi hieu thfi'u dan chung, coi dd la viee cua ban than tam ta (tara npi sfl) va nd phai dfldc thflc hien mdt efich tfl nguyen, bfi't chfi'p y chi cua ta.
Jeong In Bo di dfe'n dinh nghia tdm hgc eua Dfldng Minh "Id viec hgc cko tdm ta sdhg theo bdn nin bdm sinh md khdng cd hiep trd (^i^"(51). Cd the thiy, cfii "tam ban chfi't" ay lfi "ban tam" vfi "Ifldng tri", ehung khdng the tfl lfla ddi ban than(52) vfi dfie tfnh chu yfe'u eua "Ifldng tri" lfi "cam thdng". 6ng eho ring, "Dfldng Minh ndi thifen dia van vat la nha't the" la de tim kife'ra ndi boa hdp lfim mdt vdi ban tfim, khdng phan chia khoang each trong ban tam.
(48) Jeong In Bo. DUdng Minh hgc diin ludn. Quy Van h6a Sam sung, 1975, tr.lO • 12.
(49) Jeong In Bo. Sdd., tr.l5 • 16.
(50) Jeong In Bo. Sdd., tr.21.
(51) Jeong In Bo. Sdd., tr.26.
(52) Jeong In Bo. Sdd., tr.26 - 27.
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Dfit tien de lfi "chi khi nao sfl cam thong ciia ta va dfin - vfit khdng cdn khoang cfich nfla thi khi iy chan the eua Ifldng tri mdi sfing ro". Jeong In Bo khfing dinh: "Bdn tdm so'ng ndi cdm thdng, chet ndi cdch biet. Neu ldy ndi dau (tgt thd'ng), lay sii khdn khd cua sinh ddn ldm ndi dau, ldm sU khdn khd cua minh, thi nhitng gi cdm thdng dUdc dy CO khdc ndo d chinh trong ta, co khdc ndo viec ta bdt dac dl phdi nhanh chdng tu minh trd gidp vd dii thdn the ta co the hi huy hogi thi bdn tdm vdn song...
Khi cdm thdng hi diing lgi cdng chinh Id khi tlidng tri bi he tdc viii lap, lUdng tri md bi viii lap he tdc thi chinh Id sit sd'ng hi cgn tuyet vd vdo hdt cii thdi diem ndo, ndi lUdng tri loe sdng cdng la ndi cd Sli cdm, thdng cua ddn vgt nhdt thdvgy"(,53).
Vfldng Dfldng Minh edn khfing dinh, thifen dia - Van vfit va eon ngfldi lfi nhfi't the, con ngfldi vdi tfl each ifi tam ciia thien dia - van vfit, Ifldng tri thifen bim cua con ngfldi la chu the cam flng thien dia - van vfit vfi cung Ifi ehu the bife't thdiig giae. Theo dng, "Ifldng tri" eon ngfldi lfi chu the cam thdng thien dia van vfit vfi dfic biet cung lfi chu thfe
"thd'ng gifie" cam nhfin ndi dau cua sinh dan cung lfi ndi dau cua ehinh minh. Trong phan Hdu ky cud'n DUdng Minh hgc diin luan, Jeong In Bo vife't:
"Nhin vdo bdn tdm thi thdnh y luon mang tinh cdm thong vd nhd tinh cdm thdng dy md mgt diem quang minh trong md do chinh Id sU phdt hach cua dUc nhan nhdt the. Dau buon (thdng dudng) cua ddn chung la dau budn cua ta chinh Id hdi bdn the tdm ta Id vgy.
Ddy khdng phdi Id ldi ndi khoa trUdng.
Vi thd ai cdng di tim cdi tri gidc thiin bdm trong tdm nen ta (lUdng tri), nhiing hdy ggi ndi khdng the liia ddi minh la mgc tinh. Dinh tim cho dUdc cdi chdn the cua ndi ta khdng tii lUa ddi minh dUdc dy thi phdi giit khodng cdch vdi ddn chung md tU chiing xem sU cdm thdng cua ddn chung Id ^t"(54).
Nhfl vfiy, Jeong In Bo dfi khdng chi gidi thifeu ed he thd'ng ve Dfldng Minh hpc va thuyfe't thien dia van vat nhat the, ma dng edn can cfl vao thuyfe't thien dia vgn vgt nhdt the, can efl vao sfl cam thong eua Ifldng tri - ban tam qua vifec cam nhan dau kho vfi bfi't hanh cua dfin chiing la dau khd va bfi't hanh eua ban than, de cd' ging giai quyfe't nhflng va'n de mang tinh thdi dai luc bfi'y gid.
5. L&i ket
Bing thuyfe't "tfim tfle ly", Vfldng Dfldng Minh dfi khdng ehi xae dinh ban the cua nhfin tfira (Ifldng tri) d "ndng liic nhgn thUc", mfi cdn xfic dinh ban the eua nhan tfim d "ndng lUc tii gidc"
thifen bara, mang tinh tifen nghiem, cd kha nang phfin doan thi phi vd tinh tofin ven eua sfl sd'ng ndi thien dia - van vfit trong raang Ifldi sU sd'ng tofin vu tru, d "ndng liic sdng tgo" ed the tao ra dieu ly thflc tifen va d "ndng lUc thiic tiin" nfing ddng cd the thi hfinh trong thfle tien nhflng dieu tren. Bing viee eoi con ngfldi la tdn tai mang tinh chu thfe, nang ddng, d vi tri trung tfim cua thifen dia - van vfit - tfle "trfii tim eua thifen dia van vat", Vfldng Dfldng Minh dfi thife't lap mpt rad hinh con ngfldi ed
(53) Jeong In Bo. Sdd., tr.lOO • 101.
(54) Jeong In Bo. Sdd, tr.l87.
t i n h c h u t h e , s a n g tao, nfing dpng va t h u e tifen, ddng thdi, hfldng tdi giai phdng con ngfldi k h d i n h i i n g trfit tfl m a n g t i n h dia vi vfi n h i i n g quy lufit tfl bfen ngofii. Khdng nhflng thfe', thuyfe't
"tri hfinh hdp nhfi't" vfi thuyfe't "tri Ifldng tri" cua Dfldng M i n h vdi sfl p h a n t i n h va tfl giac ndi t a i c u a eon ngfldi, dfi p h a n biet b a n thfin eon ngUdi vdi t h i e n dia v a n vfit thfinh t r o n g va ngofii, tfl nga va t h a gia (ke khfic), h a n ehfe' eai due vpng efi n h a n eUc doan gay r a sfl ddi lap - dfi'u t r a n h vdi thifen dia v a n vat, p h u c hdi thudc t i n h b a n chfi't cua con ngfldi vfi dUa r a each thflc thdng qua hfinh vi thflc tifen dfe hifen thflc hofi sfl mfenh m a n g t i n h b a n c h a t eua eon ngfldi lfi gifl gin sfl dn dinh cho thifen dia v a n vfit, giup thifen dia v a n vfit sinh trfldng, dudng due. LUdng t r i vdi tU each b a n chat sdng eua con ngUdi ed mue dich duy t r i sU t o a n ven cua sU sd'ng trong vu t r u ctflig nhfl sfl sd'ng cua b a n t h a n con ngfldi t h d n g q u a hoat ddng thfle tien va dfla trfen mdi q u a n he hflu cd va bd s u n g lfin n h a u gifla con ngfldi vfi v a n vfit t r o n g tofin thfe vu t r u tfl nhifen. Theo do, "sfl hifen thfle hofi eua Ifldng tri" - cfii dfldc h i n h thfinh trong q u a n h e m a n g t i n h hiiu cd vdi thien dia - v a n vfit - k h d n g gi khae ehinh lfi vifec duy tri mpt cfich tofin ven sfl sdng eua v a n vfit, ddng thdi, cung lfi bieu hien eu t h e b a n c h i t sd'ng cua b a n t h a n con ngfldi. Do vay, *Sdfec hifen thflc hda Ifldng tri" cd t h e dfldc hieu la vifec loai bd nhflng due vpng cfi nhfin cflc doan trong qufi t r i n h con ngfldi cam flng vdi thifen dia - v a n vfit, phfit h u y mdt each toan ven Ifldng t r i vdi tU each t i n h sinh m e n h
hiiu ed vfi t h u c hifen sfl rafenh, vai trd t r u n g t a m cua v u t r u tfl nhifen eua eon ngfldi, t h a m gia m p t cfich e h u ddng, nfing ddng, tich cflc vfio q u a t r i n h sfing tao sfl sdiig cua v u t r u v a n vfit.
T i n h t h i n t d n t r p n g sfl sdng cua Dfldng M i n h hpe - cfin efl trfen t i n h ehu t h e vfi t i n h thflc tifen c u a eon ngfldi, y thflc b i n h dfing gifla ngfldi vdi ngfldi vfi t i n h t h i n thdi d a i t i c h cfle v.v., dfi tdn t a i t r o n g cude sd'ng vfi tfl tfldng cua efic hpc gia Dfldng M i n h thdi d i u Joseon.
Tfl t u d n g t r p n g sfl sd'ng t r o n g Dfldng M i n h hpc Hfin Qud'c cd t h e khfii q u a t d nhiing diem s a u :
Mdt Id, "nhfin s i n h q u a n raang tinh chu thd, thflc tifen" va " l u a n b i n h d i n g eon ngfldi" c a n cfl vao thuyfe't "tara tfle ly", thuyfe't "tri h a n h hdp nhfi't" vfi thuyet
"tri Ifldng tri".
Trfen n e n t a n g thuyfe't "tfira tfle ly" va thuye't "lUdng tri", Choi M y u n g Gil dfi phfe phfin cfie hpe gia C h u Tfl hpe dfldng thdi cd' chfi'p t h e o " d a n h phfin", ddng thdi c h u t r p n g vfio t h a i dp m a n g tinh c h u t h e vfi "thflc chat" eua t a m . Ong p h a n ddi "xieh h d a lufin" - ly thuyfe't chi q u a n tfim dfe'n d a i n g h i a m a n g t i n h khfii nifem, ddng t h d i chfl t r p n g vfio hifen thiic vfi chu trUdng "chu h d a lufin" nhU mdt phfldng fin giai quyfe't tfl diem nhin
"tinh h i n h hifen thflc va c h u t h d hdp lfim mdt". Cdn J e o n g J e D u t h i dfla tren t h u y e t s i n h ly - vdi cfin cfl lfi t i n h ehu t h e vfi tfnh thfle t i e n , thuyfe't t r i hfinh hdp nhfit va t h u y e t trf Ifldng t r i de phfe phfin thdi xa'u e u a cfie hpc gia Chu Td hpc dfldng thdi chi bife't nghifeng ve ldi suy t u m a n g t i n h gifio dieu c h u nghia vfi t h a n phfin lufin, ddng thdi, chu
trUdng "khdi phue tfnh chu the eua con ngudi", "binh ding con ngudi", "ngoai giao binh ding mang tinh chu the". Dfic biet, Jeong Je Du chUng minh ring, ban the eua lUdng tri ve ban chfi't tdn tai trong tfim cua tfi't ca moi ngUdi va nhan manh "tinh chu thfe'" lfi cai bit ngudn tfl cfii tfim pho bien cua con ngudi. Cflng vdi dd, ong lfim ndi bfit Ifen
"y thflc binh ding". Tie'p theo, hpc phfii Gang-Hwa da dfla trfen lfldng tri thifen bam cua eon ngUdi dd nhfi'n manh vifec thife't lap quan didra ve lieh sfl mang tinh chu thd cua con ngfldi, ddng thdi theo dudi vifec giai phdng con ngudi khdi tu tudng nd lfe cd hflu, khdng bi rfing bude vao dai nghia danh phan lufin hay nhiing y thfle sai lim, mfi chu trpng vfio nghien cflu nhflng tri thflc mang tinh thfle chfi't ed thfe giup dd cho eudc sd'ng cua dan nghfeo. Hdn the nfla, cfie hpc gia nfiy dfla trfen quan didm "bfi't tfl khi"
('T' § ^ ) - khdng the tfl lfla ddl ban thfin minh - vfi theo y thflc chu the dfin tpc triet de de hfldng tdi vifec hdp nhfi't tri thfle vfi hfinh ddng vfio thfle tifen. Park Eun Sik dfla trfen "lufin binh dfing eon ngfldi" vdi ndi dung "Ifldng tri lfi pham chat bara sinh ed trong tfi't ca mpi ngfldi trong thifen ha, khdng cd sfl phfin biet", dd phfit trien "tinh than tfl chu" vdi lufin diera cfin ban Ifi "md rpng dfin quydn", "tfl do tfl tfldng", "cfi nhan tfl lap" vfi "tfnh ehu the eiia con ngfldi".
Ong eung chu trfldng thdng qua sfl phfit trien cua tinh t h i n tfl chu de gifinh Iai ddc lfip, tfl chu cho qud'e gia va dan toe.
Jeong In Bo thi cho ring, lich sii hfing trfim nfim ciia Joseon lfi nhiing dfi'u vet dfldc thd hien bing hfl vfi gia, cdn thfe'
gidi thi chfla diy gia hfinh vfi hfl hpe.
Ong chu trfldng "thflc hfinh" lay cd sd tfl
"thfle tfim". Ong mud'n thdng qua sfl hdi phue eua "Ifldng tri" thflc tam dfe cd suy viec thife't lap y thflc chu the cua cfi nhfin vfi tinh t h i n dan tdc Hfin, xa hdn nfla la hda hdp toan nhfin Ioai.
Hai Id, tinh t h i n thdi dai mang tfnh ehu thd can cfl theo "tinh tuy thdi bife'n dich" cua Ifldng tri.
Chfl "nghia" trong Dfldng Minh hpc vdi tu efich la "lUdng tri" khdng gin lien vdi nhflng quy dinh vfi quy lufit bfi't bie'n cd' dinh, rafi tuy theo tflng tinh hud'ng nhfi't dinh, se tfl minh thife't lfip dfldc kha nfing phfin dofin chuan tic dung - sai, dd lfi "tinh tfly thdi bie'n dich". Khfie ve cd ban vdi chu nghia gifio dieu vfi nghia ly mang tfnh cflng nhic cua Chu Tii hpc ehi chfi'p vfio hinh thfle vfi danh phfin, gin chat vdi nhiing quy pham vfi nguyfen tie cd' dinh bit bien, khdng phan anh tinh hinh vfi bife'n ddi cua thdi dai, efie hpc gia Dfldng Minh hpc Hfin Qud'c xufi't phfit tfl nhflng vfi'n de quan trpng eua thdi dai mfi hp dang phai doi mat vfi dfla theo tinh tuy thdi bifen dieh eua Ifldng tri mang tinh chu the cua ban thfin de giai quyfe't nhflng vfi'n dd mang tinh thdi dai dd. Ching han, khfie vdi efie hpc gia xich hba lugn dfldng thdi, Choi Myung Gil dfi thofit ra khdi danh phfin vfi ehu nghia hinh thfle; dng efin efl vfio quan diera eho
"nghia (S) tuy tflng trfldng hdp co y nghia khae nhau", dfla trfen phan dofin mang tfnh chu the cua minh ve rapt thflc te' cin phai bao vfe bfich tfnh vfi qudc gia raa de ra chu hba lugn. Jeong Je Du thi ddi lfip vdi luan didm "sung
49
Minh bai Thanh" cua hoe phfii Chu Tfl - cfin efl vfio danh phfin lufin cua "tdn Chu dai nghia", dng cd quan diem "tdn Trung Hoa nhUdng di dich", ehu trUdng "nhfin gian binh dfing lufin"
(lufin didm ve sU binh dfing gifla ngfldi vdi ngfldi) cd tfen lfi "Hoa di nhfi't dfi", de xfldng quan he ngoai giao binh dang mang tinh ehu the ehfl khdng dfla trfen lap trUdng bfii tha (bai xieh ke khac).
Trong khi do, cfie hpe gia eua hpe phfii Gang-Hwa lai nhfi'n manh vfio thue dung vfi thfle sU eua efie mdn nhU thifen vfin - dia ly - y dUde - dieh phfip, khdng chu trpng vfio dai nghia danh phfin lufin vfi y thflc sai lim, mfi tap trung vfio nghifen eflu nhiing hpc vfi'n cd the flng dung trong thflc tien dfe giup dd cho cupc sd'ng cua nhfin dan. Tie'p theo dd, vfio giao thdi trung - ean dai, tfle lfi trong thdi ky Han mat vfi bdi eanh cfie thfe' lflc phfldng Tay tie'n ve phia Ddng vfio cudi the ky XIX, Park Eun Sik vfi Jeong In Bo da dUa vao DUdng Minh hoe - eu the la can cfl vfio "lufin binh dfing con ngUdi" vfi thuyfe't "thien dia van vfit nha't the" trfen nen tang lUdng tri lufin - dd giai quyfe't vfi'n de chung eua vung Ddng Bic A lfi doi phd vdi vfin hda phfldng Tfiy vfi nhiem vu mang tinh thdi dai - dfin tdc la khoi phue lai ehu quyfe'n qud'c gia tfl tay de qud'e Nhfit.
Ba Id, "tfl tfldng tdn trpng sinh mang" vdi ne'n tang lfi "thuyfe't thien dia van vfit nhfi't thfe'". Tinh hoa trong Dfldng Minh hpc la "thuyfe't thifen dia van vfit nha't the" vdi npi dung "con ngfldi va thifen dia van vfit lfi mpt cd thfe, eon ngudi la tam cua thifen dia van vat". 0 day, tam cua eon ngfldi, tfle lfi
lUdng tri (nhfin tfim) cua van vfit nhit the, lfi chu the cam iing thifen dia - van vfit vfi lfi ehu the cua ndi dau cam nhfin dUde khi coi ndi dau cua vifec tdn thfi't sinh mang trong thifen dia - van vfit la ndi dau cua ban than minh.
Mac du Choi Myung Gil khdng tnic tife'p ehu trfldng thuye't thifen dia van vfit nhfi't the, nhflng dng dfi nhin thay tfie dpng cua ban the tfim hdn nha't quan vdi ddng - tinh vfi khdng ngiing kfe't hdp chung lfim mdt vdi sfl lflu hfinh cua thifen dia, tfl dd, md dfldng cho vifec hdp nhfi't thifen dia vfi con ngudi v6i trung gian ifi nhan tfim . Ong tflng ndi:
"Hai chfl ehu hda - tfle ehu trfldng hiiu nghi sfe trd thfinh tdi Idi sud't ddi cua thin", nhflng vfin chu trfldng chu hoa tdi eflng bdi tfi'm Idng bfi't nhfin khdng the lfim ngd trflde ndi thd'ng kho eua dfin chiing. Ta cd the thfi'y dflde y nghia dd trong cfiu ndi nay cua dng; "Nfe'u khdng bife't Ifldng sfle minh rafi cfl nhe da ldn tife'ng ra oai, khieu khich sfl tile gifin cua ke dfi man, thi sfe diy bfich tinh rdi vao canh khdn cung". Quan difem chu hda cua Choi Myung Gil c6 trong phfin dofin mang tinh chii the cua dng ve vifee mudn bao vfe qud'c gia vfi baeh tinh hdn lfi than phfin, eung cd the ndi, mue dfch cuoi eung cua chu hda lufin nim d diem "coi trpng sinh mfenh"
vdi npi dung xda bd danh phfin vfi chu nghia hinh thflc, hfldng tdi bao vfe qu6c gia vfi bach tfnh khdi nguy nan. Jeong Je Du vife't: "Nhfin tfira la sfl linh thifeng cua thien dia - van vfit, vfi lfi ndi tu hdp tofin bd thifen dia - van vfit... Nhan tam la chu thd cam flng, lfi the cua van ly", cfii gpi la "Ifldng tri" lfi chii thd eua sfl
cam thdng vfi cam flng, biet dau ddn trflde sfl tdn hai ve sinh mang cua ngudi khae, tfle la thdng qua vifec t h i u hieu rang nhan tfim fi'y ehinh lfi nhan tfim cua van vfit - nhfi't the, Jeong Je Du dfi tie'p thu vfi trien khai mpt cfich tofin ven thuyfe't thifen dia van vfit nhfi't thd cua Dfldng Minh. Ban the Ifldng tri nhfl vfiy, trong qua trinh cam flng vdi thifen dia van vat, da tfl cd sfl tfl giac vd dung - sai, cd Idng trie an vfi tu d' mdt each chu ddng, ciing nhfl thUe hifen hanh vi thflc tien yfeu thUdng ngUdi khfie vfi quy trpng van vfit. NhU vfiy,
"thuye't thifen dia van vfit nhfi't thfe'" da phfit trien thfinh quan diem "pha bd sfl phfin biet dfing cfi'p" vfi "y thflc binh ding con ngfldi".
Trong thdi ky Han mat, vdi nhflng chuyen bife'n ldn, eho ring trpng tfim cua Dfldng Minh hpc lfi "dfle nhfin eua van vfit nhfi't the". Park Eun Sik dfi dfla ra "ehii nghia tfl hai ddng bfio" vfi "tfl tfldng dai ddng" dfla tren "thuye't thien dia van vfit nhfi't thfe". Vdi vifee thay ddi lufin ly "ca Idn nud't efi be" cua chu nghia dfe' qud'c thfinh "ly thuyet hda binh thfe gidi", dng dfi tim kife'ra eon dfldng radi de "ca nhfin loai cflng tdn tai". Jeong In Bo khfing dinh, "Ifldng tn" la chu the cam thdng vdi thien dia - van vfit, dae biet la chu the thd'ng gifie cam nhfin noi dau eua dfin chung nhfl ehfnh ndi dau cua minh, "tri Ifldng tri"
ehfnh lfi minh dfle vfi thfin dan - khdng gi khfie chfnh lfi cflng cam nhfin ndi dau ciia dan chung bing sfl cam thdng, tri Ifldng tri ed sfl thd'ng cam (cam nh^n noi dau) cua dan chiing vfi qude gia iy chfnh lfi vifec ndi tai eua ban tam (tam
ndi sfl), nd tfl ddng cam nhfin noi dau dd chfl khdng lfe thupc vfio y chf eua ta.
Cd the thay, cac hpe gia Dfldng Minh hpc thdi Joseon khdng ddn thuin lfi nhflng nhfi ly thuyfe't hay gifio dife'u ehu nghia. Hp khdng bi bd budc bdi bfi't ky mpt quyen uy hay danh phfin nfio, eung khdng cui dau trflde bfi't cfl radt quyen Ifle hay sU dan ap nfio, rafi ehii trfldng lfim theo Ifldng tri mang tinh chu the cua chfnh minh de nhfim giai quye't nhflng va'n de thdi dai dang phai ddi mat. Tife'p thu Dfldng Minh hpc vfi phfit trien Dfldng Minh hpc mang dfie trflng Hfin Qud'c dUdc eoi nhU radt phUdng an mdi nhim giai quyfe't nhflng vfi'n de dfldng dai do sfl bdc lot vfi dfin fip cua t i n g ldp thd'ng tri hay do sfl xfim Ifldc cua efie the lflc ngoai bang. Cac hpe gia Dfldng Minh Hpc da dau cung ndi dau cua dan ehung, an ui hp khi phai chiu canh fip bflc, bdc ldt vfi giup hp giai phdng ban thfin khdi fip bfle vfi khd dau, di tim eon dfldng eflu nflde khdi sfl xam Ifi'n eiia ngoai bang. Cfie nhfi Dfldng Minh hpc Han Qud'c da xay dflng "tu tudng quy trong sinh mang" tfl ndn tang "y thflc binh dfing muon dfin" vfi "phue hdi tfnh chu thfe cua con ngfldi" nhfl mdt phfldng an dfe giai quyfe't nhflng va'n de thdi dai, ddng thdi, hp cung chfnh la nhflng ngfldi trifen khai eae boat ddng trong thflc tien. •
Ngfldi dich: ThS. LU'ONG MY VAN (Vien Triei hgc,
Viin Hdn ldm Khoa hgc xd hgi Viet Nam) Ngflfli hifeu dinh: ThS. DAO VU VU
(Vien Triei hgc,
Vien Hdn ldm Khoa hgc xd hgi Viet Nam)
