sir DUNG TRI THtrc BAN DIA, TAP QUAN VA LU^T TUC D^ BAO V£ MOI
T R U 6 N G CUA M O T SODAN
T O C T H I ^ U S 6VUNG NUI
BAC BO
V I | : T NAMPHAM QUANG TI^N"
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dng nui Bde Bg Viet Nam bao gdm 15 tinh (Dien Biin, Lai Chdu, Son La, Hod Binh (thude Tdy Bde); Ldo Cai, Yin Bdi, Phu Thg, Hd Giang, Tuyin Quang, Cao Bdng, Lgng San, Bde Kgn, Thdi Nguyin, Bde Giang vd Qudng Ninh (thude Ddng Bde), vdi diin tieh trin 101 nghin km^.Nai ddy Id dia bdn sinh sd'ng eua gdn 30 ddn tdc thieu so thudc nhieu nhdm ngdn ngii khde nhau: Viet - Mudng, Thdi Ka-dai, Tgng Mii'n, Hmdng Dao, Mdn Khmer vd Hdn, vdi nhieu tap qudn, ludt tuc. tri thdc bdn dia BVMT, thieh dng vdi bii'n ddi khi hau, dugc duy tri td ddi ndy qua ddi khde. Nhd nude dd cd nhieu chinh sdeh nhdm tdng eUdng cdng tdc bdo vi mdi trudng vung dan tdc vd mien ndi. Dinh hudng chu yiu tap trung vdo viic ngdn chdn du eanh du cu, di ddn tu do, phdt trien tdi nguyin riing thdng qua cdc chuang trinh trdng rOng (chuang trinh 327, dudn 661...), cdm khai thdc gd, ldm sdn bda bdi, bdo vi da dgng sinh hge, dp dung cdc phuang phdp eanh tdc bin vitng trin ddt ddc ...1. Quan nidm chung cua cdc ddn tdc thiiu sd mien nui Bdc Bo
Mdc d i mdi ddn tdc thiiu sd vung nui cao phia bdc dlu cd phong tuc tdp qudn ridng, nhung cd nhilu diim chung d trong cac tri thttc ban dia vl bao vd mdi ttudng. Ddng bao coi "nudc" Id "me", "rttng" Id "thdn", "thu hoang" la "ban", cdy cd "Iinh hdn". Xudt phdt ttt quan nidm nhu vay, cac cdng ddng dan tdc thilu sd dlu cd nhttng qui dinh rd rang, nghidm ngat vl bao vd ngudn nttdc, bao vd rttng, nhdt la rttng ddu ngudn. Nhfltig quy dinh vl bao vd thu hoang, phuong thttc khai thdc gd, ldm san theo tid't, theo mia cd tac dung bao vd sy cdn bdng sinh thai mdi trudng di khai thac ldu dai. Vl bao vd ngudn nudc, ludt tuc cia ddng bao dlu cd qui dinh bao vd cu thi, ai lam tanh hdi nudc sinh boat dlu bj xft tdi. Ai phd muong, thdo nudc diu phai chju hinh phat; ddp de dilu, xdy dyng muong, ddp Id nhidm vu cfta ngud lao ddng. V d tai nguydn dd't thi khuyin khich khai hoang, nhung phai tudn thu nghidm ngat ndi qui bao vd rimg cdm. Luat tuc cfta ddng bao ndu ra ttt tri thttc ban dja tiiiyln thdng vl quan Iy khai thdc rttng nhu khdng chdt cdy d rttng ddu ngudn; vd rttng ldm san chi dupc khai thdc
theo mua, khdng chdt phd cdy non, khdng sdn bdn thtt vao mua sinh san. Nhilu tdc ngttd cdn qui djnh chat mdt cdy phai trdng Iai mdt cdy, Idy rd cdy phai chtta lai manh rd... Coi vide xdm pham, hfty hoai tai nguydn, mdi trudng ty nhidn la xuc pham dd'n cdc vi thdn Iinh cai quan ngudn tai nguydn nay. Hp ludn cd gdng tim hilu dl cd giai phdp thich ttng - vtta cd thi khai thac, vtta gin gitt cdc ngudn lyc ty nhidn. Qua trinh dd dupc lap di lap lai hang nam theo chu ky ddp ddi mia vu cia thd tilt khi hdu. Ttt dd, nhfltig hiiu bilt cia con ngud vl ty nhidn dupc due kit va tich luy ngay mdt nhilu hon, phuong thttc thich ttng v d ty nhidn ngay mpt td't hon, cdc ky nang khai thac ty nhidn ngay cang thich hpp hon, vide quan Iy ty nhidn ngay mdt hpp 15^ hon.
van hda tdc ngud dupc hinh thanh va bdi ddp ttt chlnh qua trinh dd. Vdi tu each la chi thi cua khdng gian kinh t l - van hda va xa hdi, ngud ddn cac ddn tdc thiiu sd khdng tdch khdi ty nhidn, khdng dd'i lap vdi tu nhidn. Hon thi ntta, khi nln kinh t l chua bj anh hudng nhieu cia thj trudng, mttc dd quan hd cia hp v d ty nhidn cang sau sdc. Gdn vd mdi trudng
TS.Pham Quang Tien, Win Khoa hoc giio due Viet Nam.
EQ
Pham Quang Tien - SUdung tri thUc ban dia ...
tu nhidn cd tmh da dang sinh hpc cao, ttt lau ngud dan cdc dan tdc thilu sd vung nui phia Bdc da ludn duy tti cdc md hinh da dang sinh . kl. Cac nhdm tdc ngud sdng d vung nui thdp hoac d cdc thung lung chdn nui (nhu Tay, Ning, Thai, Mudng, San Diu) vtta lam rudng nudc/rudng bdc thang, vtta tan dung cac manh nuong ttdn cdc sudn ddi gdn n d cu tru dl ttdng ttpt cac loai ndng san ngoai lua nhu chudi, bdng, sdn, du di, mia, ngd, khoai de bd sung cho nln kinh t l ty cdp ty ttte cia gia dinh.
Trong khi dd, md hinh ndng nghidp chu ylu cia cdc nhdm dan tdc thiiu sd sdng tai cac ving cao (H'mdng, Ld Ld, Phi La, Ha Nlii, La Hi, v.v...) Id canh tdc nuong rdy quay vdng (gieo tria Itta nuong va trdng cac Ioai hoa mdu). Theo phuong thttc nay, nuong rdy dupc canh tdc ttong mdt sd nam, sau dd dupc bd hod mdt thd gian di ttang thdi thyc bi va ddt dupc phuc hdi ty nhidn (khoang 5-10 nam) vd Iai tilp tuc phdt, dpn thyc bi dl sft dung ddt cho chu k^ canh tdc tilp theo. Ddy la mdt phirong thttc canh tdc khoa hpc. Tuy nhidn, canh tdc nuong rdy quay vdng, ludn canh truyin thd'ng chi dn djnh ttong dilu kidn nhdt djnh, khi didn tich rimg ty nhidn ldn, cliua cd stte ep vl ddn sd vd chua cd sy canh tranh vl chl dd sft dung, sd hihi vl dd't dai va rttng. Hidn nay, tdt ca cac ylu td dd da bi thay ddi, didn tich ddt hoang hod, ring ty nhidn ngay mdt It di, ddn sd tang Idn tdc ddng manh dd'n phuong thttc canh tac nuong rdy, lam cho canh tac nuong rdy theo cdch ttuyin thdng ttd ndn khdng bin vttng.
Nang sud't cdy ttdng mdi ndm mdt giam, thidn tai, lu lut do anh hudng cia mdt ring da tac ddng manh me cudc sdng cia ddng bao ddn tdc thiiu sd ban dja d vung nui Bdc Bd.
Nd'u nhu d cac chdn rudng nudc va rudng bdc thang, lua la cdy ttdng duy nhdt thi ttdn cdc manh nuong rdy, da canh va xen canh la md hinh ttdng ttpt phd biln. Ngay tai cdc nuong lua, ngud ddn cung thudng gieo thdm bdu, bl hode cdc loai dua; phdn ddt bao quanh nuong dupc ttdng cdc Ioai hoa mau nhu ngd, khoai, rau va cdy thudc. Ngud ddn thudng giai thich rdng, bdu, hi hay dua la nhflng loai cdy gitt hdn lua, nlu khdng trdng xen, lua se khong cd bdng. Dac bidt, ttong pham vi quan 1^ cfta mdi ldng ban thudng cd mdt hoac vai khu vuc dupc coi Id rttng cdm hay rttng thidng. Dd cd
thi la khu vuc rttng-nghia dja cfta ldng ban, cung cd thi la mdt khu rttng dupc coi la n d Oru ngy cia cac vj thdn bao hd cho cdng ddng. DdT vd cdc khu rttng nay, hang ngay ngud dan khdng dupc phep khai thdc phuc vu smh k l hay nhu cdu sinh boat, d cac khu rttng cdin, hang nam cdc lang ban thudng td chttc nhihig sinh hoat/thyc hanh tdn giao nham ta on va cdu an. Ben canh chttc nang/hay nip dud vd bpc tin ngudng.
Ngud dan cac dan tdc thilu sd vung nui phia Bdc rdt gidi sft dung cac kiln thttc ban dia dl ngdn ngtta nguy co sat Id da't vd xdi mdn bdng cac loai cdy che phi ddt. Nhdm muc di'ch ngan chan xdi mdn, tang ddn dd phi va cai thidn cdc ti'nh chdt cia ddt, tao dilu kidn thudn lpi dl cay ttdng phat tiiln, nhu vay nang sudt cay trdng tang r5 rdt. Che phi ddt lam cho ddt trd ndn t d xdp, kha nang tlidm thdu cao ndn se lam giam ddng chay bl mat. Cing vd vide giam dp lyc chat ddt rttng lam nuong, tai nguydn rttng se dupc phuc hdi va lam giau thdm, che phi ddt se gdp phdn tich eye trong vide ngan chan Ifl lut, ban ban vd ldng dpng long sdng hd, nhdt la cac hd thuy didn...VI du:
Ba con ngud Mudng d Hda Binh, ngud Thai d cdc tinh Son La, Didn Bidn, Lai Chiu va Ydn Bai dlu bilt tinh ndng chd'ng xdi Id cia cac Ioai cdy hp tre. Chlnh vi the, xung quanh ban mudng, quanh cac dam rudng gdn ddng chay, hp trdng rd't nhilu tre true. Tai cdc tinh Viet Bdc, tre trie cung dupc ttdng nhilu vd muc dich tuong ty. Bdn canh cdc loai cdy hp tre, nhilu loai cay khdc cung dupc sft dung di ngan ngtta tinh trang sat Id va xdi mdn ddt. Ba con ngud Tay d xa Bdc Bd, huydn Pdc Nam (tinh Bdc Kan) thudng trdng quanh nuong nha minh rdt nhilu chudi. Ngoai ra, nhilu hd dan cdn ttdng sdn, khoai sp hoac dtta cflng vd da muc tidu nhu each ttdng tre hoac chudi. Tuy tttng dilu kidn ty nhien cia tttng khu vyc, each thttc ngan ngtta sat Id dat hay chd'ng xdi mdn cd thi lam theo nhflng each khdc nhau. Ba con ngud H'mdng, ngud Pu Peo, Cd Lao va Ld Ld b khu vuc cao nguydn Quan Ba, Ydn Minh, Ddng Vdn va Meo Vac (Ha Giang) thudng kit hpp trdng cdy v d vide xlp da quanh nha bode quanh nuong dl chdng rfta trdi. Cach thttc nay da dupc duy tri hang tram nam va tao nen mdt
hlghOn cdu Phit Iriin bin vdng, si 3 (36) - Thing 9/2012
Pham Quang Tien - SCrdung tri thiic ban dia ...
sdc thai van hda lii ridng cia khu vyc vdn dupc gpi mdt each van ve la "Cao nguydn Dd"
2. Tri thttc ban dia BVMT cua ngudi H'mdng Bdc Ha, Lao Cai
Dia ban cu tru cia ngud H'mdng la cac day nui cao nhdt nudc ta. Dp cao binh quan cia cac lang ngud H'mdng cu tru hit 900m dd'n 1.600m.
Ngud H'mdng d Bdc Ha, Lao Cai canh tac ttdn loai hinh nuong thd canh hdc da. Cac manh nuong nay nam cheo leo ttdn cdc sudn nui dd vdi nhd hep, tilng H'mdng gpi la "TIkho dd"".
Di bao vd ddt khdi xdi mdn, ddng bao xlp da be bd theo tttng kilu khac nhau. (!) nhttng hdc da ddt It, ngud H'mdng nhat cdc hdn dd xlp vdo khe gitta cac md da ngan thanh gd nhd gitt ddt cho tttng hdc, tttng manh ddt nhd. d cdc vat ddt rdng, ngud H'mdng dung di be thanh cdc bd dai gitt ddt, chdng xdi mdn. 6 khu vyc cdn rttng gia, ngud H'mdng phat rttng lam nuong ddc tid'ng H'mdng gpi la "Tl gidng". Loai nuong ddc nay dd bj xdi mdn ndn ngud H'mdng chi canh tac dupc vai ba vy phai di chuyin ludn canh. Tuy nhidn Ioai nuong rdy nay cdn rdt It.
Trdn cdc sudn ddi thoai thoai. It ddc ngud H'mdng khai khdn thanh cdc nuong bdc thang, tid'ng H'mdng gpi la "Tl k l ddy". Nuong bdc thang bi ngang hep, xung quanh nuong ddng bao ddp bd nhd di gitt am, gift nudc mua. Phia ttdn dudng xe ranh cd hd thd'ng thoat nudc khi mua to nham chd'ng xdi mdn.
Trudc khi tiln hanh khai khdn rudng bdc thang, ngud H'mdng phai chpn ving ddt cd sudn nui cd dd ddc dud 40" cd ngudn nudc tir nhidn hoac nudc maeh din tuong dd'i bang phing va cd min day. Khi cd rudng, ngud H'mdng cdn xay dyng he thd'ng muong din nudc kha cdng phu. Muong phai dao sau ttt 40cm din 50cm, rdng ttt 80cm dd'n 100cm.
Maeh muong chay theo dudng lupn cia dudng ddi chay vao thfta rudng ddu tidn. Khi gap dia hinh gdy cdt, ngud H'mdng khoet thdn gd to lam mang (dudng kinh tft 40 cm - 50 cm). N d cd dja hinh hiim ttd phai lam ca mdt dan mang ddn nudc. Ngud H'mdng cdn dao cdc ranh ddn nudc tft rudng tren xudng rudng dud theo nguydn tdc so le nhdm tranh vd bd, ttdi mdu.
Nhin chung ngud H'mdng khai pha va canh tac
ttdn nuong rdy theo mdi load dia hinh khac nhau cd kilu canh tdc khac nliau. Trdn rudng vd nuong bac tiiang ngud H'mdng ding cay. Trdn nuong thd canh hdc da ngud H'mdng ding cudc. Trdn nuong ddc nui ddt, ngud H'mdng ding gay chpc Id, hoac cudc budm...bd ndng cu lam dat cua ngud Hmdng kha ddc dao, thich hpp vd tttng loai dia hinh.
3. Tap qudn BVMT cua dan tpc Thdi Ngud Thai ydu lao ddng, ydu thanh qua lao ddng cia minh, cd chl hudng gidu sang, coi ttpng tinh thuong le phai, tinh cdng ddng chdt che ttong ddng hp gia tdc. Theo ttuyin thd'ng, ngud Thai d cac tinh phia Bdc cd ludt tuc quy djnh khdng mdt ai ttong cdng ddng, kl ca Gia lang, dupc phep gilt md gia sue, gia cdm hoac xa rdc d ddu ngudn nudc. Bdt ky sy vi pham ndo dlu hi x i phat ttt 5 quan tiln dd'n 3 nen bac, chua kl rucm va thit. Hp xem sudi la tai san chung cia cdng ddng (mdi cdng ddng tuong duong vd mdt mudng), nhung mpi ngud dan ttong mudng diu dupc phep chpn mdt doan sudi di nudi cd. Di phdn chia ranh gid cac doan sudi nay, hp dung mdt canh cdy di phdn ddng sudi ra va tteo mot cpc tte (gpi la Ta leo) ldn thdn mdt cdy d ven bd sudi di danh ddu.
Nhttng tin hidu nay cd tac dung bao cho ngud khdc bilt rdng doan sudi nay da cd chu va ngud khac khdng dupc phep danh cd d ddy ntta. Bdt ctt sy vi pham nao bi phat hidn se bj phat ttt mdt quan tiln din mdt nen bac chua ki rupu va thit CTap chl Nghidn cttu Khoa hpc, 2002).
Tdp quan cia ngud Thai quy djnh, rttng phdng hp d ddu ngudn nudc, tuydt ddi cim khai thac; rttng danh cho vide khai thac tte, gd dl dyng nha, phyc vu cho cac nhu cdu cia cudc sdng thi mydt dd'i khdng dupc chat ddt lam nuong. O mdi mudng dlu cd "minh bdn nen muang" (hdn thidng ban mudng), cd nd chdn
"Ide muang" (cdt hdn mudng), cd nui ring
"rgp bdng bdn mudng". Ddu mudng cd "riOig hon ehiing" gpi la "Cib Xen", cudi mudng cd
"rieng hdn chiing" gpi la "Cica Pong'', canh mudng cd khu rttng mang tdn "Chiing Keo" Id khu ring tha ma cfta mudng. Cdc rttng nay dlu la rttng kidng c&i, khdng dupc chat phd...
Nhilu ban cdn cd nhttng khu rttng tie, ring vdu
Nghien cdu Phit triin bin vdng, si 3 (36) - Thing 9/2012
Pham Quang Tien - SCrdung tri thdc ban dia
c&i chat pha gpi la "pd no hdm " (rttng mang e&i). Sau nhttng ttan mua ddu mia, mang mpc rd, ngud ta m d td chttc cho ca ban vao ring hdi mang. Sau dd lai "dong cia" dpi den dpt mang sau hoac mia mang sau. Cdc ban xua cdn cd nhttng canh rttng nguydn sinh, danh cho dan ban san thu, khdng ai dupc vao dd dan cay ddt cd. Nhttng khu rttng "don khudng" dupc coi la rttng cia thdn linh tili ngu, mydt ddi khdng dupc pha, nlu ai xdm pham thi se bj hdu qua khdn ludng. Ngdy xua nhflng khu ring c ^ nay khdng ai dam xdm pham, dtt la chi hdi mdt ngpn mang, chat mdt canh cay, san bdt mdt con chun thu... Tham chl ai di qua cflng phai cui lay, kl ca phia tao cflng phai xudng ngua, chj em phai cd khan pidu xudng lang le budc qua, nhiing con thu bi thuong ttong nhflng cudc san ban nd'u chay vao day khdng ai dupc dudi theo vd se dupc rimg che chd bao vd. Ngay trudc khi ban, mdt con thu, ngud Thai vdn bao nhau:
"Moi ching td/Nho khung mdn/Chdng Idn co" - cd nghia la: Nhin rd thu/Cdm chdc sung/Md bdp cd. Phai nhu vay di khdng ban nhdm ngud hode con thtt dang mang thai, thu qui hilm...
Ring tiong tdm thttc cia ngud Thai nhu ti^i tim cia cdng ddng, thi hidn nhttng qui ude, ludt tuc va nhttng gid tii van hda truyin thdng dupc tdn thd, dupc sing kinh nhu vd dng ba td tidn.
Ngud Thdi cd cdu: 'Tai pd phdng, nhdng pd liing" - cd nghla la: Sd'ng rttng nudi, chit rttng chdn. "Hiim pd vay lun ldng chdng mdl Vay hair nam ehu bd lay langlPhau chd ddy khdt ndn mdn chdng pin edn "- cd nghla la: Gitt rttng cho mudn d d phat triin/Dl cho mudn md nudc tiidn ttdo/Ai nhd dupc cdu dy thi m d tiidnh ngud ! Ngud Thai ndi vl rttng, ring thidng va ttdeh nhidm bao vd rttng cia mdi ngud mdt cdch cu tiii, ai cflng hiiu dupc: "Pd ddng xong cdtlMgy pin khdnlCdn pin nudtlPd earn ddng kheolMgy hua talNga hua bdlPd tdm din piinglPd heo ddng edml Pd cdm ddng xen... "
Cd nghla la: Cdy cd Idng (cd nghTa la cdy cd tiiu), nhu ngud gid cd rdu, rttng xanh bdt ngat.
Id ring ddu ngudn, ring ddu md nudc, ring ngut ngan ti't tdp, rttng cung tl, rttng kidng, rttng Unh thidng... Bao vd ring dl cho hdm nay, cho ngdy mai vd cho mudn d d thi hd mai sau.
Rttng trong tdm tiittc cua ngud Thdi nhu ttdi
Nghidn cdu Phit triin bin vCtng.si 3 (36) - Thdng 9/2012
tun cia cdng ddng, thi hidn nhiing qui ude va nhiing gid tii van hda truyin thdng dupc tdn thd, dupc sing kmh nhu vd dng ba td tidn. Vai nam mdt ldn ban mudng td chttc cttng rttng
"xin ddng" Ld cung diln ra ttang trpng, linh thidng, thdy cung dai didn cho cdng ddng cdu khdn cdc d&g sidu nhidn ban cho mua thuan gid hda, mua vu tud tdt, cudc sdng im no hanh phttc.. .Chmh vi vay rttng dupc bao vd ttt trong y thttc cia mdi ngud, nhan van va cao dep bilt bao. Trong tam thttc cia ngud dan Thai, thi gid ty nhidn quanh hp dlu cd thdn Unh, con ngud phai cung thd dl cdu mong hp che chd.
VI mdt phuong didn nao dd, vide thidng boa ty nhidn nay cd tac dung khdch quan bao vd ty nhidn khdi sy tan phd vd y thttc cia con ngud.
4. Ludt tuc cua ddn tdc Mudng
4.1. Ludt tuc quy dinh vi thu hdi mdng vd cdc loai edy thude hg tre nda
Ludt tiic quy djnh vl thu hai mang ndi ro:
"Bdt ddu tit khi cdc logi mdng tre. buang... mgc eho di'n trude ngdy 20 thdng 6 dm lich hdng ndm. bdt ludn Id ai ciing khdng duge be mdng trong rdng hay trong cdc gd buang. tre... trong vudn nhd do chinh tay minh tring. Ai vi phgm dd la eon tre, hay ngudi ldn niu bi phdt hiin thi gia dinh ngudi do phdi nop phat eho mudng mdt eon Ign edi (Ign ndi dd de). Ludt tuc ndy eiing dugc dp dung trong ed ede trudng hgp "nhd ai thd rdng gia sue vdo rdng ddm, dgp, ldm do gdy mdng thi ehu gia sue phdi nop phgt cho mudng mgt con Ign cdi"
Dung din ngay 20 thdng 6 dm lich (tuy theo cac lang mudng ty quy djnh cd thi trudc hay sau thd dilm nay vai ngay) hdng nam, I^
trudng hay Lang, Dao cai quan cdc mudng hpp ban, quylt dinh phat hidu ldnh cho i^ep bdng chidng, ttdng hay rao mdm, lie dd ngud ddn m d dupc thu, hai mdng.
Theo kinh nghidm ddn gian Mudng dupc due nit ttt thud xa xua, mia mang mpc bdt ddu ttt mia xudn. Trong thd gian ttt mua xudn cho din gdn hit thang 6 dm Uch, sd lupng ttt mdng phat tiiln thanh cdy rdt cao, vi giai doan nay khi hdu, mdi trudng ndng, dm thudn lpi cho mang mpc, phat tiiln tdt, kha ndng khang sau bdnh cao. Tft thdng 7 dm lich vl sau, mdng vdn cdn
EB
Pham Quang Tiin - SCrdung tri thdc bin dia
mpc nhilu, nhung t h d tidt vao mua nay thudng cd nhflng con mua ddm dai ngay ndn phdt sinh nhilu sau bdnh hai mang, kem theo gid, bao thudng xay ra quat dd gdy mdng. Do vay sd thanh cay cia mang mpc thd gian nay rdt thdp ndn ngud xua cho thu hoach mdng d thd ky nay.
4.2. Ludt tuc quy dinh ve bdo vi ngudn lgi thuy sdn dudi sdng
Ngudn thuc phdm cia ngud Mudng xua cd ba ngudn chlnh la: sue vat nudi ttong nha, ngudn thit thu ring, va ngudn thuy san dud cdc sdng sudi.
d ving ddt cia ngud Mudng, vide bao vd ngudn Ipi thuy san dud sdng, sudi da dupc cdc Lang, Dao, chttc sdc va ngud ddn Mudng ndng ldn thanh tuc Id. Trdn cdc con sdng, sudi dupc chpn ngan tttng khic, tttng khoang. Nhfltig khue, khoang sdng, sudi da dupc ngan dd trong cac ngay thudng khdng ai dupc phip ddnh bat ca. Cdn ngoai nhiing n d bi c ^ , dan Mudng dupc ty do danh ca vl dn. Vide cdm ddnh cd, bao vd nhfltig khic, khoang sdng dd cdn dupc thdn thdnh, tam Iinh hda, ndn ngoai vide sp Lang, Dao phat, ddn Mudng cdn so lam kinh ddng din n d d cia cac Ioai thdn thuy tdc nhu: rdng, khu, thudng ludng... ndn vide chd'p hanh rdt nghidm chinh. T h d gian cdm gdn nhu la quanh ndm, chi 1 2 Idn ttong nam vao cac dip gid chap nha Lang, ddn Mudng md hpi m d ddnh bdt ca d cac khue sdng cdm.
Ngdy hay quan sdt, nhin nhdn cu thi cac khic, khoang sdng bi cdin khi xua m d thd'y cac khue sdng cim iy thudng hdi du cac ylu td nhu: sdng sdu, ddng nudc chay vtta phai, cd bai cat ngdm thoai thoai hay nhttng hang, hdc da ngdm... rd't thudn lpi cho cac Ioai cd sinh de vd trdn ttdnh ke thu. Nhttng n d cd'm chlnh la ngudn cung cdp gidng ben vttng cho sy tdi tao, phdt ttiin dn djnh, Idu dai cia cdc Ioai cd. Vl chl tai phat vdt chdt ddi v d ngttd vi pham cung rdt ndng khdng kem gi vide be mdng. Tuy cd lo so bj phat song dilu dd chl la thtt ylu, cdi chinh la do y thttc ty gidc cia mdi ngud ddn ttong vide chd'p hanh huong ude, tuc Id Mudng ndn vide chdp phdp rdt nghidm minh.
m
4 3 Ludt tuc viqudn ly rdng
Ngud Mudng d Hod Binh khdng ddng y vd vide tu nhan hoa rttng vi hp tin rdng rttng tiiudc sd hiiu cia chua Ird va nhttng lpi Ich cia ring phai dupc chia se trong cdng ddng. Tuy nhidn hidn nay, cac hd dan quan \-y nhflng khu rttng gdn nhd, cdn cdng ddng thi quan ly nhihig khu rttng xa hon. Mpi ngud dlu ndi la cdng ddng quan ly rttng lam giam ttanh chdp xa hdi, bao vd dupc ngudn cung cdp nudc cho cdng ddng vd dam bao cung cdp cdc vat Udu thdng dung (ddng kl la gd), trong khi dd rttng do cac hd dan quan Iy mang tinh tap tmng hon va thi hidn kit qua tdt hon ttong boat ddng tai sinh ty nhidn va ttdng ttot (Poffenberger & Smith-Hanssen, 2000).
Trdn day chi Id ba luat tyc cua ngud Mudng, nd chtta dyng trong dd vdn tii thttc cia ngttd xua ttong vide bao tdn, khai thdc cdn bdng, hpp 1^ cdc ngudn lpi cia thidn nhidn phuc vu httu Ich, thilt thuc cho nhu cdu d d sd'ng cdng ddng.
5. Tdp qudn bao ve rumg cua ddn toe Tdy, Nung
Hd thd'ng quan ly rtmg cia ngud Tdy d Son La dya ttdn hinh thttc Xompa. Xompa la Gia ban cd quyln lanh dao thdn dua ra cdc quylt djnh vl sft dung ddt va sft dung rttng; dua ra quylt dinh lya chpn n d dinh cu md; sft dung bin vflng ddt, nttdc va ngudn rttng; xdc dinh va bao vd rttng ddu ngudn; vj trf va thd gian ludn canh ddi vd dii nuong; ttdng va chat tte va gd;
bd trf vudn rttng ttdng cdy an qua; phdt nuong, ddt nuong va ttdng ttpt. Nhttng nhidm vu chlnh cua Xompa la:
- Dam bao vide bao vd nghidm ngdt cdc khu rttng ddu ngudn;
Phdn djnh rd rttng san xudt va ddt ra cdc quyln khai thac cd lua chpn di phyc vu cho cdc nhu cdu gia dinh va ding lam cdng cu phuc vu sinh boat;
- Ddn ddc cdng ddng phdng chdng chay.
Ngay nay, tiiiyln thdng Xompa dupc thay bang nhttng td chttc hanh chinh dia phuong va cac td chttc bao vd ring cia nha nudc. Tuy nhidn hinh tupng Xompa vdn cdn dupc danh gid cao va tiieo y kiln cua mdt sd ngud thi Xompa cdn rdt cdn trong cdc ban ngudi Tdy.
WgWen aim Phit triin bin vdng, si 3 (36) - Thing 9/2012
Pham Quang Tien - SCrdung tri thdc bin dia
Ngodi ra, tap qudn bao vd rttng cia ngudi Tay cdn qui djnh: Cdm khdng dl chay rttng.
Ai lam ehdy rttng se phai ndp toan bp sd tiln phat. Chd nao cdm ndu (mdt doan cay dai, ttdn ddu cd cai canh Id), ttte chd dd da cd chi, khdng ai dupc ty y xdm pham. Ai Idy trdm hdi thi bj phat gdp 3 Idn sd thidt hai.
V d khu rttng thd thd thdn, ai chat cay hoac di trau bd pha hoai cdy cdi ma lang bj dich bdnh nhilu, nhilu ngud dm dau, phai di m d thdy cttng thi ngudi dy chiu todn bd phi tdn ttong ll cung. Thdn thd dja la mdt vj thdn cd quyln lyc ddi v d ddn tdc Tdy, thdn cd quyln lyc ban phdt vu mia bdi thu hay trttng pliat.
Ngud ddn thudng xdy dyng milu thd thdn thd dja d noi cdy cdi rdm rap va coi dd la rttng thidng. Trong khu vyc rttng thidng, ngud ta cdm chdt cii hay chan tha gia sue.
Nhihig quy dinh vl quan Iy rttng dupc xem xlt, bdn bac vd phd biln trong budi hpp thdn cung thdn thd dja vao dip ngay sau Tit nguydn dan (theo dm lich).
Mpi Idng ban cia ngud Tdy, ngud Nung d Cao Bdng dlu cd Md nudc. Md nudc ndm canh khu rttng thidng ma ba con gpi la Ddng S&.
Ddng Sdn gift cho Md nudc ludn ddy. Ddng bao ttong ving cho rdng cdc cdy cd fliu mpc d
"Ddng Sail dlu cd Unh hdn, ai chat ha se bi thdn rittig trttng phat".
Ngud Ning d ban Pd Vflng, xa Vinh Quang, huydn Hoang Su Phi, tinh Ha Giang cd hdi cung rimg. Hdi dupic td chttc hai ldn ttong ndm va d hai dja dilm khdc nhau. Ldn tiitt nhdt dupc td chttc vao ngay 30 thdng Gidng. Dja diim td chttc la khu ring ddu ban. Ldn thtt hai duoc td chttc vdo ngdy 2 tiidng 7 (dm lich). Dia diim la mdt khu rttng cdin giiia hai cdnh ddng hode gd bai.
Hdi cung rttng ngay 30 thdng Gidng dupc td chttc chu ddo, ttang nghidm... Xua kia ngay hdi ndy do cdc gid ban dtttig ra td chttc, m d tiidy mo, tiidy cung tiln hanh cdc tiift tyc nghi Id.
Ngdy nay Id do trudng thdn, tiirdng ban dttng ra td chttc.
Ll cung ring duoc chudn bj ky cang. Khu ritag cdin dupc dpn dep sach se, ldp ban thd ddn gidy dd... Ll vdt cung rimg gdm cd: Rupu ndp cdm, thit gd, tiiit ion, vdng, huong... Ban thd bdy
highiin cdu Phit trien bin vOng, si 3 (36) - Thing 9/2012
li vat kit cdu hai tdng dupc dyng d hai gdc^ay cd thu cia ring cdin tupng trung cho cay'bd va cay me, Id vat dupc bay trdn Id chud. Ld vat di mam ttdn (gpi la mam ddt nudc), cd 1 ga ttdng ldng dd mao la, mdt Ipn dye den tuyln (hai con vat nay cdn sd'ng), bay chen rucru (chen gitta dupc kd cao), mdt bat nudc ttdng, mdt dia mudi trdng, bay bat com, bay xau thjt va cd mdt bdt thit tdng hpp - dd la bat bao hd ddt nudc, bay ngya gidy den, mdt d lam bdng gidy den che binh huong dupc bdn bang cay cd va thdp bdy nln huong. Ld vat mam dud (bao vd ban lang) gdm cd mdt ga ttdng (cdn sdng), mdt milng thjt lpn, nam xidn thit, nam chen rupu (chin gitta kd cao), nam bdt com, nam ngya gid'y mau va mdt bdt an chay (dau). Sau klii chudn bj Id vat chu ddo, tiirdng thdn, ban thay nhau hdnh II, quy lay hai Idn 4 phuong, mdi ldn 3 lay cdu mong mua thuan, gid boa, ngudn nudc ddi dao, binh ydn vd sy. Tilp dd mpi ngud gilt lpn, ga lam II cung. Trong khi hanh II mpi ngud phai gitt ttat ty, chi dupc ndi tilng dan tdc minh. Khi hanh Id xong mpi ngud md dupc ra dy hdi va sinh boat dm thyc tai chd ttong khdng khi ddm din cia tinh cam cdng ddng. Trong hdi cung rimg ddng bao cflng td chttc cdc ttd chd dan gian, hdt ddn ca mang ddm net ban sdc van hda dan tdc Ning.
Hdi cung rttng vao ngay mdng 2 thdng 7 am lich, dupc ddng bao Nttng td chttc tai mdt khu rttng cdm d canh ddng hay d gd bai. Thdn khu rttng nay chi cd nhidm vu bao vd cdy trdng d rudng ddng, gd bai. Diim tiln hanh nghi II cd ban thd. Id vdt cflng nhu ngay cttng 30 thdng Gidng, ngoai ra cdn cd mdt con vit. Mpi quy ttinh hanh Id theo nhu tiitdc. Nhttng ngud di dy hdi cung rttng dlu phai dpi mu, chdn di giay hode dip, mac qudn do lanh, khdng dupc dn dt, com ehdy, khdng dupc ndi xen tilng ddn tdc khac. Nlu ai khdng tudn thi nhttng quy djnh chung cia cdng ddng thi mia mang thdt bat, ddi kem. Di ddi phd v d tdc dd tan phd rttng ndi ldn vao nhihig ndm 1960, ngud Nung d Cao Bdng da giao rttng cho thdn quan Iy va bao vd.
Mdi thdn xdy dyng cac quy dinh, luat le ridng cia thdn minh ttong vide chat cay, thu hai cii, lam gidu rttng, ttdng ttpt va khoanh nudi tai sinh. Ttt dd, rttng duoc phi xanh, cac Ipi Ich thu dupc ttt sft dung gd bin vttng dupc ding cho
Pham Quang Tien - Sddung tri thdc bin dia xdy dyng tiirdng hpc, tram y t l va cdc cdng
trinh phttc lpi khdc ttong thdn (Poffenberger &
Smith-Hanssen, 2000).
6. Tri thttc ban dia ciia ngudi Dao va truyen thdng canh tdc gdn vdi bao ve rttng Ngud Dao rdt min khdch, cdn c i , chiu khd ty tin, lac quan, giau tinh cam v d thidn nhidn, tu duy suy ly - logic phat triin, cd nilm tin ldn vao thdn linh, ma quy... Hdng nam, vao djp tit Nguydn ddn ngud Dao thudng td chttc id ddng cfta rttng. Nghi ll nay thudng td chttc vao nhttng ngay ttt 20 dd'n 27 thdng 12 (Am lich). Sang thang Gidng, ngud Dao cd ngdy II md cfta rttng (khoang 7/1). Nghi Id nay nhdm cdu mong ma rttng che chd, phi hd cho con ngud mdt ndm m d dupc mia, binh ydn va mpi thtt sung tie hon nam cu. Ld mdt tdc ngud ttt xua da sd'ng gan v d rttng ndn kinh nghidm khai thdc tai nguydn rttng cia ngud Dao rdt phong phi. Ngud Dao ludn canh tdc theo hinh thttc ludn phidn. Mdi nha ngud Dao thudng cd vai manh nuong, manh nay ldm xong vdi vu, hp Iai chuyin sang mdnh khdc va ctt nhu vdy, 6 - 7 nam sau m d quay lai lam manh nuong ddu tidn. Vide chpn ddt d i md nuong m d cung dupc lam rdt ky.
Nlu d tdc ngud khdc ctt thdy ddt rttng t d xdp, nhilu min la phdt nuong thi v d ngud Dao ylu td dd chua d i . Trudc hit, hp thudng chpn nhihig triln ntti quay vl hudng ddng, ddng bdc, ddng nam. Hudng nui nay budi sdng ttd khdng ndng gay gdt, budi chilu nuong cd bdng rdm ndn cdy trdng m d phat triin tdt. Nuong rdy cua ngud Dao cflng chi ldm ven dud chdn nui, cdn phia trdn gitt lai rttng gia d i nttong ttdnh bi xdi mdn, ludn gitt dupc dd dm. Ngoai vide gitt rttng d l trdng trpt thi ngud Dao gift ring cdn vi trong ring gia chtta dyng ngudn thyc phlm rdt ldn ttt thu rttng, mdc nhi, ndin huong, mdt ong, rau mdng, thudc nam..., Ngay nay, dai da sd ngttd Dao da chuyin ddt ring canh tac luong thyc sang ttdng ring kinh t l bdng cdc Ioai cdy ldy gd, cdy nguydn Udu. Ngttd Dao cd cdu hdt vl bao vd rttng nhu: Dao sdc chd chat cay bdn dudng, chdt cdy bdn dudng se khdng cd bdng mdt che thdn. Linh thidng chd lam hai con chdu, lam hai con chau se khdng cd ngud thd phung ddng huong.
Ket luan
Ttt rdt lau rdi, ddng bao cdc ddn tdc it ngud d vung sdu, ving xa, miln nui cua nudc ta da cd nhihig phong tuc, tap qudn, luat tuc thi nidn y thttc bao vd mdi ttudng sdng cua chinh hp mdt cdch rdt nghidm ngat. Nhihig tap qudn, luat tuc dd dupc thi hidn dud nhilu tdn gpi khdc nhau nhu: Phatkdi hay Bidud cia ngud E Dd, Phatkdudi cia ngud M'Ndng, Tolddjuat hay Toldphian cia ngud Gia Rai, Adatmuca cia ngud Ra Giai, Daytordnkdi cia ngud Ba na, Nri cia ngud Ma, Huong ude cia ngud Viet, Hit khdng cia ngud Thai, A ddt cia ngud Chdm... dupc coi id sy biiu hidn thai dd ttng xft cia con ngud vd mdi trudng ty nhidn va cdng ddng xa hdi. Dl vide BVMT dat hidu qua, chttng ta cdn phdi kit hpp hai hda gitta ludt phdp cia Nhd nudc va ludt tuc cia tdc ngud ttong vide BVMT, khai thdc cdc ngudn tai nguydn thidn nhidn. /.
TAI LifiU THAM K H A O
1. PGS. TS. Biii Xuan Dinh, Oiuyen dl: ''Nhdng vdn de ly ludn vd thuc tien cda viec sd dung phong tuc tap qudn vd huong ude cda ngudi Viet trong thifc tiin xdy dung vd hodn thien phdp ludt d Viet Nam" thudc de tdi khoa hpc: "Nhflng vSh dl 1^ luto va thuc tiln vl ngudn cua j*ap luat Viet Nam".
2. GS. TSKH. Phan Dang Nhat, Chuyen dl:
"Nhiing vdn de ly ludn vd thifc tiin cda viec van dung ludt tuc trong thUc ted Viet Nam " thuOc dl tdi khoa hoc "Nhiing vdn de ly ludn vd thuc tiin ve ngudn cda phdp ludt Viet Nam "
3. TS. Pham Quang Tiln (Chu nhita dl tdi), "Moi trudng vdi cudc sdng cua chiing ta" ddnh cho HS ldp 72,B2009-37-61MT
4 TS. Pham Quang Tiln, PGS.TS Nguyin Thi Hdi, Tap qudn vd ludt tuc bdo ve mdi trudng cda mdt sd ddn tpc it ngudi dViet Nam, Tap chi Luat hoc, 6-2010 5. TS. Mai Thanh Son, TS. Le Dinh Phimg. TS. Ll Dttc Thinh, Bien ddi khi hdu, khd ndng Ung phd vd mdt so vdn de ve chinh sdeh, 10-2011
6. Nhilu tac gii. Hdi ddp ludt tuc cdc ddn tdc Viet iVoOT, Nxb Quan doi nhan dan, 2008.
Nghien cdu Phit triin bin vOng, si 3 (36) - Thing 9/2012
