Thd gioi: Van dd - Su kien
Tpp chf C^ng s a nDANH GIA VA TRA LlTONG DUA TREN THirC THI CONG VIEC:
• • •
KINH NGHIEM CUA CAC NUdC OECD
LE THI VAN HANH
Su "bao trum ddi han" eua phuang thue trd luong ehung eho nhieu ddi tugng lao ddng trong khu vuc nhd nude theo ngach, bdc ddn den su "thich nghi" lau ddi ddi vdi hi thong trd luong truyen thdng ndy. Tdng luong theo kieu "din hen lgi lin" md khdng cdn cu vdo chdt lugng thue thi cdng viee ddn den tinh trgng thue thi trung binh pho biin vd rdt khd cdi thien trong khu vuc nhd nude. Bdi viet gidi thieu kinh nghiem eua cdc nude thudc Td chue Hop tdc vd Phdt trien kinh ti (OECD) trong viee tgo nen nhiing thay ddi quan trgng trong quan ly thue thi vd khuyin khich lao dgng thdng qua md hinh ddnh gid vd trd luong dua tren kit qud thue thi.
Lich Stf phat trien cua mo hinh
M6 hinh "tra luong dua tren thue thi eong viec" (performance related pay) hay con duoc goi la "tra luong theo ket qua thyc thi" hoac
"tra luong theo thyc thi", duge mot so nuac OECD hit dau ap dung vao giira thap nien 70 cua the ky XX trong boi canh kho khan ve kinh te va tai chinh nham tiet kiem nguon tai chinh eong va nang cao hieu qua thue thi eong viec.
Trong nhieu thap nien, viec tra luong gia tang truyen thong theo he thong ngach, bac da duge xem la hien nhien va pho bien trong nen eong vu cua nhieu nuac. "Sy thang tien trong chire nghiep" da la mot sir khich le khong nho d6i vod mot bo phan eong chue. Tuy nhien, sue ep cua sy phat trien kinh te - xa hoi da lam nay sinh nhu cau doi voi cac loai khich le khae
ngoai sy thang tien nay. Viec tra luong xiing dang da duge nhieu nuac OECD xem la mot phuang an thay the hoac la mot sy bo sung can thiet, song song vod "sy thang tien trong chiix:
nghiep" nham tao dpng ca lam viec cho eong ehirc, dong thai bao dam sy eong bang trong eong vu.
Lan song dau tien thyc hien chinh sach danh gia va tra luong dya tren thyc thi eong viec duge thyc hien d cac nuac thanh vien OECD vao cu6i thap nien 80. Chinh phu Dan Mach, Niu Di-lan, Tay Ban Nha, Thuy Dien, Anh va My da thong qua viec tra luong dya tren thyc thi eong viec duoi cac hinh thue khae nhau. Trong mot so to chijc eong d PhSn Lan
* PGS, TS, Hpc vien chinh tri - Hanh chinh qu6c gia H6 Chi Minh
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va he thong huu dien cua Due, chinh sach danh gia va tra luong theo thyc thi cung duac thu nghiem vao cuoi thap nien 80.
Lan song phat trien thir hai duwc thyc hien vao nhung nam dau thap nien 90 khi cac nuac O-xtray-li-a, Phan Lan, Ai-len va I-ta-li-a dong loat thong qua cac chinh sach danh gia va tra luong theo thyc thi eong viec.
Tir cuoi thap nien 90 den nhimg nam gan day, cac nuac nhu Due, Han Qu6c, Thuy ST va mot so nuac d Dong Au (Sec, Hung-ga-ry, Ba Lan, X16-va-ki-a) da chinh thue thyc hien ca ehe tra luong theo thyc thi d nhieu linh vyc thuoe khu vyc eong. O Phap, viec chinh thirc ap dung he thong danh gia va tra luong dya tren ket qua thyc thi doi vdi cac eong chue cap eao duge chinh thue tuyen bo vao dau thang 10-2003.
Hinh L Tien luong theo thue thi trong ea cdu luong tdng the
Danh gia va tra lumig dua tren thue thi eong viec
Khai niem "tra luong dya tren thyc thi cdng viec" chi dh cap d8n phSn c6 the bien thien cua tien luong, duge tra theo nam hoac theo mot khoang thdi gian dinh ky nao do. Luong tra
theo ket qua thyc thi eong viec khong bao gom: (i) bat ky mot khoan tien tang ty dong nao trong ea eau luong do duwc de bat/thang tien hoac cae khoan gia tang theo tham nien (ma khong lien quan den ket qua thyc thi); (ii) cac loai tien thirdng, tien phu cap khae nhau gan lien vdi vi tri chire danh hoac dieu kien lam viec (lam viec them gid, phu cap vi lam viee tai cae dia ban dae biet, moi trudng doc hai...).
Theo mo hinh nay, viec danh gia va tra luong deu dya tren mot mau so ehung la kit qua thyc thi eong viee. Tuy nhien, tren thyc ti, viec danh gia thye thi khong phai liic nao ciing duge thyc hien trong moi lien he trye tiSp vdi tra luong. Trong mot thdi gian tuong ddi dai, d nhieu nen eong vu, ngudi ta van thyc hien danh gia thyc thi de phan loai nhan vien ma khdng gan nd vdi viee tra luong. Trong nhirng trudng hgp nhu vay, ket qua danh gia thyc thi thudng ehi duge sir dung lam ca sd cho de bat hoac khen thudng.
Nhin chung, viec tra luong theo thye thi ehi cd the phat huy duge tae dyng khich le ngudi lao ddng khi dya tren mot tien trinh danh gia thye thi rd rang va trong mot khudn khd chien luge quan ly thye thi rdng Idn'". Dieu nay cung cd nghia la md hinh danh gia va tra luong dya tren ket qua thye thi chi cd the duge ap dung d nai ma he thdng quan ly thye thi duge dae biet chii trpng.
v l mat ly thuySt, danh gia thye thi la khai niem quen thudc trong quan ly ngudn nhan lye. Tuy nhien, thye te cho thay "viec do ludng kit qua thye thi cua ngudi lao dpng trong khu vyc nha nude rat khd khan!"*^'. Thdng thudng.
(1) Quan ly thue thi doi hoi m6i lien he giira cac mue tieu cua don vi/bg phan voi cac mue tieu chien lupfc cua to chire. Cac he thdng quan ly thue thi co mue dich lien ket viec quan ly con nguoi voi cac mue tieu va cac chien lucre eua to chiic
(2) Bao cao cua OECD, 2004 -"iif'' na : • ' " ' - ' '«•->
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^ Tpp chf c a n g sdnngudi lao ddng duge danh gia va phan loai theo nhilu tieu chi. Cac tieu chi danh gia duge xac dinh theo cac mire dp nhan manh khae nhau xung quanh 4 nhdm yeu td: Nhdm yeu td ddu ra - kit qua thyc hien cac mue tieu/thanh tich dat duge. Nhdm yiu td ddu vdo - cac chimg nhan vl nang lye, sy tuan thu ky luat, sy theo dudi cac gia tri. Nhdm yeu td lien quan din su hoan thien (tang dan) ciia mdi nhan vien trong qua trinh lam viec (tham nien).
Nhdm yiu td lien quan den cdc ky ndng
"mem" - cac ky nang va kha nang quan he, cac ky nang lanh dao, quan ly.
Kit qua danh gia se toan dien khi bao ham ca 4 nhdm yeu td tren. Song, tren thyc te, cac phucmg phap danh gia hien hanh chi cd the ehii trpng va xac dinh duge gia tri cua tiimg cap nhdm yeu td ndi tren ma thdi.
Mat khae, sy chii trpng ket qua thyc thi (nhdm yeu td dau ra) trong cac nen hanh chinh ciing duge the hien dudi cac hinh thue khae nhau. O cac nude cd nen kinh te thi trudng phat trien, sy chii trpng nhieu hon vao ket qua thye thi thudng duge "truyen cam hirng" trye tiep tir cac phuang phap quan ly ciia khu vyc tu.
Cd the phan tich uu the cua md hinh danh gia va tra luong dya tren thyc thi cdng viee thdng qua lang kinh ciia ba ly thuyet chinh: ly thuyet tam ly ve sy mong dgi; ly thuyet ve sy tac ddng trung gian va ly thuyet ve sy thiet lap mue tieu. Sy ket hgp cac khia canh ciia ca ba ly thuyet nay se lam sang td tac dung danh gia va khuyen khich cua ehinh sach tra luong theo thye thi.
Ly thuyet tam ly ve sy mong dgi dua ra mdi quan he giira gia tri phan thudng cho thyc thi ddi vdi ngudi lao ddng va kha nang dat duge nd neu hp cd dii nd lye can thiet. Dat duge phan thudng nhd nd lye, ngudi lao ddng se cd gang hoan thanh ket qua thyc thi cao hon.
Theo ly thuyet ve "sy tac dpng trung gian", cac ddng luc thiic day thyc thi la can thiet khi
chii su dung lao ddng khdng thi de dang kiem soat duge nd luc lam viec cua nhan vien. Cac nhan vien nd lye rit it vi hp cd the tir bd cdng viec hien tai dl tim nhung ca hpi khae. Ly thuylt nay nhin manh tSm quan trpng ciia viec lam cho he thdng khuyin khich phu hgp vdi mire dp khdng thich mao hiem ctia nhan vien.
Ly thuylt vl sy "thiet lap mue tieu" chii trpng mdi lien he giira qua trinh thiet lap myc tieu va ket qua thyc thi. Cach ma ngudi lao ddng tiep can cac mue tieu (dae biet la mice do tham gia true tiep de lua chgn chung) duge xem la cd anh hudng Idn den sy cd gang dat duge cac mue tieu. Ndi each khae, duge tham gia nhieu hon vao qua trinh thiet lap mue tieu se khich le ngudi lao ddng tich eye hon trong viec thyc hien cac mue tieu dd.
Ba each tiep can tren tuy khae nhau d diem nhan, nhung deu ehi ra nhihig van de co ban nhu nhau ddi vdi viec phan tich cac he thdng danh gia va tra luong theo thyc thi: Mot mat, la sy den bii cho sue lao ddng bd ra va thiic day nhan vien; mat khde, la xac dinh va danh gia duge cac mue tieu.
Tac dong thut te cua mo hinh
Theo eae nghien cuu va bao cao ciia cac nude thanh vien OECD, ly do ap dung mo hinh danh gia va tra luong dya tren thyc thi cdng viec trong cdng vu d cac nude rat khae nhau. Song, ly do ehinh la tao ddng lye thiic day tir ben ngoai dudi hinh thire tra luong xirng dang va dpng lye thiic day tir ben trong (npi tam) thdng qua sy cdng nhan nhung nd lye va thanh cdng ciia ngudi lao ddng. Nhimg tac ddng thyc te ma md hinh danh gia va tra luong dya tren thyc thi cdng viee trong cdng vu ciia cac nude OECD duge the hien d cho:
Thu nhdt, tgo dgng luc ldm viec. Trong cac he thdng tra luong truyen thdng, viec khich le nhan vien duge tao nen bdi sy kit hgp giira viee tra luong theo mire dp tang d§n dua vao
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tham nien va mdt so ca hdi eho viec thang tiln. Tuy nhien, vdi tu each la mdt ddng lye thiie day, sy thang tiln cung cd mat han ehi.
Trong khu vyc cdng, vi yeu e§u dn dinh trong eong vu, sy thang tien ciing ed the diln ra rit eham chap. Them vao dd, do "sy can trd" cua nhieu cap dp quan ly trong cac td chue, sy eham chap nay lai cang "sau sSe" va lam giam dang ke cac co hdi thang tien. Vi nhirng ly do nay, mdt lugng Idn cdng chue hau nhu da dung yen d mdt mire luong hoac d trong khudn khd cae bae luong han ehe, va cac nha quan ly cd rat it kha nang de khich le hp bSng tai chinh'^'.
Thu hai, thu hut vd duy tri nhiing nhdn vien tdi ndng vd ndng dgng. O mdt sd nude thanh vien OECD, eae cap dp tra luong cho eae nha quan ly cap eao khu vyc cdng thap hon so vdi luong eiia cap nay d cac khu vyc tu trong thap nien 80 vao khoang 30% - 50%^"*). Vi vay, viec ap dung ehinh saeh danh gia va tra luong theo thye thi d khu vyc cdng, nhat la ddi vdi cap quan ly, duge xem la can thiet de eanh tranh mot each hieu qua vdi khu vyc tu trong viee thu hiit va duy tri cac nhan vien tai nang.
Thong thudng, eae td chue nha nude thudng hap dan nhirng ngudi khdng thich mao hiem (d mot mire dp nao dd), mac dau hp rat ed nang lye. Hinh thue tra luong theo thang bae gia tang ty le thuan vdi tham nien ed the phu hgp vdi nhirng ngudi danh gia eao sy an toan va dn dinh eiia viee lam trong khu vyc cdng. Dae biet, ddi voi nhiing cdng viec ddi hdi eae quyet dinh mao hiem (nhu d vi tri quan ly cap eao), viec tra luong theo thye thi cd vai trd rat quan trpng trong viee tuyen ehpn eae ung vien phd hgp. De thu hut nhan lye cd chat lupng tii khu vyc tu dap iing eae yeu eau nang lye can thiet thi dieu quan trpng khdng phai la chi tra mire luong thda dang ma edn chap nhan thye hien ddng thdi ca cae hinh thue khen thudng, khich le khae nira.
Thu ba, hd trg qudn ly su thay ddi. Tra luong theo thye thi cd the cung duge xem la
mdt each de hd trg quan ly sy thay ddi khi xuat hien cae mue tieu uu tien mdi. Cd ba diem duge nhieu nude OECD de cap den khi thyc hien danh gia va tra luong dya tren thyc thi cdng viec: Mot la, tra luong theo thye thi la mot sy khuyen khich ddi vdi viec tang cudng phat trien ngudn nhan lye. Vi du, cac td chiic cd the dua ra yeu eau bude cac ca nhan phai hoan thanh mdt khda dao tao mdi nlu mudn nhan duge tien thudng theo kit qua thyc thi.
Hai Id, tra luong theo thye thi dirge mdt sd nude (Phan lan, Hung-ga-ry, I-ta-li-a) xem nhu mot each gidi thieu cac phuong phap lam viec mdi va td chire lai cdng viec dl bude dlu lam quen vdi cac loai dieh vu ed tinh linh hoat va yeu cau ed trach nhiem eao ddi vdi cdng dan. Ba Id, tra luong theo thye thi edn duge xem la mdt ddn bay doi vdi viee hoan thien phong each lanh dao, quan ly thdng qua viee khuyen khich ddi mdi va mao hiem. Day la mdt kinh nghiem duge eae nude nhu Ca-na- da, Dan Mach, Phap va Dire ap dung.
Thu tu, kiem sodt quy lucmg. Viee ap dung md hinh danh gia va tra luong theo thyc thi cd the xuat phat tir nhieu mue dieh khae nhau.
Chinh phii ed the xem viec tra luong theo ket qua thye thi la mdt each de kiem ehe quy luong thdng qua viec cat giam sy gia tang mot each ty ddng eua luong theo thang bae va tham nien trong khi hieu qua cdng viee eua to chire khdng duge nang cao. Mat khae, tra luong theo thyc thi ed the la phucmg thire mdi giup chuyin ddi each tra luong tran tdng the khi eae mue luong nay duge xem la thap hon so vdi
(3) Trong eong vu ciia Anh, vao thap nien 80, mgt chuyen vien - d p dau tien vod nhirng trach nhiem quan ly CO ban. phai cho trung binh den 20 nam de duge thang tien len vi tri eong chire cap cao. Nghien eihi chinh sach Ua luong a Anh vao thap nien 90, Sheehy Inquiry da phat hien ra rkng khoang 42% nhan vien d cac cap bac "khong the cho dgi de duge thang tien"
(4) Bao cao cua OECD, 2004 i i ..; | ' - i.!;::.:!.
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khu vyc tu. Viec tang luong theo chinh sach danh gia va tra luong theo thyc thi cd the duge xem nhu sy din bii eho tinh an toan thap khi ngudi lao ddng trong khu vyc cdng bat dau thyc hien cdng viec theo hgp ddng. Viec ap dung tra luong theo thye thi cung cd the duge xem la mdt phuong thue hap dan de tang luong ma khdng gay anh hudng den luong huu hoac luong dn dinh lau dai (trong trudng hgp cac khoan thirdng mdt lan khdng duge bii vao ehe dp luong huu). Sy gia tang chi phi tien luong trong khu vyc cdng la vd cung Idn. Mdt he thdng tra luong theo thyc thi cd the dua ra mdt CO ehe mdi eho viec kiem soat tinh hinh va vi vay cd the lam giam bdt tam ly lo sg eua nhirng ngudi ddng thue.
, Thu ndm, ldm eho trdeh nhiem gidi trinh trd nen hien hihi. He thdng danh gia va tra luong theo thye thi edn la mdt dau hieu chiing td rang eae cdng chue, nhat la cac nha quan ly, ed trach nhiem giai trinh va chat lugng thyc thi cua hp cung hi giam sat rat chat ehe. Day la mdt diem quan trpng trong "cudc chien" vdi cae y tudng truyen thdng cho rang ngudi lao ddng trong cdng vu (cdng chire) khdng cd trach nhiem giai trinh va duge tra luong qua cao. Trong cac he thdng cdng vu dya tren chue nghiep, viec tra luong theo thyc thi cung cd the la cau ndi cho khoang hut hang tdn tai giira khu vyc cdng va khu vyc tu, khi khu vyc cdng duge xem la "the gidi eua sy an toan" ma d dd ngudi ta cd the ed mdt cdng viec sudt ddi va luong eiia hp ty ddng tang theo tham nien, khae han vdi khu vyc tu. Viee ap dung each tra luong theo thye thi trong khu vyc cdng la mdt cudc cai each phd bien d nhieu nude. Day la mdt nguyen nhan chinh eho sy lya chpn he thdng danh gia va tra luong dya tren thye thi de thay the he thdng tra luong cii, vdn tang theo tham nien bat ke ket qua thyc thi ra sao.
Thu sdu, tdng cudng dy quyen trach nhiem qudn ly ngdn sdch vd ngudn nhdn luc. Bao cao dieu tra ve quan ly ngudn nhan lye ciia OECD
(nam 2004) da chi ra hai khuynh hudng rd ret trong quan ly ngudn nhan lye trong thap nien 90, khi cac nude OECD thyc hien md hinh danh gia va tra luong dya tren thyc thi cdng viee, dd la: tang cudng phan (juyen trach nhiem quan ly ngan sach va ngudn nhan lye cho tirng bd, tiing ca quan va dae biet la cho cap quan ly trye tiep ngudi lao ddng; va ea nhan hda quan ly ngudn nhan lye - quan ly nhan vien vdi tu each la nhirng ca nhan chu khdng phai chi don gian la phan loai hp.
Trong khi cac he thdng cdng vu dya tren chue nghiep khdng cd xu hirdng ea nhan hda va uy quyen quan ly ngudn nhan lye, thi cac he thdng cdng vu dya tren vi tri viec lam lai cd mdt thyc te quan ly ngudn nhan lye linh hoat va duge ca nhan hda cao. Ban than cac nude OECD ciing dang dirng giira sy lya chpn giira hai he thdng. Tuy nhien, kinh nghiem eiia cae nude thyc hien thanh cdng md hinh danh gia va tra luong dya tren thyc thi cdng viec da cho thay xu hudng iiy quyen quan ly ngudn nhan lye va ea nhan hda quan ly nhan sy la eye ky quan trpng trong viec thyc hien danh gia va tra luong theo thye thi mdt each hieu qua. Chinh sy uy quyen quan ly ngan sach da tao nIn mdng quan trpng cho viee uy quyen quan ly ngudn nhan lye theo nhung ndi dung quan trpng nhu: bien ehe, phan loai, danh gia thyc thi, cho diem va tra luong...
Nghien ciiu sy phat trien cua md hinh danh gia va tra luong dya tren thyc thi cdng viec da cho thay, cac he thdng cdng vu dya theo vi tri viec lam, vdi sy bao dam mue dp iiy quyln quan ly cao la nhung noi dau tien ap dung rdng rai md hinh tra luong theo thyc thi. Chinh trach nhiem giai trinh duge ca nhan hda manh me trong cae he thdng nay da tao dilu kien dua he thdng tra luong theo thyc thi ea nhan vao ap dung. Dieu nay da tao nen mdt sy thay ddi co ban trong cac he thdng cdng vu truyin thdn^
vdn ehu yeu dya tren sy dl bat/thang tiln ve chiic vu nhu mdt hinh thirc tao ddng co lam
viec. •
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