Nghien ciiu Gia dinh va Gioi
So 3 - 2011
Anh huofng cua mgt so nguon luc trong viec hd tra phu nuf la nan nhan cua bao luc gia dinh
Vu Thj Thanh
Vien Nghien cCru Con nguoi
Tom t a t : Bang viec phan tich cac tai lieu Hen quan de'n bao lUc gia dinh d mot so nUdc tren the gidi, bai viet de cap den vai tro ciia cac nguon lUc ca nhan va xa hpi trong viec trd giup nhQng phu nii la nan nhan ciia bao lUc gia dinh. Tac gia cho rang, do phai doi mat vdi nhieu can trd khach quan va chu quan, cac nan nhan kho co the tiep can de dang vdi cac ngudn lUc. Bdi vay, viec phat trien va md rgng cac nguon lUc xa hoi ngay tai cong dong la mot dieu can thi-et. Ngoai ra, cac nan nhan cQng cin dUdc thong tin day du ve cac nguon lUc de co the chu dpng tim kiem sU trd giiip va tu tin giai quyet tinh trang bao lUc gia dinh va nhiing hau qua do no gay ra.
Tuf khda: Bao lUc gia dinh doi v6i phu nU; Nguon lpc ca nhan;
Ngudn lUc xa hoi.
1. Gidi thieu
Bao luc gia dinh ddi vdi phu nQ da va dang la mdt chii de dugc quan tam nghien cuu d nhidu qudc gia bdi nd khdng chi xam hai de'n quyen con ngudi cua phu nQ m i cdn de lai nhQng hau qua nghiem trgng cho hg. Biio lire gia dinh ddi vdi phu nQ cd the xiy ra dudi nhidu hinh thi'rc nhu biio lire the xac, b;io lire tinh due hoac bito luc tinh thin (Ediin, 2010: 359). Miu
70 Nghien ciJru Gia dinh va Gidi. Quyen 21, so 3, tr. 69-75
het cac nan nhin cua bao luc gia dinh phai ddi mat vdi hom mgt loai hinh bao lire gia dinh (Madu va Ramashia, 2010; 2897). Cac nghien cihi vd bao luc gia dinh cho thay bao luc gia dinh phd bien d ci cic nudc phat trien vi cic nudc dang phit tridn. Nghien ciin cua Gillian vi Steed (2000, trich din trong Madu va Ramashia, 2010: 2872) cho thi'y cd khoang 20%
de'n 50% phu nQ la nan nhan cua bao luc gia dinh d hau hei cic qud'c gia vi cd khoing 84% nan nhin phai ddi mat vdi cac hau qua ve sQc khde thd chai va sue khde tinh than do bao luc gia dinh gay ra. O cic vung ndng thdn, ty le phu nQ la nan nhin cua bao luc gia dinh len tdi 80% (Mashishi, 2000, tri'ch din trong Madu vi Ramashia, 2010: 2872). Die biet, nghien cQu ciia Mathews (2000) d Nam Phi cho thi'y cQ sau tie'ng lai cd mdt phu nQ bi gidt bdi ngudi ban ddi cua minh (trich din trong Madu vi Ramashia, 2010: 2872).
Bao luc gia dinh dd lai nhQ'ng hiu qui nghiem trgng vd tinh cim, tim Iy cua ngudi phu nu ddng thdi tic ddng tieu cue tdi su phat trien kinh te, xa hdi. NhQng phu nu la nan nhin cua bao luc gia dinh thudng xuyen cim thi'y budn phidn va xi'u hd (Madu va Ramashia, 2010, tr. 2879), tham chi cam tha'y tdi ldi (Jones va Roscoes, 2009, tr. 159). Hg thudng cd nhQng bidu hien suy sup ve tinh thin nhu cam thi'y bii lu'c, vd vgng, gian dQ, cang thing, lo ling (Madu va Ramashia, 2010, tr. 2876). Nghiem trgng hem, nhieu ngudi mudn tim den cii chei do phai chiu dung bao luc gia dinh. Nghien cQu cua Pillay va Ktiel (2006) cho thi'y cd khoang 14% phu nQ la n;in nhin cua bao luc gia dinh cd hanh vi tu tu. Ngoai ra, biio luc gia dinh dugc xem la mdt rao can ddi vdi su phit tridn xa hdi va kinh te cua phu nQ. Theo Weinehall va Jonsson (2009: 424), nhidu n;in nhin gap khd khan trong cdng viec do su de dga cua ngudi biin ddi hoac do su cang thing vd tinh than. Bao luc gia dinh cung can trd ngudi phu nQ trong viec hda nhip vio cdng ddng xa hdi. Nhidu ngudi trong sd hg tu tach minh ra khdi nhung ngudi khac bdi hg khdng bao gid cam thi'y an toin d nhung noi cdng cdng (Weinehall va Jonsson, 2009, tr. 424). Kha ning suy nghi va ra quyet dinh cua hg ddng thdi cQng bi giim sut (Madu va Ramashia, 2010; 2876).
De vugt qua nhQng khd khin vi hiu qua do bao luc gia dinh giy ra.
v a T h i T h a n h 71 ngudi phu nQ cin cd su hd trg tu nhidu ngudn luc khic nhau. Bing viec phan tich cac tai lieu lien quan den bao luc gia dinh d mdt sd nudc tren the gidi, tac gia bai viet se de cap de'n vai trd cua cic ngudn lu'c trong viec trg giup nhQng ngudi phu nQ li ntin nhan cua bao luc gia dinh. Cic ngudn luc niy dugc chia thanh hai nhdm chinh bao gdm nhdm ngudn luc ci nhan vi nhdm ngudn luc xa hdi.
2. Mot so nguon li/c trd giup phu nOr la nan nhan cua bao lye gia dinh
2.1. Ve nhdm ngudn luc cd nhdn, trudc het cin dd cap tdi anh hudng cua mang ludi cic quan he xa bdi ciia cac n;in nhin. Trong sd dd, ddi tugng cd inh hudng nhieu tdi hg chinb la cic thanh vien gia dinh va biin be than thiet. Nghien cuu cua McLeod va cic cdng su (2010) cho thiy gia dinh vi nhQng ngu'di than thudng giup dd cic niin nhan cd dugc chd d an toan sau khi biio luc gia dinh xay ra. Cic nan nhan cho biet hg thudng chia se tam su vdi me de va nhQng ngudi ban than thidt ve hoan canh ciia minh ma khdng sg bi danh gia, che cudi. Tuy nhien, cung cd nhQng niin nhan khdng cd dugc su trg giup tQ miing ludi xa hgi ciia minh bdi cha me hg da mat hoac nhQng ngudi than thidt cua hg d xa. Mat khic, khdng phii niin nhan nao cung nhan dugc su trg giup tich cue tu phi'a ngudi than cua minh.
Nhieu n;in nhiin cho biei cha cua hg thudng giiin dQ, phin ddi hoac ngan cin hg tu bd ngudi b;in ddi ciia minh. Tham chf cd nhQng trudng hgp gia dinh vi biin be lai dung ve phia nhung ngirdi dan dng gay ra biio luc. Hg thdng bio cho ngu'di dan dng dd biet noi in niu cua ciic niin nhin hoac khuyen cic niin nhin khdng nen bd di khidn ngudi chdng ciia minh thai vgng. Ngoai ra, tim ly sg hai, xiu hd cua bin than cic nan nhan hoae suy nghT khdng dim rdi bd ngudi chdng ciia minh bdi didu dd cd the khien hg phii tu bd ngdi nha, con cii va cic mdi quan he thin thudc cung la nhQng rao can ddi vdi phu nu trong viec tim kiem su trg giup tQ phi'a mang ludi cac mdi quan he xa hdi cua minh (McLeod va cic cdng su, 2010: 307).
Ngoii su tic ddng tQ phia m;ing ludi cic quan he xa hdi, bin than cic nan nhan cung tu tim kiem nhQng cich thQc rieng de ddi mat vdi biio luc gia dinh vi nhQng bau qua do nd gay ra. Nhieu ngudi trong sd hg cd nhung each thuc tu biio ve va cham sdc ban than mdt each ti'ch cue nhu thiet lip
72 Nghien ciifu Gia dinh va Gidi. Quyen 21, so 3, tr. 69-75
them c i c mdi quan he vdi nhQng ngudi khac, tU an ui ban thin mdt each ti'ch cue, tim hieu them thdng tin ve bao luc gia dinh hoac tam su vdi nhQng ngudi cung canh ngd de cam thi'y minh dugc chia se v i tang cudng sue manh cho b i n thin. Tuy nhien, cung cd nhQng nan nhan phan Qng mdt cich tieu cue nhu cd lap, tich rdi ban thin khdi nhQng ngudi khac, suy nghT tieu cue, khdng an ud'ng, tu hanh ha ban than hoac tim each tu vin (McLeod v i cac cdng su, 2010: 306).
2.2. Ve nhdm ngudn luc xd hgi, cd ba ngudn chinh bao gdm (i) canh sit, (ii) cin bd cdng t i c xa hdi va tu van, va (iii) cac dich vu xa hdi.
Vd su hd trg cua canh sat, nghien cQu cua Cattaneo (2010) vd su tuang t i c giQa nhQng ngudi phu nQ la nan n h i n cua bao luc gia dinh vdi cinh sit d My cho thi'y phan Idn c i c nan nhin danh g i i cao su hd trg cua canh sat.
Bang 1. Sir ho trg ciia canh sat cho phu nu la nan nhan cua bao lire gia dinh
Cac hoat dong ho trg So lupng Tj'le(%) Ho trg mang linh tich cue
Cung cap thong lin ve bao luc gia dinh
Cung cap thong tin mang linh phiip ly lien quan den bao lire gia dinh
Tin tudng vao ciic cau chuyen ciia nan nhan H6 trg ciic quyei dinh cua nan nhan
H6 trg niin nhan sir dung cac giai phap mang ti'nh phap ly
Lien he vdi nan nhan de dam bao sir an toan cho hp 236 28,9 Ho trg mang tinh khong tich cifc
Dd 161 cho nan nhan \i nguyen nhan din den bao 107 13,1 luc gia dinh
Noi riing canh sat khong th6 lam dugc gl 255 31,1 Khuyen nan nhan tam ihoi dan xep voi chong ciia 75 9,1 ho
Cho rang nan nhan khong co dii chirng cir 193 22.3 325
238 642 615 656
39,9 29,0 78,3 75,0 80,0
Ngudn: Cattaneo (2010: 251)
Vii Thi T h a n h 73
VI du nbu cinh sat tin tudng vi hd trg quydt dinh cua cic nan nhan, cung cap cho hg nhung thdng tin hQu i'ch lien quan den bao luc gia dinh, dam bio su an toin vi cung ci'p su hd trg ve mat phip ly cho cac niin nhin.
Ngoai ra, cung cd mdt sd nan nhan cho ring su hd trg ciia cinh sat khdng cd tinh ti'ch cue (xem chi tiei trong bing 1). Kei qui khao sit vdi cic niin nhan cho tha'y ty le tucmg tic mang tinh ti'ch cue vdi canh sit cao hem so vdi ty le tuong tic mang tinh khdng tich cue (Cattaneo, 2010: 251).
Vd phia cic nha cdng tic xa bdi va cin bd tu van, hg thudng cung ci'p cho nan nhan su hd trg vd tinh cam va tinh than, sin sang chia se vdi hoan canh cua cic nan nhin. Hg cung cap cho nan nhan thdng tin vd nhQng ngudn luc d cdng ddng cd the hiru i'ch cho nan nhan (vi du nhu thdng tin vd chd d tam thdi, cham sdc y te) hoac giup cic nan nhan giai quyet cac vi'n dd lien quan de'n bao luc gia dinh (Lindhorst, 2010: 241). Diic biet, hg cd gang lim viec theo cich trao quydn cho ntin nhan vi tranh diiy biio niin nhin. Thay vao dd, hg dinh gii hoin cinh vi hd trg nan nhan, giup niin nhan cam thiy lu tin hem (Jones vi Roscoe, 2009: 159). Tuy nhien, cic nhi cdng tic xa hdi vi cin bd tu vin thudng thieu kie'n thQc chuyen sau vd biio luc gia dinh vi thieu kie'n thuc vd cac van dd van hda khidn hg hieu chua day du ve cic yeu td lien quan den bdi canh cua bao luc gia dinh. Bdi vay, cic nhi cdng tic xa hdi vi cin bd tu van ddi khi dua ra nhQng quyei dinh thieu chinh xic. Vi the, de hoiit ddng trg giup nan nhan biio luc gia dinh dat dugc hieu qui cao ban, Wendt (2010: 58) cho ring cic nha cdng tie xa hdi vi cin bd tu viin cin dugc cung cii'p cic kie'n thi'rc va thdng tin ve biio lire gia dinh va cic van dd van hda. Hg cung can dugc cimg cd cic ky nang tu vin de giup ngudi phu nQ cQng nhu ngudi chdng va tie em trong gia dinh \'Ugt qua su khung hoing do bao luc gia dinh giy ra. Ngoii ra, McLeod va cac cdng su (2010: 308) cho ring cac nha tu van cin hieu vi danh gii mdt each diy dii vd cac ngudn lire ci nhan cua cac niin nhan vi khi nang tiep can cac ngudn luc cua hg, tu dd cung ci'p cho hg su bio ve vi trg giiip phu hgp hon.
Cic dich vu xa hdi dem den cho cic niin nhin nhidu su trg giup huu i'ch nhu cung ci'p thuc an, chd d, cham sdc y te, hd trg tai chi'nh va cac hinh thuc bao ve xa hdi, vi du nhu dim bio bi mat thdng tin ve chd d, sd dien
7 4 Nghien cQu Gia dinh va Gidi. Quyen 2 1 , so 3, tr. 69-75
thoai va cic thdng tin ca nhan cua cac nan nhan (Weinehall va Jonsson, 2009: 423). Ban than ngudi phu nQ thudng khdng sSn sang tie'p can vdi cic CO quan, td chuc dd ndi cho hg biet vd tinh trang bao luc cua gia dinh minh. Tuy nhien, ddi vdi nhung nan nhin da chu dgng tim den cic dich vu xa hdi, hg the hien sir hii long kha cao ddi vdi sir trg giup tich cue cua cic dich vu niy (Jones va Roscoe, 2009: 158). Didu ding quan ngiii li cic dich vu xa hdi cung gap nhidu khd khin trong viec tig giup cic nan nhin do su ban chd vd ngudn lire tai chinh. Bdi vay, su trg giup cua hg mdi chi mang tinh tiim thdi vi ngin ban.
3. Ket luan
Cd the ndi cac ngudn luc ci nhin va ngudn luc xa hdi cd vai trd rii Idn trong viec giup dd ngudi phu nQ vugt qua nhQng khd khan do bao luc gia dinh gay ra. Tuy nhien, do phai ddi iniit vdi nhidu cin trd khich quan va chu quan, cic niin nhin khd cd thd tidp can de dang vdi cac ngudn luc. Vf du, cic ngudn luc khdng phiii luc nio cung sin cd d cdng ddng, nhii la d nhu'ng vung ndng thdn. O nhidu noi cic niin nhin cdn thieu phuOng tien di lai de den dugc vdi cic dich vu trg giup (McLeod va cac cgng su, 2010;
308). Vd phfa niin nhin, hg khdng cd du thdng tin vd cic ngudn luc dd cd thd tim kiem sir trg giup khi cin thidt (Lindhost va cic cdng su, 2010;
236). Cic hau qua vd tam ly ddi vdi niin nhan (Beeble va cic cgng sU, 2010: 955) vi cim giic xi'u hd, thieu tir tin ciia nan nhan (Jones va Roscoe, 2009: 161) cung han che hg tiep can vdi cac dich vu trg giiip.
Ngoii ra, su cin trd cua ngudi chdng nhu de dga danh dap vd the xac hoic de dga chim dut mdi quan he vdi nan nhin, ngan can quan he giua ngudi phu nu \'i con cii (Beeble vi cic cdng sir, 2010; 945) la nhQng rao cin khdng nhd cho ngirdi phu nQ trong viec tim kidm va tidp cin cic ngudn luc trg giup. Bdi viiy, dd trg giup nhQng phu nQ li nan nhin cua bao luc gia dinh, viec phit tridn vi md rdng cic ngudn luc xa hdi ngay tai cdng ddng li dieu rii cin thidt. 'Hiem vao dd, cic niin nhin cung cin dugc thdno tin diy du ve cac ngudn luc dd cd thd chu ddng va tu tin tim kiem sir trg giup va giai quyet tdi ban tinh trang biio luc gia dinh va nhu'ng hau qua do nd gay ra.H
v a T h i T h a n h 7 5 Tai lieu tham khiio
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