CHiNH TRI - AN NINH CHAU AU
DI€U CHINH CHINH SI^CH ON SINH X^ Hdi 6 DRN MQCH
SflU KHUNG HORNG KINH TC'TOAN CAU (2008-2011)
P G S . T S . Dinh Cong Tuan Vipt Nghien ciiu Chdu Au 1. Nhirng thSch thuc cua h$ thong an
sinh xa h^i Dan Mach hi^n nay 7.7. Tdc dgng cua khdng hoang kinh te todn cau doi vdi Dan Mgeh
Vao quy 3 nam 2008, Dan Mach chinh thuc lam vao suy thoai kinh te do anh huang cua cuoc khung hoang kinh te toan cau. Theo so lieu thong ke cua Hgi dong Ngoai truong Bdc Au, tang truong GDP cua Dan Mach dang a miic 3,4% nam 2006, giam con 1,7%
nam 2007, dat muc -0,9% nam 2008, -5,1%
nam 2009, sau do phuc hoi 6 muc 1,2% nam 20I0'. La mot nen kinh te nho, co dp ma ciia cao, Dan Mach bi tac dgng nang ne khi thuong mai th^ gioi lam vao tinh trEuig tri tre trong giai doan 2008-2010, khien nen kinh te trong nuac va nguoi dan Dan Mach gSp kho khan nghiem trgng. Chinh phu Dan Mach da phai tung ra cac goi kich thich tai chinh, cat giam thue, tang manh dau tu cong cgng cho benh vien, giao dye, co sa ha tang de h5 tr^r nhn kinh te phuc h6i. Dilu do dan den tham hut ngan sach cua Dan M?ch o miic cao nhat
Bac Au, tir muc th^ng du 3,4% GDP nSm 2008, dat muc tham hyt -3% GDP nam 2009 va tiep tuc tham hyt a miic -5,8% GDP nam 2010^. Do tang manh chi tieu chinh phii, ng cong cua Dan M^ch cung tang cao, dat khoang 50% GDP nam 2011 so vai miic dual 30% GDP vao nam 2007.
Trong giai dogn khung hoang kinh te toan cau, he thong "an sinh linh hoat" cua Dan Mach da bj anh huong rat nhieu: ti le that nghiep tang cao, ti le viec lam giam tuang doi, GDP dat tang truong am, tham hut ngan sach lan. Nhieu nha nghien ciiu da chi trich rang su linh hoat von co cua he thong an sinh xS hgi (ASXH) Dan Mach chi phat huy hieu qua trong moi truong tot hon.
Dan Mach duong nhu chiu tac dgng nang x\k hon cac nuac BSc Au khac trong cugc khung ho^g lan nay. Cac nha nghien curu con cho ring, tham hyt ngSn sach cao cua Dan Mach so vai cac nSm truoc khung hoang la do Chinh phu tang chi tieu c6ng cgng, an sinh thit nghi?p, g i ^ thuS thu nhap va tang chi X\hx cho cac dich v\i phiic 1^ xa hgi khac.
' Nordic Council of Ministers (2011), Global Pressure-Nordic Solutions? ^ Nt.
NGHIEN CCIU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUb
NSm ViQc lam Thai nghilp That nghiep cua thanh men Ti 1? thanh nien khong c6 xicc lam, gido dMC va ddo t^o
Bang 2000 78.0 4,3
6,2
4,7 /. Vifc
2001 7S.3 4,5
8,3
5,2
Ifim v^ that n 2002 77,7 4,6
7,4
5,2 200.1 77,3 5,4
9,2
5,2
;hi$p tai Dan 2004 77,6 4,8
8,2
5,1 2005 78,0 3,9
8,6
4,3
M^ch giai doan 2000-2010 (%) 2006
79,4 3,8
7,7
3,6 2007 79,2 3,3
7,9
4,3 2008 79,8 6,0
7,6
4,1 2009 77,8 7,4
11,2
5,2 2010 76,1 7,6
13,8
5,9
Ngudn: Euroslat 20U. Ghi chit: Thanh nien: do tudi tu 15-24.
1.2. Thdch thuc cua h^ thong an sinh linh hogt cua Dan Mgeh Irong thdi ky khdng hoang kinh te toan cau
Trong khimg hoang, tinh hieu qua mo hinh "flexicurity" ciia Dan Mach dang dugc xem xet lai. To The Economist ngay 2/7/2009 dua ra tieu dl "Cdng nhiiu tiin, cdng nhieu vdn di - More money, more problems'' khi de c^p den bao hilm that nghi?p a Dan Mach. Vdi mo hinh "tam giac"
ciia h? thong an sinh linh hoat, trong do c^inh thii nh4t la bao ve ngudi lao dgng, c ^ thii hai Ik an sinh xS hgi v^ canh thir ba la chlnh sach thi truong lao dgng tich cyc.
Theo cac chuyen gia, canh thii nhit cua Dan Mach dugc thanh toan m^t cdch han
che. Chi so bao v? ngudi lao dpng theo lugt ciia Dan Mach chi la 1,5, trong khi Ha Lan la 2,7 va Due la 2,9^ Ly do ngudi lao dgng dugc bao ve Ihap hon cac nude khac la do ca cau kinh te. Cdc doanh nghi?p vira va nho ciia Dan Mgch chiem phan Idn trong tong so doanh nghi?p d dat nude nay d3 gap nhieu kh6 khan va ap lyc vl chi phi trong viec bao v^ ngudi lao dpng.
6 c ^ thu hai cua hinh tam giac (an sinh xa hgi), bao gdm bao hilm thdt nghiep va trp giup xa hgi. Bao hilm thdt nghi?p mang tinh tu nguy?n va hon nira s6 ngudi lao dgng Dan Mach da it nhit tham gia mgt
Torben M.Andersen, Nicole Bosch, Anja Deelen, Rob Euwals (2011), The Danish flexicurity model in the great recession, www.vQxeu.org/article. 8/4.
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quy bao hiem that nghiep nay dlu dugc irg cap tir chinh phu va deu dugc tang nguon von khi that nghiep tang len. Ket qua Id lgi ich that nghiep dudng nhu qud hdo ph6ng o Dan Mach, bang 90% mire luong trudc d6 vd thdi gian dugc hudng tdi da id 4 nSm vd ngudi dan chi can cd trach nhi?m di 1dm ii II nhat 6 thang trong vong 3 nam gan nhat. Ben canh bdo hiem that nghiep, ngudi lao dgng khi that nghiep con dugc hudng cac hinh thiic an sinh xa hgi khac phy thupc vao nhdm tuoi, tinh trang hon nhan \a phuang phap kiem tra ve siic khoe.
O canh thii ba cita hinh tam giac, cac chinh sach kich ho^t thj trudng lao dgng dlu mang tinh chat uu dai, d$c bi|l vdi thanh nien tre. Ngudi that nghifp dupe nh^n rat nhieu uu dai khi bi that nghiep. Dac diem quan trgng ciia chinh sach thi trudng lao dpng tich cue Dan Mach la cac che do trg cap ludn tang theo thdi gian that nghiep cita ngudi lao dgng.
So vdi cac nude EU, Dan M^h la dat nude hdo phdng nhat ve cdc khodn an sinh cho ngudi that nghiep, trong khi do chinh sach an sinh de bdo ve ngudi lao dgng dang lam viSc tren thi trudng lao dpng lai t6 ra that chat. Chinh sach nay da g§p rat nhieu thach thiic trong thdi ky khung hodng. Trong khi cac nude Bdc Au khac dan dan khic phuc dugc khiing hodng vd h ^ chi dugc n ^ thit nghiep, thi tai Dan Mach thit nghi?p van tilp tuc tang cao. Sau hai th$p nien tdng
trudng kinh te kha vd duy tri ti I? that nghiep d mire thap nhat khu vyc Bdc Au, Dan Mach iigiiy nay dang g^p phai nhieu van dc vc chinh sdch ASXH ddnh cho ngudi that nghiep.
De h^n che tinh tr^ng thit nghiep, Chinh phu ngdy cdng md rgng cdc khoan an sinh cho bdo hiem that nghi?p. G6i kich thich 7 ti USD** md chinh phii Dan Mach dua ra ndm 2009 la nham ndng cip cdc nguyen tic bao
\c Ipi ich cho ngudi that nghiep. Trong ke hoach ngan sach 2012, chinh phii Dan Mach lai tiep tuc tung ra gdi kich thich tai chinh tri gid 10 ti Kroner (DKK) cho nam 2012 vd 8 ti DKK cho nam 2013, chilm 1% GDP^ cung chii yeu tap trung cho van de thi trudng lao dgng. Mo hinh an sinh linh hoat ciia Dan Mach trong giai doan khiing hoang da tieu ton khd nhieu tien ciia tir ngan sach Chfnh phii so vdi cac nude trong khu vuc, nhung van khong gidi quyet dupe t^n g6c re cua van de. Thay vi nhiing gidi phap khuyin khich ngudi dan tham gia tich cue vao thj trudng lao ddng bdng trg cip gido dye, thdt chat chi tieu an sinh cho vin dl siic khoe va thit nghiep... nhu Thyy Diln da lam, thi he thdng ASXH Dan Mach da khiln ngudi dan khong dii trinh d0 va ndng lyc dl tim kilm viec lam trong thdi ky khiing hodng.
Nhirng vdn di an sinh xd hgi ngudi gid vd huu tri
* The Economist, 7/2009.
* OECD Economic Serveys 2012: Denmark.
NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUOICS RCVIEW N''12nT7|.2HT2
Dan Mach la diit nude cd lie thong huu tri da dang iilial EU, vira kcl hpp gitta mo hinh Bcvcridgc (huu tri quoc gia dya Ircn sy d6ng g6p thu nh^p) vd vira kit hpp mpt so yeu to ciia mo hinh Bismark (huu tri tu nhan dya tren cac thoa lhu(in tap the) Tinh pho quat ciia h? thong an siiili thu nhgp cho ngudi gia, vira ket hpp giCra licl kj?m huu tri bo sung mang linh bat bugc vd khong bat bupc da khien h^ thong ASXl I cho ngudi gid d Dan Mach dugc ddnh gid la rat linh hogt, giiip ngudi giii tranh dupe nhO'ng nii ro ciia tinh trang loai trir \a hgi trong thdi ky nghi huu. Tuy nhien, cupc khiing hoang kinh tl toan cau va suy gidm kinh te Dan Mach cung dem lai nhiing tac dpng da chieu doi vdi h?
thong huu tri ciia dat nude nay. Do miic luong ciia ngudi dan trong thdi ky khiing hoang khong tang cao, ngudi gia se khong cd CO hgi tdng luang huu trong thdi ky khiing hoang, huge phdi chiu canh gidm thu nhdp trong dieu kien kinh te ngdy cdng kho khdn.
Mdc dii chinh phii Dan Mgch dd tdng trp cip bd sung huu tri tir 7.800 DKK. nam 2008 len muc 10.300 DKK nam 2009 vd khoang 12.300 DKK nam 2010 dl gidm nh&ng tdc dgng cua khiing hodng d6i vdi nhCmg ngudi hudng luong huu thu nh|ip thip, nhung nhihig ngudi hudng luong huu b6 sung d try cot thii hai (quy huu tri nghi nghi$p) cua h?
thong huu tri Dan Mach van gdp phdi nhilu khd khan do thj trudng lao dpng bit on dang lam thu h?p muc ddng gdp bao hilm huu tri va do nhiing hoat dpng quan ly quy luong
huu g^p khuc mdc bdi Ipi nhugn ciia nguoi dong gdp bdo hilm huu tri gidm.
Khiing hodng kinh te tdc dpng n$ng nl nhal doi vdi nhiing ngudi hudng huu tri d tru cot thd ba: cdc qu^ huu tri tu nhan. Tgi cac quj? ndy, cdc cd nhan ddng g6p huu tri se phai lici kiem nhieu han d^ hudng luang huu khi dii tuoi vd trong boi cdnh khimg hodng va gidm silt Ihu nhgp, cdc quy huu tri tu nhan rit kh6 hogl dpng mpt each hi^u qud.
Trong boi canh nhieu nude EU dang lam vdo linh trgng gid hda dan so, co che nghi huu non d Dan Mgch dudng nhu dang dap img dupe nhOng ganh ndng ve nhan khau. Co che nghi huu non dugc dp dung cr Dan Mgch tir ndm 1979 trong hodn cdnh that nghi?p d nude ndy dang idng cao, ddc biet la gidi tr6. Dudi hinh thuc ndy, ngudi muon hudng co che nghi huu non phdi cd 30 nam lam vi?c, ddng bdo hiem va d dg tuoi 60, trong khi tudi nghi huu diy du la 65. Trong nhieu ndm qua, co che nghi huu non la mpt trong nhirng chii de sdi ndi d Dan Mgch va CO ch£ nay dang bi ddnh gia la ddt do nhat the gidi bdi nhirng khodn trp cip cho nhung ngudi nghi huu non tuong ddi cao. Vdi tuoi thg binh qudn cua ngudi dan Dan Mach la 78,3 tuoi, trong dd nam thp binh quan 75,96 tudi, nu: la 80,78 tudi (ndm 2009)^ thi nghi huu non d dp tudi 60-61 dudng nhu la qua
*Wikipedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demoeraphics of Denm ark#Population
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tre va qua lang phi nguon nhdn lyc. Trong thdi gian qua, chinh phii Dan Mgch da co gdng lap ke hoach keo dai dp lu6i nghi huu cua ngudi ddn tir 65 len 67 luoi va tuoi nghi huu non s5 tdng tir 60 luoi hien nay len 62 tuoi, nhung van chua the dua vdo dp dyng bdi nhieu ly do nhu nguon ngan sach vd cdc van de ndy sinh tren thj trudng lao dgng. Cho den nay, Chinh phii van Iri hodn trong vi^c keo dai dg tuoi nghi huu vd nghi huu non, mac dii xu hudng tdng tudi thg cua ngudi dan Dan Mgch van tiep tyc.
2. Dieu chinh chinh sach an sinh \a hoi d Dan Mach sau khiing hoang
2.1. Dieu chinh chinh sdch thj trirdng lao dgng tich cue
De thuc day nguon cung cho thi trudng lao dpng vd tao vi$c 1dm, chinh phii Dan Mach lien tyc dieu chinh cac chinh sach ASXH lien quan den ngudi lao ddng, ddc biet la cac chinh sach hd trp nhihig ngudi that nghiep va dieu chinh bao hiem thdt nghiep. Ho trg tim viec 1dm, uu ddi khi tim dugc viec lam, cac chuong trinh ddo tao vd kinh nghiem 1dm viec da dupe Chinh phu thuc hien rgng rai nhdm giiip ngudi thdt nghiep cd ca h§i tim kiem vi$c lam trong thdi ky khiing hodng. Vao ndm 2008, Chinh phii ky Hi^p udc Ke hoach vi?c Idm, ydu cau tdng ngu6n cung lao dOng trong cd hai hinh thiic lao dpng ddi hgn vd lao dpng ngdn hgn.
Vao ngay 19/3/2009, Chinh phu dp dyng cdc quy tdc linh hogt hon cho co che chia se vifc
lam, cho phep cac cdng ty mien nhi^m tgm thdi cdc cd nhan dang co vi?c lam (tren 26 luan) dc hudng Ipi ich that nghiep, Thdng 9 ndm 2009, Chinh phii dua ra mpt goi kich Ihich lai chinh ddnh cho thanh nien, nhdm giup thanh nien trdnh dugc linh trang that nghiep vd c6 co hgi hgc tap hon nua. No bao gom cac ca che tim vj tri 1dm vi^c (trong mgt tuan ddng ky vdi mgt Irung lam viec lam), kiem tra cac ky ndng dgc vd viC-t ciia nhimg ngudi chua c6 bdng cdp chinh thirc. Cung trong ndm 2009, chinh phii Dan Mach dd quyel dinh giam thdi han hudng quyen va nghia vu tham gia thj trudng lao dgng tich cue con 3 thdng doi vdi nhiing ngudi thdt nghiep dudi 30 tuoi, thdp han mgt niia so vdi thdi ban 6 thang trudc do. Tuy nhien, Chinh phii da ky Hiep udc Dao tao va Tim kiem viec lam nhieu hon cho thanh nien tre (Agreement on More young people in education and jobs) nhdm ho trg tai chinh ddo tgo cho ngudi that nghiep do tuoi 15-19 Irong thdi gian tim kiem dupe viec 1dm mdi vd khuyen khich gidi chu tuyin dyng lao dgng.
Vao nam 2010, do tinh trang thit nghiep ngay cdng tang nhanh, Bg trudng Bp Viec lam Dan Mach da dua ra cac sdng kien mdi de ho tra ngudi that nghi?p, cu thi la: Ho trp ddo tgo cho ngudi that nghi?p trong vdng 8 tuin; Cac trung tam vi?c lam se cam kit tim kiem viec lam cho ngudi lao dgng... Chinh phii dl ra kl hoach hdnh dgng d6i vdi tinh
NGHIEN CDU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES fliVHW N"t2(W7).2Q12
trang that nghii^p lau dai, vdi long mire chi cho ke hogch nay hi 270 lri?u DKK cho gido dye va ddo tgo ky ndng cho ngudi that nghi?p. Cung trong ndm 2010, Hi?p udc Ciing CO ngan sdch dd dupe ban hdnh, trong do CO nhitng quy djnh vc cai each lgi ich that nghiC'p, cy ilni Id: Gidm thdi gian hudng bdo hiem ilnii nghiep tir 4 ndm trong v6ng 6 ndm lam \'icc gan nhat xuong cdn 2 ndm Irong vdng 3 ndm 1dm v'\i;c gan nhat, bdt ddu c6 hiC'u lyc lu 1/7/2010; Cdn ddi cac dieu ki?n viec lam doi vdi nhiiiig ngudi hudng Ipi ich thit nghi?p len 52 tuan trong tat ca cac trudng hpp, bdt dau cd hi?u lyc tir Ihang 7 ndm 2012, thay vi 26 tuan nhu trudc ddy.
De khuyen khich ngudi dan tham gia thi trudng lao dpng, tir ndm 2010 Dan Mgch dd tien hdnh chuong trinh cai each thue toan dien, cit gidm mgnh thue thu nhgp vd dp dung tren dien rpng. Thue thu nhgp bien gidm 21%, tir muc 63% xudng cdn 42%, dp dyng cho 10% lyc lupng lao dpng. Chinh phii Dan Mgch dua vao ap dyng phuong phdp "the xanh" (green cheque) de bdi thudng cho nhirng hp gia dinh cd muc thul thu nhdp cao hon ddi vdi nhiing ngudi hogt dgng trong ITnh vyc lien quan den bdo v?
mdi trudng vd nh&ng logi thul tieu thy ddc bi?t lien quan den sdc khoe.
2.2. Cdi cdch hiru tri
Vao nam 2006, chinh phu Dan Mgch da ban hdnh Hi?p udc Phiic Ipi (Welfare Agreement), trong dd dy djnh nang sd luli nghi huu non va so tudi nghi huu ndi chung len cao, trong dd tudi ve huu non se dugc nang 16n 62 tuoi, ndng dan trong giai doan 2019-2022; vd tuoi vl huu day dii sg dupe nang len 67 tuoi, nang dan trong giai dogn 2024-2027. Hem nOa, Higp udc Phiic lgi con thict Igp mpt CO che trong dd tudi nghi hmi sS dupe dp dyng theo chi so tuoi thp tir tuoi 60, bdt dau dp dyng tu ndm 2025. Nhung thay doi ndy se dupe cdng bd trong 10 nam va nhihig quyet djnh mdi s6 duoc thay doi Irong thdi gian 5 ndin 1 lan.
Hi?p udc Phuc Igrj bj tri hodn thuc hien den tan ndm 2011 khi Chinh phu mgt lan nua lai thuc day cai each huu tri. Vdo thang 5/2011, Chinh phu quylt djnh: Tudi vl hiru sdm se tdng 0,5 ndm trong moi ndm, bat dau tu nam 2014 d6n ndm 2017. Vao nam 2017, ngudi ve huu sdm sS la 62 tudi va duoc thanh todn luong huu sdm trong vdng 5 nam cho den tudi 67. Hon n&a, thdi gian nghi huu sdm cd the nit ngdn tir 5 ndm xudng 3 nam vd dupe dp dyng tu ndm 2018 din ndm 2023.
Vao ndm 2023, mpt ngudi du tieu chuan nhan luong huu sdm sg la 64 tudi va dugc thanh todn luong huu sdm trong vdng 3 nam.
Tudi ve huru day dii s6 dugc tdng dan trong giai dogn 2019-2022.
2.3, Bdo hiem om dau va an sinh xa hgi trong cdc ITnh v^c khdc
Mac dii Id ddt nude chi cd hem 5 tri$u ddn, nhung Dan Mgch cd it nhdt 150.000 ngudi nghi che dp bdo hiem dm dau mdi ngdy. Con sd nay bdng 5% luc lupng lao dgng, va cao gap 3 lan ti 1? that nghi?p. Vao ndm 2006, ngudi bj om dugc nghi it nhat 8- 13 ngay lam vice mpt ndm. tdng cgng chi phi trd luong cho nh&ng ngdy nghi la 37 ti DKK (khodng 4,96 ti USD, xdp \i 7,87 ti USD)\
Vdo nam 2008, chinh phii Dan Mgch de xuat ke hoach hdnh dgng nghi dm, Irong dd quy dinh sau 8 tuan nghi om, trung tam vi^c 1dm se ddnh gid khd ndng quay trd lgi lam vi?c ciia ngxdi benh, ddng thdi cung cap cac co hgi lam viec cho tat ca mgi ngudi sau khi khdi dm. De trdnh nhimg tdc dpng tieu cyc cua khiing hoang kinh te ddi vdi siic khoe vat chat va tinh than cua ngudi dan, vdo nam 2009, chinh phii Dan Mach da cdng bd Gdi Sire khde (Health Package), thue hien trong vdng 3 ndm tap trung vao 8 ITnh vyc cham sdc sue khde cho ngudi ddn, tri gia 40 ti DKK^
Ke hoach phyc hdi kinh te Dan Mgch ndm 2010 da cdng bd: Tdng chi tieu cho sue khde them 5 ti DKK cho nam 2011; Tdng thdm 5 ti DKK de dau tu giao dye vd cho cac nhdm ngudi de bi tdn thuang trong xa hgi;
Hoan tdng thul thu nhgp cd nhan cho den
nam 2014; Tdng trp cap cho moi gia dinh cd tre cm len 30.000 DKK/ndm; Tdng them 928 tri?u DKK cho chdm sdc tre em vd nhdm thanh nien chju nhieu Ion thuang tir khung hoang trong giai dogn 2010-2013^. Cac to chiic dodn the, cdc chinh quyen dja phuong dugc Irao trdch nhi?m Idn hem va bupc phai cam ket cac ke hoach gidi quylt thit nghiep, thyc hi?n ASXH cho ngudi gia va Ire em trong giai dogn khiing hoang, phai cam ket ciic ke hoach quan lam den siic khde cpng ddng. ngudi gid vd nhd d cho nh&ng ngudi yeu the. CJ cap chinh quyen trung uong, Bg Ngi vy va Quan h? xd hpi dd bi gidi thi vdo ngdy 23/2/2010 nhdm phyc vu chuang trinh tai cdu tnic ciia chinh phii Dan Mgch. Bd Ngi vy se dupe sdp nhgp vdo Bd Sue khde va Phong chdng b$nh tat (Ministry of Health and Prevention), trd thdnh Bd Ndi vy vd Sue khde. Bp Quan he xa hpi mdt lan n&a trd thdnh mdt bd ddc lap, cd chirc ndng gidi quyet cac djch vy xd hgi vd ITnh vuc nha d xd hgi. An sinh xd hgi, nha d, hd trg tiln mdt cho ngudi dan van tiep tyc thudc chuc nang ciia Bd Viec lam.
3. Danh gia chung
Nhin chung, Dan Mgch Id mdt trong nhihig nude EU bj tdc dgng ngng nl nhit tir cugc khimg hoang kinh te todn ciu. Trong thdi ky khung hodng, chinh phii Dan Mgch dd su dyng cac chinh sdch tai chinh md rgng
http://arcbive.thepeiunsulaqatar.com/coniponent/conte nt/articIe/345-united-kingdomeurope/25695.html
* Asisp (2010), Annual National Report 2010.
Denmark. ' A s i s p (2010), sdd.
10 NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STLfUlkL> KfcVlfcW N " n f 1 4 y f . 2 0 1 2
nhu cdi gidm thuc, tdng chi tieu cho ASXH va CO sd li:i tang dc giiip nen kinh te phyc hdi. Tuy nhien, chi lieu cho ASXH d Dan Mach dupe danh gid Id ddt dd nhat cac nude Bdc Au. Dieu khac bigl d Dan Mgch so vdi cdc nude Bdc Au khac Id d cho: Trong khi Phdn Lan dd gidm ciu iicu cho thf trudng lao dOng tich cue (ALMP) tir ndm 2005, Thgy Dien luy cd lang ddu lu cho ALMP trong mgi vin Hum gdn day nhung vdi muc dg khtem ton, thi Dan Mgch vdn tiep luc Idng ddu lu cho thf trudng lao dgng tich cue d mdc Idn.
Vdo ndm 2008, chi lieu cho ALMP d Dan Mach chilm 1,34% GDP, trong khi Phdn Lan la 0,82% GDP va Thyy Dien Id 0,97%
GDP. Vao nam 2009, chi tieu cho ALMP ciia Dan Mgch tdng len dgt 1,62% GDP, trong khi Phin Lan Id 0,92% GDP vd Thyy Diln la 1,13% GDP'". Ciing vdi chi tieu cao cho thj trudng lao dpng tich cue, Dan Mach cdn de cao vai trd ciia cac hogt dgng djch vy viec lam, ddc bi?t la dd yeu cau chinh quyln dja phuong vd co sd Idm tdt cdc cdng tdc tu vdn viec lam, phdng van ngudi cd nhu cdu tim viec lam, chi dgo cdng vi?c tim vi?c Idm, sii dyng cac k l hoach hdnh dOng ca nhdn...
Sd ngudi tham gia cdc chuang trinh djch vy viec lam d Dan Mgch ludn cao hon cdc nude Bdc Au khdc, chilm tdi 5 1 % sd ngudi chd vi?c ndm 2009, trong khi Thyy Dien chi la 21,6%, Phin Lan Id 2 4 % " . M^c dii vdi
"'Eiirostat,2011.
"Eurostat, 2011.
nh&ng bi?n phdp gidm thue, tdng chi tieu cdng cgng, can thipp manh vdo thi trudng lao dgng lich cyc, nhung that nghiep d Dan Mgch van tdng nhanh. Chinh sach thj trudng lao dpng tich eye ciia Dan Mach mot thdi dupe danii gia Id rat ihdnh cdng trong vi?c gidm mgnh ti Ip (hat nghiep xudng dudi 5%
vd dupe nhieu nude tren the gidi dp dyng, nay dd g$p phdi rat nhieu khd khdn. Kho khdn Idn nhit Id: Mdc dii Chinh phu tdng manh an sinh that nghiep, an sinh thu nhgp cho ngudi lao dpng, nhung do khd ndng bao vp ngudi lao dgng thap nen nd dd khdng dii sire kich hogt thj trudng lao dgng trong thdi ky khung hodng. Khiing hoang tdc dgng mgnh den kha ndng huy dgng lao dpng cao
\ a an sinh lao dpng tgi Dan Mgch. Chi mdi den tgn ndm 2010, nhihig bi?n phdp bdo v?
vige lam mdi dupe chii trpng bao ve nhd nh&ng bien phdp dau tu mgnh m6 ciia Chinh phii cho giao dye va ddo tgo. Tuy nhien, nhihig bi?n phap nay bi danh gia la qua cham chgp. khdng du siic giiip ngudi thit nghiep, d§e bi?t la thanh nien, nhanh chdng tim dugc vi?c 1dm.
Nhin chung, so vdi cdc nude Bac Au khac, Dan Mgch Id nude tilp tyc phdt hiln md hinh an sinh linh boat trong giai doan khung hoang. Hgi ddng Chau Au thang 6 ndm 2009 cd n h i n manh: Trong tinh hinh khimg hodng kinh te hi^n nay, md hinh an sinh linh hogt la phuang thuc quan trgng de hifn dgi hda thj trudng lao d$ng va cdi thifn
ndng luc lam viec ciia ngudi lao dpng. Md hinh an sinh linh boat eiia Dan Mach dd giiip nude nay duy tri dupe th; trudng lao dgng linh dpng, md ra nhilu co hdi vi?c 1dm mdi cho ngudi dan. Dan Mach trong khiing hoang kinh te todn cau chii trpng nhieu ban den viec ndng cap chat lupng giao dye cho ngudi dan, ddng thdi no luc hd trp an sinh cho cac nhdm \a hpi myc tieu, dd la: thanh nien, ngudi lao ddng cao tudi, cac nhdm dan tpc thieu sd, nhihig ngudi b?nh tat. Doi vdi thanh nien, chinh phu Dan Mach nd lyc thye hien cac gdi tai chinh hd trp giao dye cho nh&ng thanh nien dudi 25 tudi vd cdn sdng phy thupc, ho trp tim kiem vi^e 1dm vd tdi dao tao cho nhdm thanh nien dudi 30 tudi dang bj that nghiep. Ddi vdi nhdm ngudi lao dgng cao tudi (tir 55-64 tudi), chinh phii Dan Mgch khuyen khich hg tham gia thj trudng lao dpng. Bd Viec lam ndm 2009 cdng bd thuc hien cfiien dich "Tdi nang cua ngudi lao ddng nhieu tudi", tap trung vao cac bign phap khuyen khich ngudi lao ddng cao tudi tham gia lau hon vao thi trudng lao dgng.
Ddi vdi nhdm dan tpc thieu sd, dgc bi?t vdi nhdm ngudi nhgp cu, Chinh phu dp dyng cac chi6n dich "Ca hdi mdi cho tat ca mgi ngudi" trong cac ndm 2009-2010 nhdm no luc giiip nhimg ngudi nhdp cu vd dan tgc thilu sd tham gia thi trudng lao dpng. Ddi vdi nhdm ngudi benh tat, nam 2009 chinh phu Dan Mgch ban hanh chien lupc mdi
"Benh tat vd viec lam: neu cd the" vdi myc
lieu tiep tyc khuyen khich nhttng ngudi bi b?nh tham gia thj trudng lao ddng. Nhin chung, cac chinh sdch nhdm vdo cac doi tupng ddc bi?t ndy Id nhdm tilp tyc kich hogt tinh hi?u qua ciia thj trudng lao dgng tich cyc d Dan Mach trong thdi ky khimg hoang.
Khac vdi Thyy Dien nhanh chong phuc hoi sau khimg hodng, Dan Mgch hign nay van phdi ddi m^t vdi rat nhieu vin de tuong ty nhu mgi so nude Tay Au khac: tdng trudng thap, tham hyt ngdn sdch Idn, no cdng md rgng, nan nhap cu va cac chfnh sach xa hgi khac. Trong cupc bdu cur nam 2011, cac van de chi tieu cdng cdng, chinh sach thue, ASXH... la nh&ng chii de thdo ludn sdi ndi gifia cae ddng tham gia bau cir. Vao ngay 15/9/2011, khdi trung ta dan chu xa hgi da thang cu sau 10 ndm d vj tri ddi Igp. Bd Helle Thoming Schmidt, Tdng thdng mdi cua Dan Mgch, dd cam ket sS tdng thul ddi vdi gidi thupng luu vd ngan hang, tang chi phi ngan sach, tang gid lam viec them mdt gid/tuan, bai bd cdc biSn phdp thdt lung bupc bung cua Chinh phii trudc dd, chu trpng ASXH trong ITnh vuc y tg siic khde va trudng hpc, cung cap 4 ti euro de md rpng hg th6ng ASXH dupe danh gia la hdo phdng nhat chau Au, dam bao sy on dinh thdm hyt ngan sdch theo diing quy djnh cua EU.
Nh&ng cam ket nay nham cdu tnic lai he thdng "an sinh linh hogt" cua Dan Mach, chii trpng nhieu hon den van dl an sinh vige Idm,
12 NGHIEN COU C H A U AU - EUROPEAN STdPIti RtVIEW N"18(14yf.201^
y tS va giio dgc, ngudi gii va tinh Irjng lo^n tru xa hpi.
TAI LIfUTllAM KHAO A. TIENG AMI
1. Goul Andersen, Jorgen (2011) Denmark: The Silenl Revolulion loward ii Mullipillar Pension Sy.slcm, in Bcmhard Ebbinghaus, ed.. The Vanelies of Pension Governance: Pension Pmalizalion in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2. Goul Andersen. Jorgen (2010).
Acltvation as an element of Iwo decades of Labour Markel Policy Reforms in Denmark.
Bacliground paper for Presentation at International Symposion.
3. Leif Christian Hansen (2010), Flexicurity and Danish labour markel policy.
The National Labour Market Authority, Denmark, September.
4. Ministry of Employment and the Economy - Demark (2012), Labor Markel Reform and Performance in Denmark, Germany, Sweden and Finland.
5. Social Security Programs throughout Ihe world: Denmark 2008;
httD://www.ssa.gov/Dolicv/docs/progdesc/ssp tw/2008-2009/europe/denmark.htlm
B. TIENG VIfT
6. DVT (2012), JO nuac co Ihui Ihu nhdp eao nhit Ihe gidi, hllp://vef.vn/2012- 05-13-10-nuoc-co-thiic-lhu-nhan-cao-nhat- the-gioi.
7. Biii Xuan D<f (2012), An sinh xa hQi:
mo hinh nhd mn'rc xd hQi hay nhd nuac phuc lan Bp Lao dpng, Thucmg binh v4 Xa hpi.
8. Bdo Mciti (2011), Diiu chinh dv loan Ihu chi nam 2011 ciia Bdo hiem xd hgi Viet Nam, httD://wwv,.baomoi.com/Dieu-chinh- du-toan-thu-chi-nam-2011 -cua-Bao-hiem- xa-hoi-Viet-Nam/47/7611124.epi
9. Dinh Cong TuSn (2008), He ihong an sinh .va Api cua EU va bdi hgc kinh nghiem cho Viel Nam, NXB Khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha Npi.
10. Dinh Cong Tuin (2011), Mo hinh phdt triin Bdc Au, NXB Tir dijn Bkh khoa.
Ha Npi.
11. Linh Huong (2012), Kinh li loan cdu vdn trong linh Irang toi le, http://www.toquoc.gov.vn/Sites/vi- vn/delails/4/kinh-te-the-pini/109704/kinh-te- toan-cau-van-tronB-tinh-trang-toi-te.aspx
