LICH S i ; - VAN HOA.- XA HOICHAU AU
Ddi N€T V€ cm CnCH TON GinO VA TINH HlNH TON GlflO d nNH THdl VU'ONG TRICU TUDOft (1485-1603), NHU'NG NHM Djfu VUONG TRlCu STUDRT (1603-1714)
TS. Tran Thien Thanh
Trudng Bai hoc Khoa hgc Xd hpi vd Nhdn vdn
X e t tren phuong dien qudc gia, vdn dh ton giao la mot trong nhiing nguyen nhan, dong thdi la tieu chi ro rang nhat phan biet ranh gidi giira hai lyc Iugng doi lap: luc lupng cua Nha vua va luc lugng Nghj vien, trong cupc ngi chien d Anh the ky XVII. Xet tren phuang dien quan he giiia Anh vdi cac cong qudc tren quan dao Anh, van de tdn giao cham ngdi cho cugc ndi day dfin tdi viec ky ket "Thda udc" giira nhiing ngudi Scotland theo Giao hpi Trudng Iao quy dinh thanh lap lien minh vu trang bao ve hp va tdn giao cua hg ch6ng lai sy ap dfit sach kinh va le che Anh giao cua vua Anh trong thang 2/1638 va sau do la cupc chien ch6ng nude Anh ciia lyc lupng quan sy tham gia Thda irdc trong nhiing nfim 1639, 1640. Tai Ireland, chinh saeh ddi xu khfic nghiet cua ba tudc xii Strafford ddi vdi tin dd cda Giao hdi Calvm, rdt cupc dan tdi mpt thap nien ndi day 1640, eudp di mang sdng cda chinh vi Ba tudc da gdp phan quan trpng tao nen thap nifin 1630 thinh vugng ciia sy hoa giai d
Ireland. Ve mat lich sii, hai ton giao lien quan tdi nhiing sy kien tren deu ra ddi trong thdi Vuong trieu Tudor. Do la qude giao Anh vdi ten gpi Anh giao; Va sau dd, trong cugc dau tranh nhfim lam trong saeh Giao hgi Anh, la Thanh giao cimg nhiing mdi lien he chat che ve chinh tri - tdn giao. Dirng dau Anh giao la Vua/Nii hoang Anh, trong khi tin dd Thanh giao la nhirng tin do Tan giao cue doan bat man vdi Quoc giao va dugc Nghi vien (Ha vien) iing hp. Day la ndi dung bai viet nay mudn de cap.
Sir ra ddi qudc giao vdi ten goi Anh giao (Anglicans) d nuac Anh la ket qua cua cugc cai each ton giao dau the ky XVI ma nguyen nhan sau xa chinh la tu tudng chong Giao hgi Thien Chua giao va sy tranh gianh ve giao quyen, tai san giu'a ngudi diing dau Vuong trieu Anh vdi Giao hgi Roma.
Nhan dan Anh tir lau da rat phan np vdi viec phai npp thue thap phan va nhitn]
khoan ddng gop khac cho Nha Thd. Den dau
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NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N"© \ i ^ ^thl ky XVI, su chong ddi va chi trich nhimg giao ly gia ddi eiia Giao hgi va gidi tfing Iii phat triln gay gfit. Hdng y giao chii Thomas Wolsey vdi cuoc sdng xa hoa trd thanh bieu tugng cua su suy ddi dao diic. Gidi tang lii la ddi tugng bi nhao bang. Mac du phong trao chdng Giao hdi d nudc Anh khdng diln ra manh me nhu d Diic, nhung den cudi nhiing nam 1520, Nha thd Ca Doc giao cimg mat di sy iing hp cua phdn ldn dan chung. Mau thufin hi ddn nen cua cac tang ldp nhan dan Anh trd thanh tam diem cua cupc Cai each.
Vy ly di cua Henry VIII vdi Catherine xii Aragon - con gai vua Ferdinand va nii hoang Isabella Tay Ban Nha, va la di cua Charles I - vua Tay Ban Nha (vdi tu each Hoang dl Diic la Charles V) - la chat xiic tac day nhanh qua trinh dd.
Viec tach giao hdi Anh ra khdi Roma diln ra rdt nhanh. Tir giiia nhirng nam 1529 din 1536, thdng qua Nghi vien, Nha Vua dan cfit dut mgi sgi day lien he vdi Giao hoang Roma, tich thu dat dai Nha Thd, giai tan tu vien. Thang 5/1534, Nghi vien thong qua Dao luat ve quyen Toi thugng (Act of Supremacy). Theo dd, vua Anh va nhiing ngudi ke thiia dugc tdn Iam ngudi lanh dao tdi cao va duy nhat ciia giao hpi Anh (Giao hpi Anglicans), quyen lyc ciia Giao hoang Roma ddi vdi giao hdi Anh bi xda bd. Npi dung Dao luat mpt mat the hien phan ung gay gfit ciia Henry VIII trude viec Giao hoang duong nhiem Clement VII tu chdi de
dat Iy hdn cua vi vua nay vdi ngudi vp dau tien Catherine, mat khac, quan h-gng hon, tren phuang dien chinh tri qudc gia la viec tfing cudng quyin luc cua vuong trieu Anh, la viec dan tpc Anh chong lai giao quyen.
"Bdn Tuyen ngdn doc lap" nay, nhu each ggi cua mdt sd sii gia, khdng nhiing da din tdi su tap trung ca vuong quyin va than quyen vao tay Nha Vua ma con danh dau dilm khdi dau ciia "chu nghia qudc gia Anh". Thanh ngif
"Chua la ngudi Anh" (God is English) ra ddi chinh tai thdi dilm nay. Nhung, ciing phai luu y rfing, nhiing thay ddi vl mat giao ly la khong dang kl. Rdt nhilu nghi ll Thien Chiia giao van dugc duy tri.
Sd dT cupc cai each tdn gi^o thyc hien thanh cdng la do su thiic ddy va iing ho ciia mpt nhu cau xa hpi. Nhan dan lao dgng va giai cap tu san Anh mong mudn mpt su cai bien trong xa hpi theo trao lim chung ciia chau Au Iiic dd - mong mudn mdt tdn giao vdi nghi ll dan gian va giam dupc nhihig khoan cong nap tdn kem cho giao hpi Roma.
Quy tdc mdi thi ngap nghe rugng dat bao la cua giao hpi. Tat ca nhiing tang ldp do da hau thuan manh me cho Henry VIII thyc hien cai each thang Igi. Song, cugc cai each dd, tdt nhien, khdng thda man day dii yeu cau ciia nhan dan. Vdi sy kien Kinh thanh (tnrdc day chi dugc in bfing tieng Latin, thd tilng ma hau nhu chi gidi quy tgc cd hgc mdi dpc dugc) dugc dich sang tieng Anh vao nam 1539, in va phd bien rpng khfip, ngudi dan
Anh nhan thay Henry VIII da khdng tiln hanh cai each triet de Nha thd Anh.
Sau khi Henry VIII qua ddi, nudc Anh roi vao tinh trang bat dn dinh nghiem trgng ve mfit chinh tri. Edward VI Ien ngdi khi cdn qua nhd, Quyen lyc thyc te roi vao tay cac thanh vien Hgi ddng Co mat, dfic biet la
"Nha Bao hg" - Cdng tudc vung Somerset.
Vdn la mgt tin do Tin Lanh, "Nha Bao hg" tu phong dfi Sli dyng cdng cu nha nudc nhfim nang cao vi the cua ton giao nay. Nam 1547, Sau Tin dieu , ban hanh dudi thdi Henry VIII bi hiiy bd, thay vao do 42 Tin dieu Tin Lanh giao. Ld Mass, Nudc Thanh, Le cau nguyen cho ngudi chet, lam dau thanh deu bi cam. Gido sT tham chi khong dugc phep
"dien" ao le cii ciia minh. Ngoai ra, viec quy trong cac le ban phude ciing bi cam. Anh trd th^nh mdt qudc gia theo dao Tin Lanh.
Ciing trong sau nam cai tri ngfin ngiii ciia Edward VI, d Anh da dien ra nhiing thay ddi xfi hgi nhanh chdng va nhiing hau qua chinh trj nfing ne. Tai thdi diem day khd khfin dd, eac trieu than va cac nha boat dgng chinh tri ciing quan sat sy trd ve ciia Mary Tudor, ngudi thira ke thu hai trong di chuc cLia Henry VIII. Tuong Iai ciia nudc Anh, den day se dugc quyet dinh khdng phai bdi
' 6 Tin dieu (Six Articles) quy djnh r5 the nilo Id t§i dj giio vk phli nh^n bat cu quan diem ndo trii v6i 6 diiu sau: 1. S\f h o i the; 2. Ban thinh thl cho thinh vien thi t\ic cua Giio h$i; 3. C i c giio sT sfing dfic thin; 4.
Khfing vi ph^m ldi the nguyen dfing trinh; 5. Sy can thiet phdi tien hinh Le Mass ( L l ky niSm bfta i n cu6i Cling ciia Jesu); 6. Sir cin thiat phii duy tri cic ll ximg tfii kfn.
mpt dng vua ma la mdt Nir hoang, khdng phai mgt tin dd Tin Lanh ma la mot ngudi sung dao Thien Chiia.
Ngay 9/7/1553, cac quy tpc Anh, do Io ngai Nii hoang tuong Iai se pha hoai cupc cai each ton giao d Anh, da Hen hiep Iai tudc quyen thira ke ciia Mary, dua chau hp ciia Henry VIII la quan chiia Jane Grey ke thira vuong vi. Nhung chi sau 9 ngay, dugc su img hp cua Hgi ddng Co mat va gidi quy tgc tai East Anglia, Mary len ngdi nu: hoang.
Jane Grey va nhung ngudi ung hp bi bfit giam va sau do bi len doan dau dai.
Nhfim khdi phuc quyen luc Giao hpi Thien Chua giao tai Anh, Mary da xoa bd nhiing dieu luat tdn giao ban hanh dudi thdi Edward VI, dua cac giam muc trd Iai quan Iy nha thd. Nhung xung quanh viec khdi phyc quyen luc tdi cao ciia Giao hoang tai Anh, giira Nu hoang va Nghi vien da nay sinh nhieu bat dong. Dieu nay do cac nguyen nhan co ban: Thd nhdt, cac nghi vien ed the chap nhan viec khdi phuc dao Thien Chua, nhung khdng mudn tir bd dat dai tu vien ma hp dfi bd tien ra mua hoac dugc ban tfing.
Thic hai, de cac giam myc quay trd Iai quan Iy Nha Thd, ddi vdi hp khdng anh hudng gi nhieu, nhung vdi tinh than dan tpc dang ldn manh, hg khdng mudn khdi phuc phap quyin ciia Giao hoang tai Anh. Thic ba, hp mong mudn cd ngudi thira kl ngai vang, nhung lai bat man vdi viec Mary cy tuyet Idi khuyin cao ciia Nghi vien, ket hdn vdi hoang tu Tay
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NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N"6 (la-'i-'vidBan Nha Philip, khien Anh phu thupc vao Tay Ban Nha - ddi thu canh tranh nguy hiem cua dat nudc nay. Tren thuc te, sau khi len ngdi vua Tay Ban Nha vdi hieu Philip II, nam 1558, Philip Idi keo nudc Anh vao cupc chien tranh chdng Phap. He qua la Anh mat ndt cang Calais, dia diem cudi cimg cua Anh tren dat Phap.
Han nua, vdi quan diem cho rfing "cai chet dau ddn ciia mpt sd ngudi se la bien phap phue hdi Thien Chiia giao hiiu hieu nhat", Mary I da khoi phuc Toa an Di giao va hinh phat hoa thieu, trdn ap khde liet cac tin do Tan giao. Bat dau tir John Roger - mgt trong nhiing ngudi cd anh hudng nhdt trong viec xac lap dao Tin Lanh nudc Anh, rdi Latimer, Riddley, rdt cugc 275 ngudi da bi thieu tren gian liia. Chinh sach "dam mau"
do da khien nhieu tin dd Tin Lanh phai trdn chay tim noi nuong nau.
Nfim 1558, Ehzabeth, em cung cha khac me vdi Mary I, tiic con gai cua Henry VIII va Hoang hau Anne Boleyn len thira kl ngai vang. Hang loat cau hdi dugc dat ra: Qudc giao d nudc Anh se la gi? Tin Lanh hay Thien Chiia giao? Anh se than Phap hay Tay Ban Nha?... Trong bdi canh d chau Au dang dien ra hfing loat cupc chiln tranh tdn giao, trong khi Tda an Di gifio - thu vu khi dang sp cua nin chuyen chl Tdy Ban Nha, dang lam mua lam gid khap noi, rd rang quylt sach tdn giao cua Nii hoang khdng chi la cdng viec npi bp cua nudc Anh. Thien Chiia giao va
Tin Lanh giao da va dang chia cfit chau Au cung nhu ngan can sy thdng nhat cua nudc Anh. Trude tinh hinh ay, Elizabeth da lira chgn giai phap "an toan": thiet lap Giao hoi Thda hiep Anh (Anglican Compromise), trong do van duy tri each thirc quan Iy Giao hpi va nghi Ie Thien Chiia giao; nhung ve mat hgc thuyet lai nghieng ve dao Tin Lanh.
Va Elizabeth cung lua chpn mpt danh vj it
"khieu khich" ban vdi Giao hpi La Ma - la ngudi "Quan ly tdi cao" (Supreme Governor) thay vi "Diing ddu tdi cao" (Supreme Head) nhu trude day. He qua la: Trong khi d Scotland cai each tdn giao dan tdi viec thilt lap mdt nha nudc tu tri Tin Lanh giao; 6 Ireland nhiing xung dot tdn giao vfin tilp dien; thi d Anh tinh trang "liic nghieng ve Roma, liic nghieng ve Geneva" trude day da dugc khac phuc. Nhd do, nudc Anh da tranh dugc cupc npi chien tdn giao trong "thdi dai chiln tranh tdn gjao" dang dien ra khfip chau Au.
Nhung, nlu nhu truoc day, su thay dli tdn giao qudc gia qua cac trilu vua thudng dan tdi sy dan ap tin do cua cac ton giao doi lap, thi viec thilt lap Anh giao, cho du co nhiing tac dung tich cue nhu vay, nhung giai phap dd khdng cd nghia da thoa man nilm tin tdn giao cua mpi thdn dan. Vdi cac tin dl simg dao Thien Chua, nghi le ton giao mdi qua don gian, cdn ddi vdi cac tin dd Tin Lanh thi nghi ll rudm ra cua tdn giao mdi lai la dilu khdng thl chdp nhan dugc. Do do, mgt nhdm ngudi dugc ggi la cac tin At
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Thanh giao (Puritans) da ddi hdi cai each Giao hgi chinh thuc cua nudc Anh ngay tir npi bp. Ve can ban, hp yeu cau mgi nghi thirc va cau tnic cd lien quan tdi Cong giao La Ma phai dupc thay thl bdi nhiing hinh thiic tin ngudng va thd ciing cua Tin Lanh giao gian dj hon. Mpt nhdm nhd nhung ngudi Phan lap (Seperatist) - giao phai cdp tien ciia cac tin do Thanh giao - tham chi cdn mudn tach hoan toan khdi Giao hgi Anh va thanh lap nha thd rieng. Bfing viee ddi pha huy sy thdng nhat ciia Giao hgi Qude gia, nhiing y tudng eai each tdn giao ciia hg dfi de doa mgi ngudi va ngam pha hoai uy tin cua chinh quyen Hoang gia. Vi vay, cac cupc hpi hpp ciia giao phai nay deu bj cam va cac tin do van phai thyc hien day dii nghia vy doi vdi Nha thd Anh.
Den thdi James I (1603-1625) - vj vua dau tien ciia trieu dai Stuart tai Anh - nhiing bat ddng tdn giao cang trd nen sau sac hon.
Vdi muc tieu xay dyng mot nen quan chii chuyen che theo mau hinh cua mot so nude luc dja chau Au, dfic biet la Phap, mpt giao hpi Anh thdng nhat do nha vua diing dau, James I da dan ap cac tin do Thanh giao, trong dd da phan la cac thuang gia, bfing each phuc hoi cac loai thue dpc doan va bat hpp phap, khdi phuc cac nghi Ie rudm ra cua Thien Chiia giao. Dieu do dan tdi viec ngay cang nhieu tin dd khdng tuan theo qudc giao, mong mudn cd mdt vimg dat, noi hg cd the ty do thyc hfinh diic tin cua minh.
Mau thuan chinh tri - tdn giao d Anh dan len tdi dinh diem sau khi Charles Ien ke thira vuong vi. Dd la he qua ciia sy ket hgp ddng thdi nhieu nguyen nhan: Mpt la tham vpng thyc hanh nen thdng tri khdng thdng qua Nghi vien cua Charles I; Hai la cupc hdn nhan giiia vi vua nay vdi Henrietta Maria - cdng chua nudc Phap, mdt tin dd Thien Chiia giao simg kinh, dugc nudi dudng trong mpt che dp quan chu tuyet ddi; Ba la lap trudng quoc giao bao thii ciia Charles 1: mudn duy tri mau sac Thien Chiia giao trong qudc giao, cy tuyet Idi yeu cau cai each hon niia ddi vdi qudc giao va viec Charles I dua William Laud Ien Iam giao chu Canterbury ciing chu truong tfing cudng quyen lyc va uy danh ciia giao chil, muc su, toa an ton giao Thien Chua giao cua Laud.
Nam 1637, Hch sir nudc Anh phat trien den thdi diem mau chot vdi sy kien dua nudc Anh vao thdi ky xung dot manh me - thdi ky Ngi chien. Vdi muc tieu cai each Giao hdi Scotland, qua do tao su "hda hgp" giira quoc giao d hai vuang qudc cimg dfit dudi quyen cai tri ciia Vuong trieu Stuart, Charles I dfi bupc Giao hdi Trudng Iao Scotland tiep thu vfin ban cau nguyen ciia qudc giao Anh do Laud soan thao. Ben canh dd, de tao ngudn tai ehinh thiic day cupc cai each, Charles I dy dinh tich thu dat dai trude day thupc sd htm cua Nha thd Thien Chiia giao La Ma tai Scotland nhung da dugc ban trong thdi gian dien ra cai each tai vuong qudc nay. H? qua
46 NGHIEN CCU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°6 (153).2013
la, gidi quy tpc va chii dSt bj de doa ve quyen lpi va dong dao tin dd ciia Giao hpi Trudng lao tai Scotland da lien hgp vdi nhau tham gia Thda udc dan tdc Scotland (Scottish National Covenant) thang 2/1638. Sau khi gianh dugc da sd ghe trong Qudc hgi Glasgow vao thang 11/1638, nhung ngudi tham gia Thda udc trd thanh luc lupng lanh dao tdn giao va chinh tri d Scotland. Viec ca hai ben deu kien tri nguyen tfic khdng thda hiep ve tdn giao khien kha nfing biing no chien tranh la dieu khdng tranh khdi. Tren thyc te, cugc chien chdng Anh cua cac dao quan "Covenant" trong nfim 1639, 1640 va tinh hinh tai chinh can kiet da budc Charies I phai tim sy ung hp cua Nghi vien d Anh, nhung nit cudc tao ra su chong ddi manh me hon d trong nudc va lam bimg phat cudc Ndi chien dan tdi su xac lap the chl chinh tri mdi d nudc Anh.
Tai lifu tham khao 1. S.T.Binoff (1953), Tudor England (Pelian History of England), Pelian, England.
2. Arthur J.Salvin (1987), The Tudor Age and Beyond (England from the Black Death to the End of the Age of Elizabeth), Robert E.Krieger Publishing Company, Florida.
3. Margo Todd (1995), Reformation to Revolution (Politics and Religion in Early Modern England), London & New York.
4. Tiln Thua Dan, Hiia Khilt Minh (2005), Thdng su nudc Anh, Nxb Lao dpng- Xa hpi, Tp HCM.
