BONG KEVH ]\GHfA THUC
NGOI TRirdNG KliUM6lDiiU THiH¥20, DI€M SON CUn GlliO DUC VliTNfiM
DINH XUAN LAM*
1. Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc (DKNT) x u i t hien tir t h i n g 3-1907 tai Ha Noi, thii phu cua Lien bang Dong DUdng thuoc Phap, dong thdi cung la thu phtl cua xii Bic Ky, va bi nha c i m quyen Phap b i t dong ciia vao t h i n g 12 nam do, tnj(6c sau chi ton tai CO 9 t h i n g . NhUng v6i nhiJng hoat dong phong phii va sang tao, dSc biet la v6i anh hUcIng lan toa nhanh chong va sau rong, DKNT trong thUc te hoan toan khong phai chi la mot triiOng hoc theo loi mdi, ma la mot cuoc v i n dong vSn hoa - tU tUcing - chinh tri quan trong, la ca mot phong trao rong 16n trong cong cuoc each mang giai phong dan toe Viet Nam hoi d i u the'ky XX.
c y theo dting cai ten goi hien lanh d i n g ky v6i nha c i m quyen Phap thi day chi la mot trUcJng hoc tU, co xin phep hoat dong mot each d i n g hoang, v6i miic tieu l i m
"viec thien" (nghia thtac), hoc sinh khong phai tra hoc phi, sach giao khoa, tai lieu deu duoc phat khong, nha trtJcfng hoat dong hoan toan do sU ung hg, tan trd cua cac hoi vien, ngUdi gitip ciia, ke gitip cong, r5 rang la tuy khong cong khai noi ra nhUng moi ngUdi deu hieu ngam do la vi mvic dich cyu nii6c. Ma cQng ro rang la viec
xuat hien DKNT cl nir6c ta trong nhiing nSm dau the ky XX da b i t nguon tvf nhiing dieu kien lich sii nhat dinh. Du6i tac dong ciia chUdng trinh khai thac boc lot thuoc dia l i n thii nha't (1897-1914) cua tU ban Phap dUdc day manh tren quy mo Idn, v6i to'c do nhanh, mot each co he tho'ng sau khi chien tranh chinh phuc va binh dinh da hoan t i t (1858-1896), Viet Nam ty d i u the ky XX da bien doi ngay cang ro ret ve ca hai mat cau triic kinh te va phan hoa xa hoi. Chinh sU bien doi trong cd ciu kinh te va cd ciu xa hoi da tao cd scl vat c h i t cin thiet de cac trao lUu tU tudng m6i ty ben ngoai doi vao Viet Nam ty nhiing nSm d i u the ky trU6c. Trong hoan canh sU phan hoa xa hoi chUa t h u i n thuc d i u the ky XX, dUng ra tiep thu cac trao lUu tU tUcfng m6i - day la tU tUdng tU san tii ngoai dUa vao theo hai con dUdng Nhat Ban va Trung Quo'c - lai chinh la bo phan si phu yeu nU6c CO xu hu6ng tien bo da nhan thUc dUdc sU pha san ciia vSn minh hoc thuat cii dat tren nen tang Nho giao va hSm hcl tiep nhan van minh hoc thuSt m6i la vSn minh hoc thuat tu san v6i t i t ca hao quang cua no v6i muc dich khai hoa dan tri, nang cao dan khi, lam cho dan giiu nU6c manh de di
* GS. Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi
6 Rghien cijru Lich siir. sg 9.2007 hung cong thUdng nghiep... noi torn lai la
nhiing kie'n thyc mdi ma hoc vien dang doi hoi, CO t h i y nhU vay mdi giai thich diJdc tai sao ma cd sU ho hdi ddn nhan cua ngUdi nghe, tai sao ma cd dUdc canh tUdng:
"Buo'i diin thuyet ngUdi dong nhU hoi, Ky binh vSn khach den nhU mUa"
Tat nhien, d day ngoai noi dung tien bo cua sach giao khoa, cdn cd phUdng phap truyen dat niia, thiet tudng dd la nhQng bai hoc Idn cd the nghien cUu van dung vao cong cuoc nang cao chat lUdng giao due hien nay.
Trong khi thUc dan Phap cd' tam kim ham dan toe trong vong lac hau ve moi mSt kinh te, chinh tri, v&n hda thi DKNT diing cam tan cong kich liet vao thanh tri phong kie'n tren linh vUc giao due v&n hda (nhU chd'ng tir chUdng bac cd', chd'ng khoa cvt, bai try hu tuc, hUdng am, de cao tu tudng va hoc thuat mdi) la mot cong tac cd tinh each mang. Day chinh la mot nhu yeu, mot tien de cua phong trao dan toe trong liic dang chuyen qua giai doan mdi, rat cd ldi va r i t can thiet trong cuoc van dong each mang ndi chung. Chinh ke thii da sdm nhan tha'y ban chat each mang, sU nguy hiem cho che do thuoc dia ciia chiing ring: "Khong cdn la mgt cau chuyen hoang dUdng khi k h i n g dinh r i n g DKNT da la mgt cai Id phien loan d Bic Ky" de sdm ra tay dan ap.
Ndi den sach giao khoa cua DKNT, cQng can nhan manh mgt dieu la khdng chi bao gom cac trUdc tac dUdc bien soan trong giai doan nha trUdng hoat ddng, tU t h i n g 3 den t h i n g 12 nSm 1907, ma cdn md rgng ra ca trUdc va sau thdi ky dd. Cudn sach giao khoa quan trgng cua DKNT la Van minh tdn hoc sdch da dUdc bien soan ty nSm 1904, ngay cudn sach Nhan dgo quyen hdnh (Myc can dao ngUdi) ciia Ho Phi Huv&ar>iMlt(c hoan thanh nSm 1928 va ra
m i t ban dgc tren Bao Nam Phong tii 1930 den 1933, ban qud'c v^n do t i e gia ty dich in tren tuan bao Thanh Nghe Tinh nSm 1934 va nam 1936 dUdc xui't ban thanh sach, cung cd the xep vao he thdng sach giao khoa ciia DKNT vi cimg chung mgt ngi dung va mgt muc tieu. Cd mgt dieu niia ciing can lUu y ban dgc ngay nay, dd la khi dgc mgt so' sach giao khoa cua DKNT, khd t r a n h khdi cam giac cam phuc, cac cu da de cap tdi nhiing kie'n thyc hoan toan mdi mgt each ty tin, d&c biet la nhiing kien thyc ve Kinh te hgc, nhU ve ly do tU ban tSng hay . giam, ve mau dich, thdng thifdng, tien te, ngan hang, trai phieu, hdi phieu, chie't khiu ngan hang, den ca "sdc (sao phieu), cdng ty..., nhiing kie'n thUc ma den tan bay gid khdng phai mgi ngUdi deu n i m vCng. Tat nhien day la cac cu dya vao cac tan thU Trung Qud'c, Nhat Ban va chic r i n g cac cu ciing chUa that hieu het ndi dung cac van de, va cung chUa cd cd hdi de ap dung cac cdng viec dd; nhUng dieu cin ghi nhan d day la qua viec lam da the hien dUdc nhiet tam cua cac cu, viia hgc vya lam la phUdng cham hanh dgng cua cac cu, dd cung la mgt bai hgc Idn, thiet thyc cho chung ta ngay nay.
Cung chinh do nhiing ddng gdp cua DKNT trong hoat ddng giao due, tuyen truyen cd' ddng cho vSn hda - giao due mdi qua cac sach giao khoa ma chinh quyen Phap tha'y rd sU nguy hai ddi vdi nen thong tri cua chung. De ddi phd lai, chung da phai lap ra Hgi dong tu thu tap hdp mgt so quan lai, trong so' dd cd mdt sd cd thyc hgc va uy tin nhu Dudng Lam, Doan Trien, nhUng ciing cd mgt so' ngudi khdng xUng dang vdi nhiem vu dUdc giao de bien soan sach giao khoa cua Nha hgc chinh, cai Hgi ddng tu thu nay da bi vSn thd dUdng thdi eye lyc cdng kich, len an, dSc biet nha thd Nguyin Thien Ke (Huyen Nl) da cd bai
Bdng Kinh Rghia Thuc - ngoi hvdng.
'Vinh Ban Tu thu" vdi nhiJng cau phe phan quyet liet:
"Kheo kheo tu thu mdt IQ mudng, Ciing thi chii nghia vdi van chUdng.
Bo gia gd nhip Tam (3) la sd, Con tre ngoi trd, Dai (4) ciing lUdng.
Nudc bac cha Thanh (5), men chu Tich (6), Gidng phd cu Trien (7), khdc anh DUdng (8).
Them thing Ho (9) ddt, thing Ngd (10) dai,
< Mat nUdc trdi di rSt mdt phUdng".
NhUng d day lai ciing can neu len mdt each Ung xii linh hoat, khdn kheo cua DKNT la mdt so' tai lieu giao khoa do Hdi dong Tu thu ciia Nha Hgc chinh xuat ban, cung vdi nhQng ban do, tranh ve each tri, dia ly treo tudng, mua d Nhat Ban hay Trung Qudc ciing diidc bd' sung cho thU vien DKNT, phuc vu cho viec giang day ciia nha trUdng. Day thiet tudng ciing la mgt kinh nghiem td't cho viec xay dUng thU vien va cd sd hgc cu, thiet bi giang day cho cac trUdng hien nay trong viec md rgng dien sach tham khao va tSng cUdng thiet bi phuc vu ngi dung bai giang.
4. Cudi Cling la van de xac dinh DKNT la mgt phong trao ddc lap cua mien Bic hay la mdt bd phan cua phong trao Duy Tan chung cho ca niidc. Ve van de nay, triidc day va ngay tdi ngay nay v i n cd chu trUdng ring:
"Phong trao Duy Tan la mgt td chiic nhat quan (tuy Idng leo ty BSc chi Nam - mdi mien v l n cd ndt dac thu - chii khdng phai cd Phong trao Ddng Kinh Nghia Thuc, TrUdng Due Thanh, cdng ty Lien Thanh, Trieu DUdng thu diem, Trieu DUdng thUdng diem, Hgi Minh Tan... rieng biet nao ca" (11).
De giai quyet dUdc v i n de nay, thiet tUdng cin di sau phan tich nghien cUu cac dSc thii
titng mien- ngay ngUdi chu trUdng cM la mdt to' chyc nhat quan - nhU ldi trich din tren cho thay, ciing cdng nhan "mdi mien" van cd ndt dSc thii" - thi mdi cd the di tdi mgt ket luan dUt khoat va diing d i n dUdc.
TrUdc het phai tha'y giiia mien Trung va mien Bic, ndi cu the hdn la giiia Quang Nam va Ha Ndi la trung tam khdi phat ciia phong trao ddi ndi ciing cd khac nhau.
Phong trao Duy Tan bung nd trUdc tien va manh n h i t d Quang Nam, dieu dd ciing de hieu. NhUng dd thi chinh cua mien Nam xU Trung Ky nhU Da Ning, Hdi An dUdi thdi phong kien, nhat la thdi chua Nguyen, da cd liic trd t h i n h nhiing trung tam hoat ddng kinh te kha phon thinh. Den liic Phap thudc, vdi chinh sach khai thac thugc dia cua be lii cUdp nUdc, Quang Nam ciing la mdt khu vUc quan trgng. Do dd cd sd kinh te mdi dgn dudng cho tU tudng tU san t r i n vao da cd tU sdm, ngay cang phat trien va cung cd'. Them vao dd, si phu Trung Ky tU cudi the ky XIX da lam quen ngay cang sau sic vdi tu tudng tU san Au, Tay qua cac Tan thu. Tan bao tU Trung Qud'c sang, tir Nhat Ban tdi vdi sU mdi gidi ciia cdng dong ngUdi Hoa sinh cd lap nghiep d day tU lau ddi. Dfic biet hdn niia la sd'ng ben canh chinh quyen phong kien nha Nguyen da trd thanh tay sai ngoan ngoan ciia Phap, cac si phu yeu nUdc mien Trung cang cd dieu kien de chUng kien sU sa dga ciing cUc cua trieu dinh Hue, sU thdi nat cua bgn quan lai tay sai. Tat ca nhiing dieu kien trong va ngoai dd da giup cho cac si phu Trung Ky sdm giac ngd nhiem vu cua minh la nhiing tri thUc theo hudng dan chu tU san. Trong khi dd thi d ngoai mien Bic, gidi si phu tiep xiic vdi tu tudng mdi cd phan cham hdn. Da vay, mdt bd phan dan ap kim kep, khai thac bdc lot khdng lo ty r i t sdm da bao trum va de nSng tren d i u nhan dan, lai
Rghifin cuu Lich stir, sd 9.2007 tdi ty cUdng, ty lap. Tam gUdng Nhat Ban
cQng la nUdc dong vSn dong chung vdi minh, mdi danh bai Nga mgt trong bd'n
"than tUdng" cua the gidi cii (Anh, Nga, Phap, Phd') la mdt tam gUdng choi Igi, rUc rd nhu mSt trdi chdi sang phUdng Ddng.
Ddi vdi bg phan si phu yeu nUdc tien bd ciia Viet Nam hdi d i u the ky XX, rd rang viec giio hda dan chung la dieu kien dau tien de tien len giai phdng dan tgc. Viec thanh lap DKNT de truyen ba tU tudng mdi, boi dudng va de cao tinh than yeu nUdc, gay mdt phong trao sau rdng trong nhan dan chinh la n i m trong mach tU duy ddi mdi dd. Khdng phai la ai khac, chinh nha yeu nUdc Phan Bdi Chau - tuy la ngUdi dUng dau phai bao dgng - trong thdi gian hoat ddng tren dat Nhat Ban nSm 1906 cung da ndi len sU that lich sii dd:
"Neu dong bao ta bi bac dai, de nen nhU hien nay, chinh bdi vi khdng hgc tap nen khdng cd hgc thUc va thdng minh b i n g nhan dan cac nUdc, vi v i y ma chiing ta da mat nUdc... NgUdi Nhat da ty bd phong tuc cu va di theo con dudng tien bd: hg se md trUdng day con em nhan dan hgc" (1).
Chiing ta deu biet r i n g DKNT la md phdng "Khanh Lfng Nghia Thuc" (Keio- Gijuku) ciia Phiic Trach Du Cat (Fukugawa Yukuchi, 1835-1901) dUdc thanh lap d Nhat Ban tU nSm 1858.
2. Diem thU hai dUdc dat ra khi nghien cUu DKNT, dd la phai dat sU kien dd trong bdi canh truyen thd'ng lich sii dan tdc, ndi mdt each khac la DKNT x u i t hien d Viet Nam hdi dau the ky XX la mdt hien tUdng ddc dao, nhUng nd van khdng thoat Iy truyen thd'ng ddi mdi cua dan tdc, van n i m trong truyen thd'ng ddi mdi cua dan tdc.
Nghien cUu lich sii dan tdc, cd the k h i n g dinh ddi mdi la mdt yeu cau thUdng trUc
mang tinh quy luat. Xuyen qua chieu dai lich svJ dan tdc, chung ta tha'y rd l i tren nen tang mdt tinh than yeu nUdc sau sic va manh liet, mdi khi dat nUdc, dan tdc bi dat trUdc nhiing khd khSn, thach thUc to Idn tUdng chUng khdng the vUdt qua ndi, bao gid ciing cd mdt so' ngUdi thyc thdi - hg la nhiing tri thUc ciia dan tdc trong thdi dai dd - dau tu suy nghi de tim ra bien phap dUa dan tdc, dat nUdc ra khdi cdn nguy khd'n. Hien tUdng dep de nay ty thdi ky phong kie'n sang thdi ky can hien dai deu cd, neu chi gidi ban trong thdi ky n h i Nguyen - trieu dai phong kie'n cudi cung ciia nUdc ta - thi ciing da sang chdi len nhiing nhan vat tieu bieu nhU Nguyen TrUdng To, Nguyen Ld Trach, Biii Vien, Dang Huy Trd... Tat ca nhiing con ngUdi dd du cho cd khac nhau ve mSt nay, mSt ng, nhUng deu thd'ng n h a t nhan dinh la y thiic he Nho giao da di vao con dUdng be tic, khdng the dUdc sii dung nhU mgt vii khi cyu nUdc cua thdi chdng Minh, p h i Nguyen, binh Thanh niia, ma b i n g bat cU gia nao phai tim ra con dUdng cyu nUdc mdi. Vi vay mdi cd mdt sU hd hdi, hao hyng ddn chao tU tudng mdi ty ben ngoai vao de rdi tim each van dung vao cdng cuoc doi mdi dat nUdc dang dUdc dat ra, n h i m muc dich tdi thUdng la dUa dat nUdc, dan tgc tien len. Trong mgt chQug myc nao dd, chung ta van cd the xem dd nhU la mdt cd ging hgi nhap vao bdi canh mdi vi ldi ich tdi cao ciia dat nUdc, cua dan tgc. Tren cd scl nhan thUc nhU vay, cd the ndi r i n g cdng cudc ddi mdi ma Dang ta phat ddng, dang tien hanh va da mang lai nhiing ket qua ro ret dang mQng hien nay, dd l i sU tiep ndi va phat trien len mdt trinh do cao hdn, trong nhiing dieu kien mdi, truyen thdng Duy tan, Cai each, Ddi mdi cua dan tgc.
B6ng Kinh Rghia Thiic - ngdi trudmg.
3. Van de thii ba la mdi quan he giUa DKNT ngoai B i c vdi phong trao Duy tan mien Trung. Chiing ta deu biet r i n g phong trao Duy Tan mien Trung cd sdm hdn.
Ngay tu thUdng t u a n t h i n g 4 Am lich nSm 1904 hdi Duy Tan da dUdc thanh lap tai Quang Nam, tai nha Tieu la Nguyen Ham, vdi sU cd mat cua chu nha Nguyen Ham, Phan Bdi Chau va nhieu ddng chi ciing que Nghe Tinh ciia dng la Le Vd, Dang Tii Kinh, Dang Thai Than, cd ca Ky ngoai hau Cudng De da dUdc b i u lam hdi chu ngay trong cudc hgp lich sii nay. Chung ta ciing deu biet la sau khi Hdi thanh lap, muc dich cua Hdi van khdng cd gi khac trUdc la: "Cd't sao khdi phuc dUdc Viet Nam lap ra mdt chinh phii ddc lap, ngoai ra chUa cd chu nghia khac ca" (2). Trong hdi nghi thanh lap hdi Duy Tan, da quyet dinh ba nhiem vu trUdc mat la phat trien the lUc Hdi ve ngUdi ciing nhU ve tai chinh, xiic tien viec chuan bi bao ddng va cac cdng viec sau khi phat ra viec bao ddng, chuan bi x u i t dUdng cau vien, xac dinh phUdng cham v i thu doan xuat dUdng, va ngay sau dd Phan Bdi Chau va TSng Bat Hd len dUdng sang Nhat cau vien. Ciing tai Quang Nam vao thdi ky dd, ngoai xu hudng thU nha't la bao dgng chd'ng Phap vdi td chiic Duy Tan hdi, do Tieu la Nguyin Thanh trUc tiep phu trach, cdn cd loai hinh thU hai la phong trao Duy tan ty cUdng vdi khau hieu "Khai tri tU sinh, tinh xa, siing kiem..." vdi nhdm lanh dao la Phan Chau Trinh, T r i n Quy Cap, Huynh Thuc Khang d mien Trung, Nguyin An KhUdng va Tran Chanh Chieu d Nam Ky. Phong trao Duy Tan nay b i t ngudn ty r i t sdm ty nam 1903 da lan tran k h i p cac tinh mien Trung, cudi ciing d i n tdi sy bung nd cua phong trao chd'ng thue rung ddng ca mien Trung lam cho thyc dan Phap va phong kien tay sai vd cung khiep dam, huy ddng dUdc hang van ndng dan tham gia,
tien dan tdi nhiing cudc bao ddng cd tinh chat khdi nghia doat chinh quyen. Trong khi dd thi DKNT d ngoai Bic phai den t h i n g 3-1907 mdi ra ddi. NhU vay la xet theo mat thdi gian thi DKNT ra ddi mugn hdn, nhUng trong thUc te' thi DKNT ciing b i t ngudn tii tU tUdng duy tan ddi mdi luc dd dang Ian tran, phat trien tren toan qudc.
Chinh vi vay ma mdi nhin qua cd the tudng day la nhiing phong trao tach rdi, nhUng sU that thi Cling deu b i t ngudn tU tU tudng duy tan ddi mdi, va giiia phong trao Duy T i n mien Trung vdi DKNT ngoai Bic v i n cd mdt mdi quan he hiiu cd. Chi rieng viec Phan Chau Trinh - mgt trong sd' nhiing ngUdi cim dau phong trao Duy Tan d Quang Nam - ciing ra Ha Ndi giang bai tai DKNT cho tha'y giiia phong trao Duy tan mien Trung vdi DKNT ngoai Bic la cung chung mgt gd'c, dd la cai gd'c yeu nUdc chd'ng sU thd'ng tri ciia ngoai bang, hudng tdi giai phdng dan tdc. Chi cd dieu cin n h i n manh, dd la mien Trung nang ve boat ddng thyc tien ma mien Bic nghieng ve ly luin. Chi can can cU vao con sd'va ngi dung cac sach giao khoa cua DKNT thi thay rd dieu nay.
ChUdng trinh cua nha trUdng dUa theo dudng ldi "tan hgc" cua Trung Qud'c va Nhat Ban, day each tri, toan phap, dia ly, lich s^, van chUdng, cdng dan giao due, ke ca the thao the due. Sach giao khoa ddi vdi cac Idp tren hgc sinh da nhieu tudi va da thdng chii Han - cd ngUdi da tyng leu chdng di thi - thi diing ngay cic 'Tan thU" cua Trung Qud'c lam tai lieu giang day. Cdn ddi vdi Idp hgc sinh nhd tudi d cac Idp dUdi thi nha trUdng chil ddng soan ra mdt sd' sach chii Han va chii Qud'c ngQ lam tai lieu hgc tap va tuyen truyen cd dgng ra ngoai. Ndi dung chu yeu cac trUdc tic cua DKNT n h i m da p h i nhQng tU tudng lac hau cua d i m si phu thu cUu, keu ggi hgc qudc ngQ, khoa hgc ky thuat mdi, chu trgng thyc nghiep, chin
Rghien cuu Lich sit, sd 9.2007 hUng cdng thUdng nghiep... ndi tdm lai la
nhQng kie'n thQc mdi ma hgc vien dang ddi hdi, cd thay nhU vay mdi giai thich dUdc tai sao ma cd sU hd hdi ddn nhan cua ngUdi nghe, tai sao ma cd dUdc canh tUdng:
"Budi dien thuyet ngudi ddng nhU hgi, Ky binh van khach den nhU mUa"
Tat nhien, d day ngoai ndi dung tien bd cua sach giao khoa, cdn cd phUdng phap truyen dat nQa, thiet tudng dd la nhQng bai hgc Idn cd the nghien cQu van dung vao cdng cudc nang cao chat lUdng giio due hien nay.
Trong khi thUc dan Phap cd' tam kim ham dan tdc trong vdng lac hau ve mgi mSt kinh te, chinh tri, van hda thi DKNT dung cam tan cdng kich liet vao thanh tri phong kie'n tren Hnh vUc giao due van hda (nhU chd'ng t y chUdng bac cd, chd'ng khoa cQ, bai trU hu tuc, hUdng am, de cao tU tudng va hgc thuat mdi) la mdt cdng t i c cd tinh each mang. Day chinh l i mgt nhu yeu, mgt tien de cua phong trao d i n tgc trong luc dang chuyen qua giai doan mdi, rat cd ldi va r i t can thiet trong cudc van ddng each mang ndi chung. Chinh ke thii da sdm nhan thay ban chat each mang, sU nguy hiem cho che do thugc dia ciia chiing r i n g : "Khdng cdn la mdt cau chuyen hoang dudng khi k h i n g dinh r i n g DKNT da la mdt cai Id phien loan d Bic Ky" de sdm ra tay dan ap.
Ndi den sach giao khoa cua DKNT, cung can nhan manh mdt dieu la khdng chi bao gdm cac trUdc t i c dUdc bien soan trong giai doan nha trUdng hoat ddng, tU t h i n g 3 den t h i n g 12 nam 1907, ma cdn md rdng ra ca trudc va sau thdi ky dd. Cud'n sach giao khoa quan trgng cua DKNT la Van minh tdn hgc sdch da dUdc bien soan ty nSm 1904, ngay cud'n sach Nhdn dgo quyen hdnh (Myc can dao ngUdi) cua Hd Phi Huyen dUdc hoan thanh nam 1928 va ra
m i t ban dgc tren Bao Nam Phong tii 1930 den 1933, ban qudc vSn do t i c gia tU dich in tren tuan b i o Thanh Nghe Tinh nSm 1934 va nam 1936 dUdc xui't ban thanh sach, cung cd the xep vao he thdng sach giao khoa ciia DKNT vi cung chung mdt ngi dung va mdt muc tieu. Cd mdt dieu nQa cung c i n lUu y ban dgc ngay nay, dd la khi dgc mdt so' sach giao khoa ciia DKNT, khd t r i n h khdi cam giac cam phuc, cac cu da de cap tdi nhQng kien thQc hoan toan mdi mgt cich ty tin, dSc biet la nhQng kien thQc ve Kinh te hgc, nhU ve ly do tU ban tSng hay giam, ve mau dich, thdng thUdng, tien te, ngan hang, trai phieu, hdi phieu, chie't khiu ngan hang, den ca "sdc (sao phieu), cdng ty..., nhQng kien thQc ma den tan bay gid khdng phai mgi ngUdi deu n i m vQng. Tat nhien day la cic cu dUa vao cac tan thU Trung Qud'c, Nhat Ban va chic r i n g cic cu cung chUa that hieu het ndi dung cac vin de, va cung chUa cd cd hdi de ap dung cac cdng viec dd; nhUng dieu can ghi nhan d day la qua viec lam da the hien dUdc nhiet tam cua cac cu, vQa hgc vQa lam la phUdng cham hanh ddng cua cac cu, dd cung la mdt bai hgc Idn, thiet thUc cho chung ta ngay nay.
Cung chinh do nhQng ddng gdp ciia DKNT trong boat ddng giao due, tuyen truyen cd ddng cho vSn hda - giio due mdi qua cic sich giio khoa ma chinh quyen Phap thi'y rd sU nguy hai ddi vdi nen thdng tri cua chung. De ddi phd lai, chung da phai lap ra Hdi ddng tu thU tap hdp mgt sd quan lai, trong so' dd cd mgt sdcd thyc hgc va uy tin nhU DUdng Lam, Doan Trien, nhUng cung cd mdt sd ngUdi khdng xQng dang vdi nhiem vu dUdc giao de bien soan sach giao khoa cua Nha hgc chinh, cai Hgi ddng tu thu nay da bi vSn thd dUdng thdi cUc lyc cdng kich, len an, dac biet nha thd Nguyen Thien Ke (Huyen Ne) da cd bai
B6ng Kinh Rghia Thuc - ngdi tniimg...
"Vinh Ban Tu thu" vdi nhQng cau phe phan quyet liet:
"Kh6o kheo tu thU mgt lu mUdng, Mi Cung thi chQ nghia vdi van chUdng.
Bd gia gd nhip T i m (3) la sd,
, Con tre ngdi trd, Dai (4) cung lUdng.
Nudc bac cha Thanh (5), men chii Tich (6), Gidng phd cu Trien (7), khdc anh DUdng (8).
'. Them thing Hd (9) ddt, thing Ngd (10) dai,
<' Mat nUdc trdi di rSt mdt phudng".
NhUng d day lai cung can neu len mgt each Ung x\l linh boat, khdn kh6o cua DKNT la mdt sd' tai lieu giao khoa do Hdi ddng Tu thu cua Nha Hgc chinh x u i t ban, cung vdi nhQng ban dd, tranh ve each tri, dia ly treo tudng, mua d Nhat Ban hay Trung Qudc cung dUdc bd sung cho thU vien DKNT, phuc vu cho viec giang day cua nha trUdng. Day thiet tudng cung la mdt kinh nghiem td't cho viec xay dUng thU vien va cd sd hgc cu, thiet bi giang day cho cac trudng hien nay trong viec md rdng dien sach tham khao va tSng cUdng thiet bi phuc vu ngi dung bai giang.
4. Cudi cung la van de xac dinh DKNT la mgt phong trao ddc lap ciia mien Bic hay la mdt bg phan ciia phong trao Duy Tan chung cho ca nUdc. Ve van de nay, trUdc day va ngay tdi ngay nay v i n cd chu trUdng ring:
"Phong trao Duy Tan la mdt td chUc nhat quin (tuy long leo tU Bic chi Nam - moi mien v l n cd n6t dac thu - chQ khdng phai cd Phong trao Ddng Kinh Nghia Thuc, TrUdng Due Thanh, cdng ty Lien Thanh, Trieu DUdng thu diem, Trieu DUdng thUdng diem, Hdi Minh Tan... rieng biet n i o ca" (11).
De giai quyet dUdc van de nay, thiet tudng cin di sau phan tich nghien cdu cac dac thu
tQng mien- ngay ngUdi chu trUdng cM l i mdt td chQc nhat quan - nhU ldi trich din tren cho thay, ciing cdng nhan "mdi mien" van cd ndt dac thu" - thi mdi cd the di tdi mdt ket luan dUt khoat va diing d i n dUdc.
TrUdc het phai tha'y giQa mien Trung va mien Bic, ndi cu the hdn la giQa Quang Nam va Ha Ngi la trung tam khdi phat cua phong trao ddi ndi cung cd khac nhau.
Phong trao Duy Tan bung nd trUdc tien va manh nhat d Quang Nam, dieu dd cung de hieu. NhUng dd thi chinh cua mien Nam xii Trung Ky nhU Da Ning, Hdi An dudi thdi phong kie'n, nhat la thdi chiia Nguyen, da cd liic trd thanh nhQng trung tam boat ddng kinh te kha phon thinh. Den luc Phap thugc, vdi chinh sach khai thac thugc dia ciia be lu cUdp nUdc, Quang Nam cung la mdt khu vUc quan trgng. Do dd cd sd kinh te mdi dgn dUdng cho tU tudng tU san tran vao da cd tU sdm, ngay cang phat trien va Cling cd'. Them vao dd, si phu Trung Ky tQ cudi the ky XIX da lam quen ngay cang sau sic vdi tu tudng tU san Au, Tay qua cac Tan thu. Tan bao tU Trung Qudc sang, tQ Nhat Ban tdi vdi sU mdi gidi cua cdng ddng ngUdi Hoa sinh cd l i p nghiep d day tQ liu ddi. DSc biet hdn nQa la sd'ng ben canh chinh quyen phong kien nha Nguyen da trd thanh tay sai ngoan ngoan cua P h i p , cac si phu yeu nUdc mien Trung cang cd dieu kien de chQng kien sy sa dga cung eye cua trieu dinh Hue, sy thdi nat cua bgn quan lai tay sai. Tat ca nhQng dieu kien trong va ngoai dd da giup cho cac si phu Trung Ky sdm giac ngd nhiem vu cua minh la nhQng tri thQc theo hUdng dan chu tU san. Trong khi dd thi d ngoai mien Bic, gidi si phu tiep xuc vdi tu tudng mdi cd p h i n cham hdn. Da viy, mdt bd phan dan ap kim kep, khai thac bdc lot khdng Id tQ ri't sdm da bao trum va de nang tren d i u nhan dan, lai
Rghien curu Lich si3r. sd 9.2007 them truyen thd'ng da'u tranh vu trang yeu
nUdc keo dai mai cho den het the ky XIX trong khi cac phong trao d i u tranh vu trang cua mien Trung va mien Nam da bi thyc dan Phap dan ap bdp chet tQ rat sdm nen xu the nghieng ve bao ddng cua phong trao la dieu ty nhien. DKNT tuy la mdt td chyc thudc xu hudng cai each ddi mdi, nhUng cd quan he chat che vdi phai bao ddng, phai Ddng Du. Trong thyc te hoat ddng, da cd nhQng mdi quan he mat thiet giQa DKNT va phong trao Ddng Du, trong phong trao DKNT tuy xu hUdng cai each la chinh, nhUng khdng vi the ma hoan toan khdng cd xu hUdng bao dgng. GiQa hai phong trao Ddng Du va DKNT da cd nhQng mdi lien he mat thiet, nhU cac cd sd cua DKNT la cd sd kinh tai giiip cho phong t r i o Ddng Du hay la nhQng cd sd ddn tiep cac hgc sinh Ddng Du tren dUdng x u i t dUdng. Cd the k h i n g dinh r i n g bao ddng va cai lUdng chi la hai mat cua mdt ndi dung duy n h a t la Idng yeu nUdc cSm thu giac, ca hai phong trao dd n h i m muc dich giai phdng dat nUdc khdi i c h thdng tri ciia ngoai bang ve kinh te cung nhU
chinh tri. Ma ngay phong t r i o Duy Tan mien Trung thi xu hUdng chu yeu la cai each ddi mdi de "Khai dan tri, c h i n dan khi, h a u dan sinh", nhUng tren con dUdng p h a t trien ciia nd cudi cung cung di tdi bao ddng. Dd la mgt sU p h i t trien cd tinh t i t yeu dat trong hoan canh mdt dat nUdc bi ngoai bang thd'ng tri ma mau t h u i n giQa dan tdc mat ddc lap vdi de qudc xam lUOc la khdng the dieu hda.
De cd mdt danh gia dung d i n va trgn ven, cd the k h i n g dinh r i n g DKNT la mdt mdc son tren con dudng xay dyng nen giao due Viet Nam, mdt qua trinh day khd khan va thxi thach, nen giao due Viet Nam cho tdi nay nhQng khd khSn va thvt thach vln cdn nhieu va dang ddi hdi dUdc sdm giai quyet de dUa dat nUdc tien len. NhQng bai hgc cd tinh cap n h a t va hieu qua ciia DKNT v l n can dUdc nghien cQu va van dung mdt each nghiem tuc, cd sang tao va nang cao de phuc vu d i e lUc cho sy nghiep xay dyng mdt nen giao due cich mang tien tien, theo dung phUdng cham giao due la qud'c sach hang dau ciia Dang va Chinh phu hien nay.
CHU THICH
(1). Dan theo: Tran Vfin Giau, Dinh Xuan Lam, Nguyin Vfin Sil. Lich si( Viet Nam (tii 1897 den 1914). Nxb. Xay dUng, Ha Noi, 1957, tr. 223.
(2). Phan Boi Chau. Tu phe phdn. Nxb. Vfin S i Dia, Hfi Noi, 1956.
(3). Do Vfin Tam, dau Tien a, diing dau Ban Tu thU.
(4). Dudng Vfin Dai, con tre, khong lam diidc viec, chi ngoi fin luong.
(5). Bdi Hiiclng Thfinh, nguyen Tuin phu Sdn Tay, noi tieng cd bac.
(6). Nguyin Tai Tich, dfiu Pho bang, Doc hoc Sdn Tay, noi tieng uo'ng rUdu.
(7). Doan Trien, nguyen Tufin phii Ninh Binh.
Co td trinh gui Tho'ng sii Bfic Kj> ve cai each giao
due. Chinh ong da de nghi v6i chinh quyen Phap thfinh Ifip Hoi dong Tu thU de viet sach giao khoa theo tinh t h i n cai each.
(8). DUdng Lam, Tuan phii Thai Binh, tac gia mot so sach giao khoa (Au hgc, Hdn tU tdn thii, Trung hgc NgU kinh todt yeu, Van sdch t&n thiic hgp tuyen).
(9). Ho, con goi la Am Vo, c6 chan Am sinh, bj danh gia la dot nat.
(10). Ngo Giap Dfiu, dfiu Hofing giap, Giao thy phii Hoai Dilc.
(11). Nguyen Quyet Thfing. Phong trdo Duy t&n - Cdc khuon mat tieu bieu. Nxb. Vfin h6a - Thdng tin, Tp. Ho Chf Minh, 2006, tr. 6-7.
