From 1998 to 2003 he was Professor of Tourism Management and Director of the Institute of Tourism and Leisure Studies at the University of Applied Sciences in Chur (CH). The following provides a brief introduction to each of the six key elements of design science in tourism.
Systems Orientation as Design Philosophy
Building on the emerging theoretical framework, it is argued that design science in tourism is unique in that it entails a range of conceptual and managerial tools to support and guide both research and application.
Design Thinking as Guiding Principle
Information Technology as Enabler
Similarly, researchers such as Girardin et al. 2012) have clearly shown that such 'digital footprints' can be used to provide insight into both the spatial and temporal aspects of tourism travel. Davenport (2013) and others (e.g., Gretzel et al. 2015; Neuhofer et al. 2015) argue that these types of systems and the analytics that drive them have effectively transformed fundamental business processes.
The New Tools for Communication and Management
Subsequent chapters of this book focus explicitly on each of the components of the tourism design system. The design of tourist sites within this perspective of the tourist experience requires new approaches to the measurement of various psychologically important aspects of the tourist experience.
The Dynamics of Visitor Emotions in Philadelphia
The following provides two studies that describe travelers' experiences as measured by emotional response to stimuli in significantly different contexts using biophysical responses to stimuli.
Evaluation of Online Tourism Advertising
This review of methods used in researching emotions in the tourism literature shows that self-reported approaches do not accurately reflect tourists' emotional responses to vacations, as argued by recent contributors to the study of emotions in tourism (Kim et al. Fesenmaier 2015; Li et al. 2015). The Role of Emotions in Destination Visit Intentions: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management.
Affect and Moods
Content-Related Theories
All these conditions and the subjective evaluation process determine at another moment an expressive response which is supposed to be part of the emotional response. Both do not consider cognition to be part of the emotional response, but rather focus on physiological or expressive responses to stimuli.
Structure-Related Theories
The judgment theory of emotions is based on the assumption that different people can have different kinds of emotional reactions (and no reaction at all) to the same stimulus (Bagozzi et al. 1999). The psychological nature of emotional construction and the confusion in the literature between structure- and content-related theories dictated the development of different measurement tools and at the same time limited the use of emotions in theories of consumer behavior and empirical research on emotions (Bagozzi et al. 1999).
Self-Report Techniques
A cognitive model of the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction decisions.Journal of Marketing Research The cognitive structure of emotions. In the context of the experience economy, this process focuses on designing the experience so that spaces become stages in which experiences are enacted, performed and evaluated.
Emotion and Memorability
This is the 'rose colored glasses' view of how experience is reconfigured in memory over time. Nostalgia is an important construct in tourist experience, because it is used as a specific device to engage tourists' emotions in the creation and performance of tourist experiences (such as historical re-enactments at heritage sites). Indeed, Bruner's (1994) study of Abraham Lincoln's boyhood home in the USA shows that tourists interact with nostalgia for a number of purposes.
Nostalgia is used to revel in the myth of America's early history, but it is also, conversely, used to celebrate the tremendous progress the nation has made from the 1850s to the present. Nostalgia is also an important link to memorability in the long-term reflection phase of tourist experience.
Authenticity
MacCannell (1976) drew attention to the sophisticated staging mechanisms of the tourism industry as an integral part of tourism as a larger sociological phenomenon. Moreover, Cohen (1988) argued that staged authenticity might actually be useful in protecting the original. Such ideas are becoming increasingly well-known among tourism experience researchers, but they are less often included in the dialogue between design and planning.
Tourists' perceptions of the authenticity of these elements influence how seamlessly these associations can be made. Materiality - the stage at which the tourism performance takes place is paramount.
Towards Sleep-Centric Glamping
The Bubble
Since attention has long been focused on the biophysics of the sleeping body rather than its sociocultural significance (Hancock), the sociocultural, political and economic aspects of sleep have been effectively bypassed (Hancock 2008: 412). An Uncanny Night in a Nature Bubble: Designing Embodied Sleeping Experiences 75. Furthermore, Rantala and Valtonen's (2014) study has inspired us to take the consideration of a sleeping body's posture further.
The two other authors participated in the creation of the interpretive lens and also provided reflexive feedback to the autoethnographic narrative. In the next chapter we will unfold the empirical data by focusing on the one hand on the theoretically meaningful specifics of the sleeping body and on the other hand on the design of the bubble experience.
The Journey Begins
Confronting the Bubble
Settling Down to the Bubble
When she entered the Bubble with the light on, she felt subordinated to nature and the animals that live in the forest. The other bubbles were covered from the lowest part with white cloth, so that couples could spend their romantic moments in the Bubble and not feel "naked" to the outside nature and surroundings. Or when I think about it, there are more curious pairs of eyes in nature.
The animals passing by wouldn't care about me and my body in the Bubble - they would only care about the light and the fact that there are round plastic things in their path that they have to go around. She recognized the difference between sleeping in such an environment, which is offered by a specific tourist concept, and sleeping "naked" in the city.
Sleeping in the Bubble
The Bubble's design, as well as the first author's experiences meeting only couples on the site, made sleeping in the Bubble a "two of a kind." The little buzzing sound was nice in the Bubble - it reassured me as it wasn't completely silent. Sleeping in the Bubble was indeed a multi-sensory experience, although very different from camping.
While alone in bed, the first author found comfort from her large blanket. The final 'giving up' culminated in the phase when the first author closed her eyes.
Waking up in the Bubble
Similar approaches to the use of the experience construct also exist in the consumer and tourism literature. The use of consistent themes, especially archetypal; and – Presenting the experience as a story. The first dimension is that of why the story matters and it combines two concepts – the functions of stories, which can be connected to the motives of the different participants, and the timing of the story.
The figure indicates two levels or main areas for tourist experience design—the destination story and the unfolding story for the specific experience of a place or activity. First, they define tourists' experience as "the confluence of what is sensually perceived, how it is processed, and how it is retained in the resulting experience" (2014: 4). Indeed, this criticism highlights the fact that service design must take into account 'how' the tourist actually experiences.
The efficiency of the service is determined by the fact that the final decisions on efficiency gains - assembly and delivery - have already been made.
Guideline #1: Recruit Creative Applicants Who Will Possess the Ability to Surprise Visitors
Because it is usually possible to surprise someone with a particular tactic only once (Rust and Oliver2000) and because surprise ideas can be imitated by competitors [they are not patentable], it is essential to generate a constant flow of surprise ideas at a tourist destination. The following serve as guidelines for creating a culture of surprise among front-line staff at a tourist attraction.
Guideline #2: Select Creative Applicants Who Will Possess the Ability to Surprise Visitors
The goal is to hire individuals who can come up with multiple surprise ideas [fluency]; generate ideas that are rare in a given industry [originality]; and, ideas that can be detailed enough to be successfully implemented in a dynamic [processing] operation. Many times, we use tried and true solutions to solve problems, and it works. Tell me about a situation in which you had to come up with some new ideas in a hurry.
Tell me about a time when you created a new process or program that was considered dangerous.
Guideline #3: Incorporate Surprise Stories in Daily Shift Meetings
Guideline #4: Include Surprise as a Business Value
In addition to divergence tests, all tourism businesses, regardless of their size, can insert some verbal questions in their interviewing that assess creativity.
Guideline #5: Host Surprise Clinics
Guideline #6: Have Surprise Contests Facilitated by Blueprints
Within the context of wowing visitors, what is recommended is for the owner or manager of the tourist attraction to map out customer flow areas and then hang those plans in back-of-the-house areas where employees tend to congregate. A contest should be initiated in which employees who can come up with the best tactic to surprise visitors by studying the plan will be awarded with prizes. It is important to note that service plans can be computer generated or hand sketched.
Guideline #7: Create a Surprise Mirror
Guideline #8: Monitor Travel Blogs
Guideline #9: Implement A ‘ Novel Idea Rule ’ for Managers/Supervisors
Guideline #10: Implement a Top-Rate Failure Recovery Program
Therefore, it is crucial to integrate ICT in the application of tourism experience design. Essentially, the roles of ICTs in designing tourism experiences can be divided into: (1) ICTs as tools or methods for designing, (2) ICTs as artifacts or end products of designing, and (3) ICTs as triggers for desired tourist behaviour. . Based on these practices, behavior design in tourism is about preparing tourists to perform target behaviors through environmental cues and reinforcement.
The mediation theory suggested by Ihde (1990) is useful in clarifying the roles of ICT in the tourism experience. Ask tourists to develop a self-reflective narrative of subjective (tourism) experiences (eg, in writing, video diaries, etc.).
