DAO DiJfC, Ldi SONG CUA CAN Bp, DANG VIEN

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Tl/ Tl/dNG HO CHI MINH VE PHONG, CHONG

N H O N G BIEU H I E N SUYTHOAI Tl/Tl/CING CHINH TM, DAO DiJfC, Ldi SONG CUA CAN Bp, DANG VIEN

* PGS, TS LY VIET QUANG Viin Ho ChiMinh vd cdc lanh tu cita Bdng,

Hoc vien Chinh tri quoc gia Ho Chi Minh

Tom tdt: Ld ngiidi sdng lap, Idnh dao vd ren luyen BdngCpngsdn VietNam, Chu tich Ho ChiMinh luon ddc biet quan tdm den cdng tdc xdy difng Bdng trong sach, vdng mgnh tren cd hai phiidng dien: xdc lap nhiing nguyen tdc, quy dinh, chudn mifc ve tii tiidng chinh trf, to chiic, dgo dUc de thifc hien thong nhdt y chi vd hdnh dpng trong todn Bdng dong thcH chi ra nhiing cdn benh, thoi hii, tdt xdu mdmdi cdn bp, ddng vien cdn phdi phong chong nhdt Id tit khi Bdng trd thdnh Bdng cdm quyen. Bdi viet ndy de cap den nhiing quan diem ciaNgiiili ve phong chong nhiing cdn benh, thoihil, tdt xdu trong cdn bp, ddng vien, vdiy nghia Id phong chong nhitng bieu hien suy thodi ve tii tiidng chinh tri, dgo ddc, lot song.

• Tilkhoa: Ho ChiMinh; suy thodi ve tii tiidng chinh tri, dgo ddc, loisong cdn bp, ddng vien.

1, Ho Chf Minh chi ra nhimg biiu hien suy bm hpc ve tu each cua mpt nguM each mang, xac thoai ve tir tudng chinh tri, 4ao dire, loi song dinh nhiing tieu chuan ma nguoi each mang ean trong can bo, Jang vien phai eo, trong do bao ham ea nhimg yeu cau

Trong qua trinh lanh dao caeh mang Viet phai phong chong cac bieu hien tieu cue, nhu Nam, nhim ngan ngia, phong chong su suy khong tu (tu lpi, tu tam, tu y, tu thu, tu oan....), thoai trong Dang, Hd Chi Minh rSt nhifa lan chi khong nhiit nhat, khong hj6u danh, khong kieu ra nhiing sai ISm, khuygt dito bifo hi6n su suy ngao, it long tham muon ve vat chSt'".

thoai ve tu tudng chinh tri, dao diic, loi song ma Sau ngay Cach mang Thang Tam 1945 thanh cac can bp, dang vien thudng mac phai va de co cong, chinh quyen each mang dupe thanh lap, H6 nguycomScphai.Ngaytukhihuetiepchuanbi Chi Minh rat tran tro ttuDC Men tupng fta hoa cua ve tu tuong, chlnh tri, td chiic va dao dire cho su mpt s6 can bo, dang vien khi dupe Dang va Chinh ra doi ciia Dang, trong tac pham Duong Cach phu giao nam giilnhiingeuongvi quygn lue trong menh (1927), Hd Chi Minh da dat len trudc het bp may chinh quyen. Chi hai tuan sau ngay doe

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NGHIEN ClJU - PHATTRIEN LV L U A N ban Tuyen ngon ddc lap khai sinh ra nude Viet Nam Dan ehu Cpng hoa, ttong Thu gui cac ddng chi tinh nha (17-9-1945), Ho Chi Minh da nhdc nhocac can bp, dang vien phai dephdngijuiida, Nguoi neu ro: "Can bo ta nhigu nguoi "cue cung tan tuy", hgt siic trung thanh voi nhiem vu, voi Chinh phil, voi quoc dan. Nhung cung eo nguoi hu hoa, len mat lam quan each mang, hoac la dpc hanh dpc doan, hoac la dl eong dmh tu). Tham chi dimg phap eong dg bao thii tu), lam cho dan oan dgn Chinh phii va Doan the"'^'.

Trong Thugm Uy ban Nhan dan cac ky, tinh, huyen vaiang(17-10-1945), cimg voi viec khang dinh phuong cham ciia ehe dO moi la phuc vu nhan dan, gan bo mat thigt voi nhan dan va lam cho nhan dan dupe huong hanh phiic, tu do thuc su, Hd Chi Minh tigp tuc phe binh nghigm khde nhunglim ldi rat nang ne, ma co noi, co nguoi mdc phai. Do la sau sai lam, khuygt digm coban:

Mpt la, ttai phep, tu thu tu oan; Hai la, cay thg, ngang tang phong tiing, muon sao dugc vay, coi khinh du luan, khong nghi dgn dan; Ba la, hu hoa, an choi xa xl, lay ciia cong dimg vao viec tu;

Bdn la, tu tiing, keo be, keo canh; Nam la, ehia re, khong bigt lam eho cac tang lop nhan nhugng Ian nhau, hoa thuan vol nhau; Sau la, kieu ngao, coi khinh nhan dan, hugnh hoang, eii chi liic nao ciing vac mat "quan each mang" len'^'.

Tmh than phg binh nghiem khde, thang thdn tten tiep tuc dupe Hd Chi Minh neu ttong Thu gui cac ddng chi Bac Bo (1-3-1947), Thuguicac ddng chi Trung Bo (1947), khi Nguoi chi ra nhiing khuygt diem: Dia phuong chu nghia; Oc be phai; Oc quan phiet quan hgu; 6e hep hoi;

Ham chupng hinh thiie; Lam viec loi ban giay;

Vo ky luat, ky luat khong nghigm; Ich ky, hu hoa.

Trong tae pham Sua ddi ldi lam viec (thang 10-1947), Ho Chi Minh da thang didn chi ra ba chiing benh rat nguy hiim la benh chu quan,

benh hep hdiva thai ba hoa. B ^ g nhung phan tich sau sde tir thue tiin, Nguoi neu ro ba chiing benh nay lai la ket qua tir nhigu khuyet diem, hoac dan dgn nhung khuyet diem khac, Lien quan dgn linh vuc tu tuong chinh tri, dao diic, l^i song cua can bg, dang vien, Nguoi phan tieh ro nhung can benh, khuygt diem nhu: kem ly luan, hoac khinh lyluan, hoaclyluan suong, chu nghia dia phuong, chu nghia bin vf, chu nghia ca nhan, khuynh hudng tham danh vong, tham dia vi, dim ngudi gidi, benh hu hoa,...

Dae biet, Hd Chi Mmh chi ra can benh chu nghia ca nhan: "Chu nghia ca nhan la nhu mpt thii vi trimg rat dpc, do no ma sinh ra cac thu benh rSt nguy hiem"™. Nhiing bien chung dien hinh ciia chu nghia ea nhan la eae benh tham lam, benh luoi bieng, benh kieu ngao, benh hieu danh, thieu ky luat, 6e hep hoi, 6e dia phuong, 6c lanh tu... Nguoi cung phan tieh, nhdc nho phai phong chong cac benh huu danh vd thm:, keo be keo canh, benh can thi, benh ca nhan, benh ludi bieng, benh ti nanh, benh xu ninh, a dua, ngoai ra la cae benh quan li&u, xa dan, b$nh ban giay, benh ndng tinh, benh lup chup, cdng than each mang, ndi suong.

Trong tac pham Dao due each mang (thang 12- 1958), cimg vol viee khang dinh su can thigt phai tu duong dao due each mang, npi dung nhung ehuan muc dao dice each mang, nguyen tae ren luyen dao diic each mang, Hd Chi Minh cung ddng thoi yeu can phai dau ttanh chd'ng can benh chti nghia ca nhan. Ngudi neu ro, chu nghia ea nhan ttai nguoc vol dao diic each mang, la vet tich xau nhat va nguy hiim nhat ciia xa hpi cu, la mot tiiu rat gian giao, xao quyet; no kheo dd danh nguoi ta di xudng dde. Ma ai eiing biet rdngxuo'ng dde thi dg hon len dde. Vi the ma cang nguy higm

Ho Chi Minh ehi ra nhiing bieu hien cua chii nghia ca nhan, ti^dc hgt la hien tupng: "yeu cau

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huOTig thu, yeu cdu nghi ngoi, hp muon lua chpn cdng tac theo y thich ciia ca nhan minh, khdng mudn lam cdng tac ma doan thg giao phd cho hp. Hp mudn dia vi eao, nhung lai sp' trach nhiem nang. Dan dan tinh than diu ttanh va tinh tich cue eiia hp bi kem siit, chi khi anh diing va phdm eh^t tdt dep cua ngudi each mang eung kem Slit; hp quen rang tigu chuan sd mdt eua nguoi each mang la quyit tim sudt doi diu tranh choDing, cho each man^'^^l

Dd cdn la viee tu tudng va hanh ddng, ldi ndi va viec lam eiia dang vign khdng thdng nhdt vol nhau, "tu do hanh dpng", lam ttai vdi td ehiic va k^ luat cua Dang.

Dd ciing la hien tupng "cd dang vign cdn "ke cdng" vdi Dang. Cd it nhieu thanh tieh, thi hp mudn Dang "cam on" hp. Hp doi ini dai, hp ddi danh du va dia vi. Hp ddi huong thu. Neu khdng thda man yeu cdu eua hp thi hp odn ttdch Dang, cho rang hp "khdng cd tien do", hp "bi hy sinh".

Rdi ddn dan hp xa rdi Dang, thdm ehi phd hoai chinh sachvakyluatciiaDang"'^. Ciing cd nhung ngudi "ttd nen kigu ngao, edng thdn, tu cao tu dai.

Hp phe binh ngudi khde ma khdng mudn ngudi khdephgbinhhp; khdng tuphe binh hoac tuphe binh mdt cdch khdng that tha, nghiem chinh. Hp SO'tuphe bmh thi sg mat thg dien, mdt uy tin. Hp khdng Idng nghe y kien eiia quan chung. Hp xem khinh nhiing can bd ngoai Dang"'^'.

Mdt bieu hien khac ciia chu nghia ed nhan duoc H6 Chi Mhih chi ra la danh mdt moi lign he mat thigt voi quan ehiing nhdn dan, "tu cho minh cdi gi cung gidi, hg xa rdi quan chiing, khdng mudn hpc hoi quan chiing ma chi mudn lam thay qudn chiing. Hp ngai lam viee td chiie, tuyen truyen va gido due qudn ehiing. Hp mac benh quan ligu, menh lenh"<^'.

Dd cting cdn la hien tupng: "cd ddng chi hgc thudc long mdt sd sdch vo ve chil nghia Mae -

Lenin. Hg tu eho minh la hieu biet chu nghia Mae " Lenhi hon ai het. Song khi gap viec diuc tg, thi hg hoae la may mdc, hodc la liing tiing. Ldd ndi va viec lam cua hp khdng nhat ttL Hp hge sach vo Mac - Lemn, nhung khdng hgc tinh tiian Mac - Lgnin. Hpc de ttang siie, ehii khdng phai de van dung vao cdng vide cachmang"'^'.

Hd Chi Minh xdc djnh rd: "Chii nghia cd nhan de ra ttdm thiibenh nguy higm: quan heu, menh lenh, bg phai, ehii quan, tham d, lang phi... Nd ttdi huge, nd bit mdt nhiing nan nhdn eiia no, nhung ngudd nay bdt ky vigc gi eung xuat phdt tir long tham muon danh lpi, dia vi eho cd nhdn minh, ehii khdng nghi dgn lgi ich ciia giai cdp, cua nhan dan.

Chil nghia ea nhan la mpt ke dich hung dc ciia chu nghia xd hdi. Ngudi cdeh mang phdi tieu diet no"™.

Trong bdi vigt Nang cao dao due each mang, quet sach chu nghia ca nhan, nhdn ky niem 39 ndmNgdythanhlapDang (3-2-1969), dil chi chua ddy 700 tir, nhung ham ehiia nhiing ndi dung hgt siic sau sde, Hd Chi Minh chi ra nhimg biiu hiBn cda mot so can bd, dang vien vS dao dim, pham chat cdn thap kem. Dd la mang nang chu nghia ca nhin, viec gi ciing nghi dgn Ipi Ieh rigng cua minh trudc het. Hg khdng lo "minh vi mpi ngudi"

ma ehi mu5n "mgi ngudi vi minh". Tdc hai ciia nhiing sai lam, khuygt diem, thdi hu, tdt xdu do se lam giam siit uy tin, lam mdt di su tin nhiem, tin yeu, cam phuc cua quan chiing nhdn ddn ddi vdi can bd, dang vien. Nhiing sai ldm, khuyet diem dd la nhtrng ke dich an nap ttong mdi eon ngudi - giac ndi xam, phd hoai su nghigp each mang, ngu khdng duge sira chiia kip tiidi, se ddn ddn den tinh ttang bat mdn, oan ttach, xa rdi Dang, thdm chi phd hoai chinh sdch va ky ludt ctia Dang^^", phan bdi Dang, phan bdi edch mang. D6 chinhia bieuhien "tiidignbign", "tii chuyen hda".

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NGHIEN CCU - PHATTRIEN LV L U A N 2. Quan diem cua Ho Chi Minh ve bien phap phong chong nhihig bieu hi§n suy thoai tir tu-frng chinh frj, flao dire, loi song trong can bo, dang vien

Trong sudt qua trinh Idnh dao each mang, Hd Chi Mmh ludn xuat phdt tir thuc tiin dat nudc de ndm bdt, phat hien van dg va tim each tiiiic, rdi hanh ddng de eai bign hien thuc, thtic day su nghiep each mang ngdy cang phat trien. Do do, khi phan tich, chi ra nhiing bieu hien suy thoai vg tu tudng ehinh tri, dao diic, ldi sdng ttong cdn bd, dang vien, Ngudi khdng dimg lai a viec md ta va ly giai hien tupng, ma quan ttpng ban la dg ra nhung bien phap, each thiic de khae phue nhung sai lam, khuygt diem do. Nhiing bien phdp, edch thirc nay dugc Hd Chi Minh dg cap ttong nhigu trudng hpp, hoan cdnh cu the, nhung bao qudt lai thi dupe thg hien rd net tten hai phuong dien: vai trd cua td chiicDangva vai trd cua mdi can bd, ding vien.

Ve phmmg dien td chiic Ding, Hd Chi Mhih ygu cdu trude bet phai ra site tdng eudng giao due ttong toan Dang ve ly tudng cdng san chu nghia, vg dudng ldi, chinh saeh eua Dang, ve nhiem vu va dao diic ciia ngudi dang vien. Viec gido due ly tudng nay phai xuat phdt tir nhiing ddi tupng cu the, ddc biet la ttinh do nhan thitc, chiie ttach dam nhiem, do tuoi, nganh nghg, vimg mien, ma cd nhiing npi dung, bien phdp cu the phu hpp. Trong gido due ly tuong each mang phai gdn chat giira Iy ludn va tiiuc tign, ly thuygt va thue hanh. Dae biet. Ho Chi Minh ludn hgt siic coi ttpng bien phdp giao due neu guong, theo tinh than: "Mdt tam guong sdng edn cd gid tri hem mdt ttam bai dign van tuygn truyen""^'.

Ddng thdi, Hd Chi Mmh yeu cdu td chiic Dang cae cap phai td cbiic thuc hien nghiem chlnh tu phe bmh va phe binh ttong Dang. Ngudi eoi tii phe binh va phg bmh la thang thude hay nhit.

each stia chua tdt nhat va guy nhat nhiing sai ldm, khuyet digm, la phmmg phap than di$u, la vU khi sic ben nhit eua ngum each mang ttong cudc dau ttanh vdi nhiing thdi hu, tdt xau, voi "ke dich ttong con ngudi minh". Tu phg binh va phe binh dugc Hd Chi Minh xac dinh la mot nguyen tdc td ehiic sinh hoat Dang va la mgt tigu ehi ban chdt eiia mpt dang chan chinh cdch mang. Ngudi cung chi ra rdng, viee ttiue hign tu phe binh va phg binh phai 7am thudng xuyen hing ngay, gidng nhu viee nia mat eua mpi ngudi; phai dugc thuc hien that tha, nghiem chinh va dan chu;

phai CO ly, cd tinh, dua tten tinh ddng chi thuong yeu lan nhau; phai hoan nghgnh va khuygn khich quan chiing that thd phe binh can bd, dangvien.

Kdt qua eiia tu phe binh va phg binh phai la don vi, td ehiie doan kgt hon, cdng viec hieu qua hon.

Dg phat huy vai ttd ciia td ehiie Dang ttong vigc phdng ehdng nhiing thdi hu, tat xau, nhung bigu hien suy thodi vg tu tirdng chinh tri, dao diie, ldi sdng, Hd Chi Minh edn ygu edu chg dp sinh boat cua chi bp phai nghidm tue; ky luat eiia Dang phai nghigm minh; edng tdc Idem tta eua Dang phai chat che. Ngudi nhdn manh ky luat Dang la ky luat sitva thang tiidn ngu ro: "Khdng cd i ^ ludt sat khdng ed Dang. Da vao Dang tiii phai theo tu tuong cua Dang. Dang da chi tiii nghi quyet la phdi lam. Khdng lam thi duoi ra ngoai Dang"'^^'.

Hd Chi Mmh cung nhieu Idn nhdc nho phai hgt siic chii ttpng edng tde kigm tra, coi day la mpt trong nhiing ndi dung cua phuong thiie lanh dao ciiaDang. Ngudi eho rang lanh dao ma khdng kiem tta, thi cung nhu la khdng lanh dao.

Cd Idem tta mdi biet duge chat lugng ciia duong ldi, ehu truong, chfnh sach de cd subd sung, sica ddi kip thdi, phii hpp vdi thuc tidn; cd kiem tta mdi bigt chdt lupng can bd dg ddn ddc, gop y vd can thiet thi thay thg cdn bd mdi dg ddp lingyeu eau, nhiem vu.

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Vephmmgdien canhanmoican bd, dangvien, de phdng chdng nhiing nhiing sai ldm, khuyet digm, bigu hien suy thodi ve tu tuong chinh tri, dao diic, ldi sdng, Ho Chi Minh tiudc hgt yeu cdu moi cdn bp, dang vien phai dat lpi ieh cua cdch mang, cua Dang, eua nhan ddn ldn ttdn hgt, trudc hgt.

Phai kign quyet quet sach chu nghia ca nhan, nang cao dao diic each mang, bdi dudng tu tudng tap thg, tinh than doan ket, tinh td chiic va tinh ky ludt. Ngudi ehi ra rdng edch thiic tdt nhdt de mdi ngudi tunilnh ren luyen, truang thdnh la phai tich cue tham gia cac boat ddng thue tign, trudng ddo tao ldn nhat cua mdi cdn bp, dang vign la thuc tien. Mdi ngudi phai tu y tiiiie, tu gido due minh ttong cugc sdng hang ngay theo tinh thdn "ngpc cang mai cang sang, vang cang luyen cang ttong".

Ddng thdi, Hd Chi Mmh cung nhde nhdf mdi cdn bd, dang vign, mu6n phdng chong cac tat benh, nhiing bieu hien suy thodi ve tu tuong chinh tri, dao diie, ldi sdng, thi phai di sau, dl sat thuc te, gdn giii quan chiing, that su tdn ttpng va phdt huy quygn ldm chu eua nhdn ddn. Bdi Ie, ttong bdu ttdi khdng ^ quy bdng nhan dan, ttong thg gidi, khdng ^ manh bdng luc lugng dodn kgt ciia nhan dan; dua chdc vao dan, cd dan la cd tdt ea; phai tdn ttgng nhan dan, yeu quy nhan dan, phdn ddu vi lpi ieh eua nhdn dan, thi mdi duge nhan dan ygu mgn, tui tuong.

Hd Chi Minh eiing chi ra riing de sua chiia, khde phue nhiing han ehg, sai ldm, mdi can bd, dang vien cdn phai khdng ngimg ed gdng hpc tap, ren luyen, nang cao trinh dp higu bigt de lam tdt mgi nhidm vu. Cach mang khdng ngimg phat trien ldn, do do nhidm vu each mang eiing ddi hdi mdi can bp, dang vidn phai khdng ngimg nang cao trinh dp mgi mat. Khdng ehi la hpc tap chuygn mdn, ma cdn hgc tap ly ludn chinh tri, bdi duong thg gidi quan va nhdn sinh quan diing ddn de giti viing lap tnidng, ly tudng each mang

dii ttong nhiing liie edch mang phdt trien thuan lpi, hay khi cdeh mang gap khd khan.

Su n ^ e p cdch mang la ciia toan dan tdc, ttong dd, cac can bd, dang vien phai xiing dang la nhiing ngudiguongmau, ditienphong, dan ddt phong frao each mang. Nhung thuc tidn cdch mang ciing eho thay vdn edn nhung "con sau lam rau ndi eanh", van cdn nhiing ngudi roi vdo suy thodi ve tutudng chinh tri, dao diic, loi sdng. Nhan thiic dupe vd ed bien phdp, cdeh thuc diing ddn khde phuc se giiip mdi ngudi tien bg, de xiing ddng vdi danh hieu dang vidn; ngugc lai, khdng nhan thuc dugc va khdng ed bien phdp, each tbiic sua chiia tiii se danh mat danh hieu dang vign, thdm ehi bi tiny to trudc phdp luaL Nhiing ehi dan cua Hd Chi Minh la kim chi nam giup chiing ta hieu rd tiidm nhung bieu hien suy thodi ve tutudng chinh tii, dao diic, Idi sdng ttong dieu kien hien nay va xay dung nhung bien phdp, edch tbiie hiiu higu de ban che, tign tdi khde phuc nhiing bieu hien do. Dd eiing la mdt edch tiiiet thuc dehgctdpvatiiuc hien Chi till 05-CT/TW ciia Bp Chinh tii ve day manh hpc tap va lam tiieo tu tuong, dao diic, phong each Hd Cbi Minh, cac nghi quygt Tnmg uong vg xay dung, ehinh ddn Dan^ ngdn chan, day liii sir suy thoai ve tutudng ehinh tri, dao diie, ldi sdng, nhung bigu hien "tii dign bien", "tu chuyen hda" ttong ndi bd n

(I) H6 Cbi Minh: Toan tap, t.2, Nxb Chinh tti qudc gia, HaNpi, 2011, tt.280.

(2), (3) Sdd, t.4, tt.20,65-66.

(4)Sdd,t.5,tt.295.

(5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10) Sdd, t.ll, tt.605, 607, 608, 609,6U, 611.

(II) Xem: Sdd, t i l , tt.607.

(12)Sdd,t.l,tt.284.

(13)Sdd,t6,tt.367.

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