Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM s6 65 ndm 2014
QUY TRINH sty DUNG BAI TAP TINH HUONG
TRONG DAY HOC BAI 11 SINH HQC 10 TRUNG HOC PHO THONG
TONG XUAN TAM', PHAN THI THU HIEN"TOM TAT
Bgy hoc Iheo phuang phdp sir dung bdi lap linh hudng giup cho hoc sinh cd the linh hoi Iri Ihirc virng vdng han, Igo himg Ihii hgc lap tdt han. Sir dung bdi tdp linh huong lit bien phdp quan trong di Id chuc hgc sinh tu lire nghien cim sdch gido khoa. Trong bdi bdo ndy. chiing loi di xudi quy Irinh sir dung bdi tap linh huong Irong dgy hoc bdi 11 Sinh hgc 10 trung hge phd thdng.
Tirkhda: bai tap tinh hu6ng, quy trinh, Sinll hoc 10, trung hoc pho thong.
ABSTRACT
Procedure for using situational exercises in teaching biology grade 10 at high schools
Teaching with silualional exercises helps students learn better and get more molivaled. Using silualional exercises is an important way lo develop self-regulallon for learners In working with textbooks. In this article, we suggest Ihe procedure for using silualional exercises lo teach lesson 11 of biology grade 10 in high school.
Keywords: situational exercises, procedure. Biology grade 10, high school.
1. Ma dSu
Kien thuc Sinh hpc ngay cang phat trien nhanh chong, dae biet la sir phat trien Clia cong nghe sinh hoc va img dung cua cong nghe sinh hgc vao thuc tiSn. Vi vay, vi$c ren luyen nang lire tir hoc cho hoc sinh la rat can thiet.
Mot trong nhirng bien phap co the giai quyet tot nhiem vu neu tren la su dung bai tap tinh huong (BTTH) de giang day kien thiic. Sit dung BTTH trong giang day con ren luyen cho hoc sinh nhiing thao tac tu duy dae biet la thao tac phan tich, tong hgfp, khai quat hoa, trim tugng hoa, van dung cac kien thiic do vao dai song va thirc tiln san xuit.
Trong cac phuang phap day hgc, khong co phuang phap day hgc tot nhit, khong CO phuong phap day hgc van nang, ma chi eg phuang phap day hgc hgp li, phii hgp voi tinh chat ngi dung can truyen dat, vai dae diem tam li a lira tuoi va trinh do hgc vin.
TS, Tru&ng B?i hoc Sy pham TPHCM
" ThS, Trirong Bai hoc Sir pham TPHCM
Trong nha trudng, day hgc bing BTTH cin dugc nhan thirc nhu mgt phuang phap dao tao va xa hon nira nhu mot nang lire cin hinh thanh trong muc tieu dao tao. Muc tieu cua day hgc la day phuang phap hgc hay each hgc, chir khong phai chi la mgt bien phap de nang cao hieu qua day hoc. Day hgc bang BTTH dap iimg yeu ciu "hgc d^ biit each hgc"-
Cac nha su pham da nhan manh vai tro dae biet quan trgng ciia phuang phap day hgc; nju tim dugc phuong phap tot thi hgc sinh tiep thu kiln thirc vimg chic han, di sau vao ban chat han va dat hieu qua cao hon. D6ng thai, hgc sinh con co thi chu dgng tu minh tim hgc nhirng ngi dung moi va van dung nhung ngi dung da nim dugc vag viec "giai quyet nhirng van de" dat ra trong thuc tiln cuoc s6ng. Mu6n con ngucri khi vao doi la con nguM "tu chu, nang dgng, sang tag" thi phuong phap giao due, dao tao ciing phai huang vao viec khoi day, ren luyen va phat triln kha nang nghi va lam mgt each tu chii, nang dgng, sang tao ngay trong hgc tap o nha taicmg. Phuong phap noi tren, trong khoa hgc giao due, thugc vl he thong "phuong phap tich cue". Trong do, day hgc bang BTTH dgng vai trg quan trgng.
Vi vay, day hgc bang BTTH c6 y nghia quan trgng, can dugc van dung, de co the dao tao ra nhirng con nguoi co nang lire "giai quyet van de", van dung nhimg kien thire, kl nang da hgc dugc trgng nha truong, chii dgng, sang tao phat huy het kha nang cua minh, dap ling doi hoi cua xa hpi. Day eiing la mgt net dae trung ciia nen giag due moi, nen giao due con nguai "tu chu, nang dgng, sang tag" trong the ki XXI.
2. Ket qua nghien cihi
Theo tac gia Tran Ba Hoanh va Trinh Nguyen Giao (2002) [5], ap dung day hpc giai quylt vin dl thucmg trai qua trinh tu ba buoc. Chiing toi thing nhit voi quy trinh 3 buoc ciia tac gia Tran Ba Hoanh ap dung day hgc giai quyet vin de doi vai ciu triic mgt bai hpc (hoac mgt phan bai hpc) nhung co sir thay dli nhu sau: 6 buac 3 (buac kit luan), trong buac nay, chiing toi chi dua ra 3 buoc nho (ggp buoc thao luan kit qua va buoc khang djnh hay bac bo gia thuyet da neu thanh mgt buoc), vi khi thao luan ket qua se khing dinh hay bac bo gia thuyet da neu va danh gia (xem hinh 2.1).
Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM So 65 ndm 2014
Bude 1.
Dat van de;
a. Tao bai tap tinh huong;
b. Phat hien va nhan dang vin de nay c. Phat bilu vin de can gia quyet.
sinh;
Bude 2.
Giai quyet van de:
a. De xuat cac gia thuyet;
b. Lap ke hoaeh giai;
c. Thye hien ke hoaeh giai.
Birdc 3.
Ket luan:
u. Thao luan ket qua (khang dinh hay bac bd gia thuyet da neu) va danh gia;
b. Phat bieu k^t luan;
c. De xuat van de mdi.
Hinh 2.1. Sa dd quy trinh dgy hgc bdng bdi tap tinh hudng Bu&c I. T^o tinh huong co vdn de
Day la khau khdi dau cue ki quan trong, cd tinh chat quyet dinh khong khi tiet hgc va tien trinh gid hoc. Hoc sinh tiep nhan BTTH do giao vien dat ra, cam thay kho khan khdng the khac phuc dugc, tir dd, kich thich suy nghT tim toi phuong hudng va each thiie giai quyet, luc nay khien ho lo lang, ngai ngiing trudc yeu cau cua gid hoc.
Vi the, giao vien can danh mgt thdi gian thich hgp de hgc sinh trao ddi, tiep nhan van de, dinh hudng boat dgng hgc tap cua ban than. Nhu vay, muc tieu can dat dugc d khau nay la djnh hudng gid hgc theo tu tudng day hpc tich cue, kich thich nhu cau nhan thiic cua hpc sinh va chuyen trang thai hoat dpng hgc tap ciia hgc sinh tu thu dpng sang chu dgng, tich cue. Hoat dgng cua giao vien 6 khau nay la ket qua cua mpt qua trinh chuan bi chu dao, the hien vai tro chii dpng, sang tao vdi viec hudng dan hanh dpng cua hpc sinh.
Khi giai quylt mgt BTTH (tiic la bit diu tu duy), doi hoi hgc sinh phai thanh thag trong viec xac dinh ro vin dl cin giai quyet. Neu nhan thiic diing thi viec giai quylt BTTH se dung va ngugc lai neu nhan thirc sai (hay thieu) thi viec giai quylt se sai.
Nhan thuc BTTH tire la phai xac dinh nhihig dir kien quan trpng chu ylu cua BTTH va tim ra yeu cau can giai quylt.
Birdc 2. Gidi quyk vdn ti
Giao vien la ngucri dong vai tro c6 vin, huong din, con hpc sinh thuc hien hanh dpng qua cac chi din, uon nin eua giao vien. Dl giup hpc sinh khic phuc nhihig kho khan cua BTTH dugc dat ra, giao vien ein phai kheo leo vach ra con duong tim kilm tri thiic cho hgc sinh thgng qua he thing cau hoi. Cau hoi ggi ma, huong din cua giao vi6n CO tinh chit ho trg, din dit hanh ddng eiia hpc sinh. Hanh dgng eua hpc sinh la sir phan hii tro lai dl giao vien va hpc sinh dilu chinh tiln trinh giir hpc kip thoi, diing huang.
Vai tro chi dao, c l vin ciia giao vien doi vai hpc sinh khi giai BTTH tiiy thupe vao trinh dp giai BTTH eiia hpc sinh. Doi vol hpc sinh qua kem, giao vien cin nhilu cau hoi de ggi y. Ngugc lai, hgc sinh gigi co thi tu minh giai BTTH ma khong cin su hi trg cua giao vien. Khi huang din hpc sinh giai BTTH, giao vien cin chii y vao cae mau thuIn chira dung trong BTTH, can cii vao cac mau thuIn do dl huong din cac thao tac tu duy cho hpc sinh.
Sau khi phan tich BTTH, hpc sinh phai dimg thao tac lien tucmg toi nhimg tri thiic da hpc a bai hpc truac hoac lop hgc duoi. Neu lien tuang diing thi viec giai quyet nhiem vu moi co thi dung hudng, ngugc lai, neu lien tucmg sai thi viSc giai quylt nhiem vu se khong thanh cong. Cac liSn tuong do la: lien tuong toi nhitng tri thitc, khai niem, cong thire,... hen quan toi nhiem vu can giai quyet. Tren co sa nhihig tri thirc lien tudng tdi, hgc sinh can phai cd kT nang de sang Igc nhiing tri thirc, khai niem khdng lien quan true tiep, chi giii lai nhirng tri thiic lien quan true tiep tdi nhiem vu can giai quylt.
Bude 3. KSl lugn
Muc dich cuoi ciing ciia viec giai BTTH la nham giup hgc sinh nit ra cac khai niem, qua dd nam viing tri thirc ciia bai hgc, hoan thanh nhiem vu nhan thiic da dat ra.
Nhu vay, cong viec chu ylu cua bude 3 la thuc hien cac thao tac ting hgp, khai quat vin dl, sau dd, he thdng nhiing hieu bi^t ve kiln thirc, kT nang can ITnh hgi. Bude nay vira cd tinh chat he thdng hda tri thilc, vira cd tinh chit kiem tra lai. cdng viec hpc sinh da thirc hien d buac 2. Giao vien khi hudng din hgc sinh thuc hien mgt BTTH cin tuan
Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM
S6 65 ndm 2014
Thiit kigido dn bai 11 Sinh hgc 10 b&ng bai tap tinh huong
BAI 11. VAN CHUYEN CAC CHAT QUA MANG SINH CHAT
A. Muc tieuSau khi hoc bai nay, hpc sinh phai:
1. Kien thit^c
- Phan biet dugc eac hien tugng khu^ch tan ndi chung, khulch tan qua kenh va tham thau.
- Giai thich dugc cac khai niem vh. dung dich nhuge truong, uu trucmg va dang truang.
- Giai thich dugc th^ nao la van chuyen ehu dgng.
- Md ta dugc cac hien tugng thuc bao, dm bao va xuat bao.
2. Kinang
Phan tieh hinh ve, tu duy so sanh - phan tich - tdng hgp, de nit ra diem khac nhau co ban giiia cac con dudng van chuyen cac chat qua mang.
3. Thdi do
Nhan thiic dung quy luat van dpng cua vat chit sdng cung tuan theo eac quy luat vai li va hda hpc.
B. Tien trinh /. Van chuyen thu ddng Bude 1. Tgo tinh hudng cd vdn di
Giao vien ra bai tap cho hpc sinh lam thi nghiem thuc hanh sau day:
hky pheu thdy tinh cd cudng dai, bit kin mieng phlu bang mang keo (dung bang quang heo, da ech), tren cudng pheu cd vach chia xac djnh don vi la cm, do vao trong pheu dung dich CUSO4 20%, iip ngugc pheu vao trong chau nude cat.
Yeu cau hpc sinh quan sat muc nude dang len trong cudng pheu sau cac khoang thdi gian khae nhau va ghi ket qua vao bang sau:
Thoi gian thi nghiem 3h30 4 ngay 10 ngay 12 ngay
Mirc nirdc dang len trong ong
(cm) Mau mrdc trong chSu
Bude 2. Gidi quyet vdn de
Giao vien hudng dan hgc sinh lap ke hoaeh giai quyet van de.
- Muc nude dang len cao nhat vao lue nao? Vi sao?
- Muc nude dang len thip nhat vao liic nao? Vi sao?
- Lieu muc nude trong pheu va trong chau cd bang nhau khdng? Niu blng nhau thi vao liic nao? Vi sao?
- Cung vdi su thay ddi muc nude trong pheu thi mau sic nude biln ddi nhu th§ nao?
Vi sao?
Bu&c 3. Kit lugn
Hpc sinh tu tiln hanh thi nghiem, quan sat hien tugng, phan tich, so sanh cac hien tugng xay ra, de nit ra kit luan. Vai trd cua giao vien la hudng din hpc sinh phan tich kit qua, tim ra mdi quan he nhan qua blng cac cau hdi dinh hudng tren, rd rang tri thiic mdi ma hpc sinh ITnh hpi dugc la tu hoat dpng thuc hanh thi nghiem ed tinh chit nghien ciiu Clia ban than.
- Van chuyen thu dpng la su van chuyen cac chat qua mang ma khdng cln tieu tdn nanglugng.
- Theo nguyen li khuech tan cac chat tu noi cd nong dp cao den noi cd ndng dp thip.
Nude khuech tan qua mang gpi la su tham thIu.
- Chat tan khuech tan qua mang bang hai each: true tiep qua lap phdtpholipit hoac qua kenh protein tren mang te bao.
//. Van chuyen chu dpng Bu&c 1. Tgo tinh hudng cd vdn di
Tai quan cau than, lupng ure trong nude tieu cd nong do gap 65 lan lugng ure d trong mau, cac mudi phdtphat gap 16 lan, nhung cac chat nay van tham qua mang tu mau vao nude tieu. Tai dng than, nong dp glucoza trong nuac tieu va trong mau ngang nhau nhung glucoza trong nude tieu vSn dugc thu hdi tra ve mau. Dieu nay khong the dung co che khuech tan de giai thich. Vay ca che de giai thich hai hien tugng tren nhu the nao?
Btrde 2. Gidi quyet vdn de
Giao vien hudng din hpc sinh lap ke hoaeh giai quyet van de.
Thi nao la van chuyen chii dong? Van chuyen chu dpng c6 y nghia gi?
Bir&c 3. Ket lugn
Giao vien danh gia ket qua hpc tap cua hpc sinh va nit ra ket luan:
Van chuyen chu dpng la phuong thiic van chuyen cac chat ra va vao te bao ngugc chieu gradien ndng dp (tir noi cd nong dp thip din nai cd ndng dp cao), can phai tieu tdn nang lugng.
Van chuyen chu dgng giiip cho tl bao cd thi chii dpng dua nhung chit cln thiet vao tl bao ngay ca khi ndng dp chat tan dd thip han so vdi d trong tl bao va dua nhung chit
Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Sd 65 ndm 2014
III. Nhap bdo va xuat bdo Bu&c 1. Tgo tinh hudng cd vdn di
Lam thi nao ma tl bao dpng vat cd the '"chpn" dugc cac chat can thiet de dua vao te bao mac dCi ndng dp cac chit dd d moi trudng ben ngoai thap hon rat nhieu so vol ben trong tl bao va khi do tren mang sinh chat khong cd cac kenh protein dl van chuyen cac chat theo kieu van chuyen chu dpng?
Bu&c 2. Gidi quyet vdn de
Giao vien hudng dan hpc sinh lap kl hoaeh giai quyet van de.
Ddi vdi cac phan tu cd kich thudc ldn han kich thudc cua Id mang, khong Ipt qua dugc Id mang thi tl bao su dung hinh thuc xult bao va nhap bao de van chuyen chiing ra va vao tl bao. Vay thi nao la nhap bao va xult bao? Nhap bao gdm miy loai? La nhung loai nao?
Bude 3. Ket lugn
Giao vien danh gia kit qua hpc tap ciia hpc sinh va nit ra ket luan.
- Nhap bao: la phuang thiic tl bao dua cac chit vao ben trong tl bao bang each biln dang mang sinh chit va cd tieu thu nang lugng.
+ Thuc bao: la phuang thiic tl bao lly cac phan tii r4n vao trong te bao bang cdch bien dang mang sinh chat.
+ Am bao: la phuang thiic te bao lay cac phan tii long vao trong te bao bang cdch bien dang mang sinh chat.
- Xuat bao: la phuong thiic te bao dua cac chat tu ben trong te bao ra ngoai bang each bien dang mang sinh chat va cd tieu thu nang lugng.
3. Ket tuan va kien nghi 3.1. Kit lugn
Su dung BTTH can tuan theo nguyen tic nhat dinh, BTTH phai phii hgp vdi muc tieu ciia tdng chuong, timg muc cu the ciia mdn hpc, phu hgp vdi thai gian va dieu kien day hpc eu the, phai gan lien vdi viec doi mdi phuang phap day hgc, phu hgp vdi timg hinh thiic to chiic day hpc cu the, gan lien vdi phuong phap kiem tra danh gia kSt qua hpc tap cua HS, six dung thudng xuyen, mang tinh he thong va phai tao dugc hutig thii hpc tap Clia HS. Muon dat hieu qua cao trong viec su dung he thdng BTTH ddi hdi phai thuc hi?n theo mpt quy trinh khoa hpc. Quy trinh su dung BTTH la cac bude giai quyet mpt BTTH.
Moi buoc thuc hien cac chiic nang, nhiem vu khac nhau nhung deu gdp phan dat tdi muc tieu la lam cho HS nam viing kien thiic, hpc tap tich cue, hiing thu, sang tao va hinh thdnh cdc kl nang giai quyet BTTH. Qua trinh giai quyet BTTH ddi hdi HS phai nim vGng cdc yeu cau cua timg ki nang. Cac k! nang giai quylt BTTH cd mdi quan he chat che vdi nhau, neu thuc hien tot kT nang phat hien va nhan dang van de nay sinh la co sd dinh hudng cho viec de xult cac gia thuylt dung. D I xult cac gia thuylt diing la dieu kipn thuan lgi dl giai quylt BTTH dat kit qua tdt. Ket luan la bude cudi cimg ciia vi?c giai quylt BTTH, nd giiip HS danh gia lai qua trinh giai quylt BTTH cua minh, ddi chieu vdi nhi?m vu cln giai
quyet, vdi If thuylt da hpc, phat hien nhirng thilu sdt cln chinh .sira va khlc phuc qud trinh giai quylt BTTH. Nhu vay, ^h giai quyet BTTH tdt, doi hdi hoc sinh phai thuc hi?n dly dii ba kl nang do la kT nang phat hien va nhan dang van de nay sinh; kT nang dl xuit cac gia thuyet; kT nang kit luan lai each giai quylt va di din giai quyet BTTH.
3.1. Kien nghi
Hieu qua viec sir dung BTTH cdn phu thudc vao mpt sd dilu kien chu quan (nhu vl phia giao vien va hpc sinh), dieu kien khach quan (nhu ve npi dung chuong trinh, vl co sd vat chat, ve thdi gian,...). Cac dieu kien nay can phai dugc dam bao mpt cdch ddng bp va kip thdi.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Phan Diic Duy (1999), Sir dung bdi tap tinh hudng su phgm di ren luyin cho sinh vien ki ndng dgy hgc Sinh hgc, Luan an Tien sT, Trudng D^l hpc Su pham, Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Ngi.
2. Nguyin Thanh Dat, Pham Van Lap, Trln Du Chi, Trinh Nguyen Giao, Pham Vdn Ty (2006), Sinh hgc 10, Nxb. Giao due, Ha Npi.
3. Nguyen Thdnh Dat, Pham Van Lap, Tran Du Chi, Trinh Nguyen Giao, Pham Van Ty (2006), Sdch gido vien Sinh hoc 10, Nxb. Gido due, Ha Npi.
4. Tran Ba Hoanh (2000), Phdt trien cdc phuang phdp hgc tap tich cue trong bg mdn Sinh hgc, Sach bdi duang thudng xuyen, chu ki 1997 - 2000 (cho gido vien THCS), Nxb Giao due. Ha Npi.
5. Tran Ba Hoanh, Trinh Nguyen Giao (2002), Dgi cuang phuang phdp dgy hgc Sinh hgc, Nxb Giao dye. Ha Npi.
6. Tran Ba Hoanh (2007), Ddi mdi phuang phdp dgy hgc, chuong trinh va sdch gido khoa, Nxb Dai hpc Su pham Ha Ngi.
7. Trln Van Kien (2002), Nguyen tde vd quy trinh xdy dung cdu hdi trong dgy hgc Sinh hgc. Tap chi Giao due (sd 30).
8. Trln Van Kien (2006), Van dung tiip can gidi quyet vdn di trong dgy hgc di truyin hgc a trudng trung hoc phd thdng, Luan dn Tien sT Gido due hpc, Trudng Dai hpc Su pham Ha Npi.
9. David Johnson, Roger T. Johnson, Edythe J. Holubec (1994), Cooperative Learning in the Classroom, Association For Supervision and Curriculum Development Alexandria Virgnia.
10. Kiriacou C. (1991), Essential teaching skills, Hemel Hampstead, Simon and Schuster Eduation.
(Ngiy Tda so^n nhin duQC bii: 11-10-2014; ngiy phin bi$n danh gti' 03-11- 2014;
