NGHIEN CUU-TRAO DOI
DO THI HOA
duxDl goc nhin ly luqn macxit
PGS,TS HOANG BA THINH*
D
d till la mdt h i k tupng lieh suxk hdi vk dk Trongfle^M'^Mdngfiw^.denhaskgiaprachunghia xuat h i k rat lau trong lieh su, tirong tiiong lai Mac da khang dinh vide hinh thanh va phat tiien dd thi dd thi se chid'm da so trong dbi sd'ng eiia dan ed y nghia vd eung to i k : "Su p h k cdng l k nhat giua cuthlgidi. Nhieu n^mh khoa hpc da nghidn e k vl dd lao ddng vat chat va lao ddng tinh than la su tach roi thi nhu kiln tnic, xa hdi hpc, van hda hpc, lieh su... vdi giQa thanh thi vdi ndng thdn. Sudd'i lap giua thanh thi nhung nhidm vu va muc dieh ngMdn euu khae nhau. vk ndng thdn xuat h i k c k g vdi bude qua dp tir thbi dai Trong bki vid't nay, chiing tdi gidi t h i k mdt vai quan da man len thbi dai v k k n h , tir che dp bd lac Idn nha did'm d a d c nha s k g lap ra chu nghia Mac - Lenin vl nudc, tir ti'nh dia phuong len dkn tde va cir tin tai mai dd thi vk phat trien dd thi, dd thi hda. sud't t o k bd lieh su v k k n h eho dd'n ngay nay"1. Nhung luan dilm v^ do thi hoa Su phat trid'n dd thi, dd thi hda, nhin tir chilu canh Tu giua the ^ XIX, nhiing nha mac xit da nghidn khdng gian dia ly tM dd la qua trinh mo r k g cua d c CUU d hai mat ti'ch cue va tidu cue cua phat trien dd thi. viing dd thi va su thu hep d c cdng ding ndng thdn.
Hp dk d nhung phkn ti'ch sau skc vl nguIn gd'e dd thi, Khdng nhQng the, dd thi hda cbn tac d k g dd'n quan he tiln dl va tinh quy luat d a su phat trien doi Mp giua xa hdi d a d c viing ndng thdn. Nam 1858, C.Mac neu dd thiva ndng thdn. Trong khi khkng dinh sutid'nbp,uu Idn: "Lieh s u c k dai la qua trinh d c quan he thanh thi vidt vk Inh h u k g to l k d a dd thi ddi vdi su phat trien thkm n h k vao ndng thdn, trong khi dd till gidi co dai xa hdi thi hp ciing phd p h k gay gkt va sku sac d e lai d tinh hinh ngupe lai, dd la nhung quan he ndng khuyd't tat d a dd thi dudi chu nghia tu b k . Nhung thdn xam nhap vao thanh phl*'^. Dky la dkc trung tuong quan dilm nay dupe d c nha Mnh dien macxit trinh bay p h k vl ndng thdn va dd thi vko d e thbi ky lieh sukhae rai rac trong nhilu tac phki, nhu He tu t u k g Due, nhau giQa cl dai va d n dai. KM C.Mac ndu v k de dd Tuydn ngdn D k g rang s k d a C.Mac va Ph. Angghen, thi cl dai ndng thdn hda (quan hd ndng thdn thkm nhkp Tubk, Phd p h k khoa chfnh tri kinh te hpc, B k thao vko dd thi) ehu yd'u ndi vl tinh hinh tan rk d a chIdd nd kmh t l hpc d a C.Mae, "Rnh e k h giai d p lao ddng o Id, mku t h u k che dp nd Id ngky e k g sku sac, tinh t h k [' Anh, NguIn glc d a gia dinh, d a ehl dp tuhuu vk d a ti'ch cue va nkng suk't eua lao d k g nd Id khdng n g k g
Nha nudc, Chd'ng Duy-rinh d a Ph. Angghen. giam, ding thbi cMln tranh xay ra hdn mien giQa d e 1.1. Tdc ddng eda dd thi hod din quan he xd hdi eda thknh, bang vk di tdc xkm nhk- Trong may thIky dau ndng thdn cdng nguydn, d thi gidi co dai ven bb bid'n Dia Tnmg
f-
i 'Tmdng Dai hoc fOioa hoc Xa hdi vd Nhdn van, DaihpcQuic 1. C.Mdc vd Ph.Angghen: Todn tap, phin I, Nxb CTQG. H.
gia Hd Ndi' 1998, t.46, tr.763.
47
NGHlf;NCUU-TRA0D6l
Hai bat dau sir chuyen biln l k lln thii nhlt trong lieh xu h u k g ngky ckng t k trung d a cdng ngMep vin ri su loai ngubi - su tan rk cua chl dp chid'm huu nd 1^. manh m6 vk mli m|t cdng x u k g mdi xky dung ondi Trdn dong do natcuachldd tuhuu, chiind Id cidaixky thdn diu mang mlm ming d a mdt thknh phi cdi dung chl dp kinh te'vk xk hpi mdi vl eobk dk khdng con xukg. Vk dng du bao: "Nd'u cudc chay dua didn cuin dua vko dd thi nQa ma dua vko ndng thdn, di;a vko kinh d a cdng ngM^p cbn d thi tid'p tuc nhuthlti-ong chra titieu ndng tu do. Dky lk su xac Mp chl dO phong kiln. m|t trkm nkm nua, tM mli m^t khu cdng ngMf p cu Su phat triln dd thi xk hdi phong kid'n rk't chkm vk Anh sd trb thknh mdt thknh phi edng xukg Idn'f
"ndng tiidn d till thd'ng tii thknh thi"^ (vl kinh tl). Hon Ngky nay, d c nghidn ciru vl qua trinh phat trie thi, nhung cung dch tieu ndng cung k h h u k g din Hi dd thi trdn t h i gidi cM ra quy lukt phat tiiln dd tl sd'ng edng ngMdp, dd thi. Dd lk "cdng ngMk dem ap theo cdng thue: cdng nghidp hda phdt triin kio theo d dung nhQng nguydn tkc t l chiie ndng nghik vko thanh thi hda. Quy lukt nky diing vdi da s l d e nude tidn th thi va vao d e moi quan hd eua thknh thi"^. Dilu nky gidi, ridng vdi Vidt Nam tM dmmg nhu dang cd xi Men nay dang t h i M k rk't rb trong ldi sd'ng dd thi onude h u k g phat triln ngupe vdi quy lukt: dd thi hda tni6 ta. Qua trinh dd thi hoa diin ra nhanh, kl d dd thi hoa khi edng nghiip hda.
cubng buc (dd thi hoa dudi tac d k g cua chfnh sach quy /. 3. Quan niim "Iich sdhiin dqi Id ndng thdn dd th hoaeh), sau mpt ddm ngu dky, ngubi dkn Ikng xk tro hda" vd chdc ndng kinh tieda dd thi
thanh thi dkn, vi xk dk dupe cdng n h k lk phmmg. Vl Khdng ft ngubi cho rkng, "ndng thdn dd thi hda' li phuong didn hknh chfnh, tirxk (ndng thdn) ti^nh phubng ndng thdn dd thi hda tai chl, cd ngMa la tai noi ky xk]
(dd thi) nhung c u d k d a phmmg tM c k mdt qua trinh dung eae thi trkn nho d l thue M k ""ndng thdn do th Iku dai dl tM'ch ngM din vdi d e tieu ehuln vkn minh hda" ma khdng d n phat triln dd thi quy md Idn vi dd thi, dch song dd thi. Tkm ly tiiu ndng, tu duy nho vua, eho rkng, dd thi hda tu ban chu ngMa do "iiMli vd'n dk t h k i sku vko ngubi ndng d k truyin thd'ng tir ngubi lao ddng thua, mil quang chay vko dd thi" gk;
nMlu dbi, rk't khd ed thi ngay mdt ngky hai ma thay dli ndn. Cach Miu nhuvky d le khdng diing vdi y ban dai nhung net sinh hoat dk thknh b k chat. Bdn canh dd, eua C.Mae. Nhu dk ndi o trdn vl moi quan he gins dong di cutir ndng thdn ve d c dd thi (nhk't la d c thknh cdng ngMdp hda va dd thi hda, dieu C.Mac ndi ehfnhls pho Idn) (ang t k g thdm "nhung quan he ndng thdn xkm dd thi hda t u b k chu ngMa. Ma dd thi hda t u b k chi nhkp vao thanh phd'*' Thuc t l nay dang la thach thiie ngMa khdng phai lk ndng thdn xky dung dd thi tai M ddi vdi chfnh quyen trong q u k ly dd thi, khdng cM o dd la do ngubi lao ddng thua tap tnmg vdi quy md lot nude ta ma vdi tat d d c qudc gia dang phat triln. hinh thanh dd thi hda.
1.2. Cdng nghiip hda keo theo dd thi hda Tir quan did'm kinh t l hpc, ngubi s k g Ikp ra cM Tirthlky XIX, C.Mac da ndi: "Lieh s u c k dai la qua ngMa Mac dk neu ro tinh chk't kinh te d a dd thi, on{
trinh d e quan he thknh thi thkm n h k ndng thdn, ehu dkc bidt chii y dd'n mli quan hd d a kinh t l vk hanj yd'u cM la qua trinh lieh su chu ngMa tu bin nay mlm hda. Va theo C. Mac, chi nhiing dd thi nko d diic nang vk sau cudc dch mang cdng ngMdp, dd thi d c nude tu kinh te' tM mdi lk "dd thi thue s\f, khai nidm "dd thi b k thi gidi phat tiiln rk't nhanh" Tu: l u k did'm nky thue su^ do C.Mac ndu ra nhu sau: "Cac thknh pho d a C. Mac, cQng d thi ndi dd thi hda la ngubi ban ding theo dung ngMa cua danh tu chi dupe hinh thanh o hanh d a cdng ngMdp hda, dky la mdt kd't l u k khoa hpc nhQng dia did'm dac bidt t h u k lpi cho ngoai thirong, vl qua trinh dd thi hda va qua trinh dd thi hda trdn thi hokc lk o nhung noi nko ma n h k vkt dung dau quoc gidi nua cud'i thIky XX dk chkg minh tinh d k g d k vl gia va d c chu hau, bkng d c h dem dd'i thu nhkp cua l u k diem "sau dch mang cdng ngMdp, dd thi d c nudc minh (san phim t h k g du) lly lao ddng, da chi pM tu b k the gidi phat tiiln rit nhanh" d a C.Mae. Va k h o k tiiu nhap ky vdi tir dch la quy lao ddng"^ Them
^hMgghentrongiacT^himTinh cdnh giai cdp lao ddng nua, theo C. Mac, "co so cua mpi su p h k cdng lao d Anh da cM ra md'i quan he d a su phat triln cdng
ngMdp va tkp tnmg lao ddng vdi su phat trid'n dd tM: 2. Sdd, t.2i, tr.246.
Thd'laxdinthptrothknhmdtthanhphlnho.rlitiiknh J" §JJ J^^fLsp 360.
phd nho ti-o thknh mdt thknh pho l k " Theo Angghen, 5. Sddjr 753,754.
NGfflfiNCtJU- TRAO DOI
ddng phat trid'n Ik'y su trao dd'i hang hda lam mdi gidi C. Mae da ndi: "Giai d p tu s k da ddng mdt vai trb hit la su tach rbi giua thanh thi va ndng thdn. Cd the ndi sue each mang tiong lieh su". Boi vi, bk't cir chl nko ma rang, toan bd lieh su kinh te cua xa hdi dupe tdm tat giai d p tu s k cMd'm dupe cM'nh quyln tM nd dap dl lai trong su van d k g cua su dd'i lap dd"^ nhQng quan hd phong kid'n, gia tnrkg. Tk't d nhQng
Tir day cdthi thay, suphat trid'n cua dd thi hay vide mdi quan hd phuc tap va da dang dd rang bupc con tach dd till tiianh mdt loai Mnh to chuc xk hdi ddc Mp ia ngubi phong kid'n vdi diu bi giai ck'p tu s k thing tay mdt sir tat yd'u d a tid'n tiinh phat tiiln xa hdi loai pha vo"^^. Mpi tac dung d a dch mang thdng qua ehue ngubi. Va dudi chu ngMa t u b k , sir phat tiid'n nay tao n k g tiung tkm d a dd thi mdi d thi thuc Mdn, dd thi lk ndn sudd'i Mp giua dd tiii va ndng tiidn. Theo C. Mac, su "dai b k doanh" eua thuong ngMdp, bit eir dd thi nko dd'i lap giua dd thi va ndng tiidn lk mdt bilu M k mku cQngla tiung tkm luu tiidng, p h k phdi s k phim, h k g t h u k d a kieu phat tiien d dien, kilu phat tiiln mang hda. KM ndi vl thanh phi L u k Ddn, trong bai vid't Mnh tiiai tu b k ehu ngMa d diln, mdt phuong thirc Nhiing thdnh phd Idn, Ph. Angghen dk vid'fc "Mdt thanh s k xuat chiia dung sudd'i lap giQa t u b k va lao ddng, phi nhu L u k Ddn, cd thi di hang gibmk v k ehua hit ti-ong dd tir b k bdc lot lao ddng, dd thi bdc lot ndng dia p h k d a nd, va khdng hi gap mdt ehiit dau Mdu nao thdn, va sir phin thinh eua dd thi la trdn eo sdlam kidt chkg to da g k tdi ndng thdn, mdt thknh phi nhuvky que ndng tiidn. C.Mac vid't r k g : "Ckg vdi uu tiilngky qua lk mdt dilu rk't dkc bidt. Su tap trung khd'ng ll dd, ckg t k g d a so d k cudd thi dupe tkp hpp lai trong d e sutu tkp d hai tridu ruoi ngubi vao mdt eho da lam eho ti-ung tkm l k , ndn s k xult t u b k chu ngMa, mdt mat, luc lupng eua khii hai tridu rudi ngubi ly manh thdm tid iQy ddng Iue lieh su cua xk hdi, nhung mat khac, nd gap tiam l k . Hp da lam cho L u k Ddn trothanh thu dd lai ngkg tro sutrao dd'i chk't giua eon ngubi va dat dai, d a thuong ngMdp d a thigidi, da tao ndn nhQng bd'n do tuc la n g k trd vide h o k lai cho dat dai d c yd'u to d u h k g khd'ng ll vk da tap trung hang may nghin cMle thknh ra nd ma con ngubi da su dung dudi Mnh thiic tu tau ludn ludn trum kin dbng sdng Tdm-do"^^.
hdu k mac, tiic M pha hoai dilu k i k tunMen vinh c k Trong tac phk'm "Tuyin ngdn eda Bdng cdng sdn", d a sir pM nMeu Mu dai d a dat dai"''. C. Mae va Ph. Angghen da n h k dinh: "Giai d p tir s k
Trongxk hdi M k dai, suphat triln d e thanh phi, bat ndng thdn phai phuc tung thanh thi. Nd lap ra thi xk da va dang chiing minh l u k did'm d k g d k d a nhung dd thi dl sd; nd lam eho dkn so thknh thi t k g C.Mac vl chiic nkng kinh te d a dd thi. Khd d the Meu len pM t h u k g so vdi dkn s l ndng thdn, va do dd, nd dune SUtang trukg kinh tIcua mdt qud'e gia ma khdng keo mdt bd p h k l k dan eu thoat khoi vbng ngu mudi Miu vai trb trung tam d a kinh t l dd thi. Vi du o Viet eua dbi sd'ng thdn da. Cung nhu nd da bat ndng thdn Nam, trong kM ty Id d k so dd thi so vdi td'ng d k so phai phu thudc vko thanh thi"^^
tokn qud'e cM cMd'm 30%, nhung ddng gdp d a d c C.Mac va Ph. Angghen k h k g dinh tinh tk't yd'u vk thknh pho va d c thi t r k cho tong s k lupng qudc gia tid'n bd d a dd thi vk dd thi hda dudi ehu ngMa tu b k . la 70%.^ 0 Tnmg Qudc, 120 thanh pho cMd'm^ba p h k Vdi quan did'm chu ngMa duy vat lieh su, d c dng n h k tuting san lupng quic ndi (GDP) mdt nam. 0 PMhp- manh: "tkp trung o thanh thi la mdt dilu k i k co b k pine, d e khu dd thi cMd'n hon 80% t k g t r u k g kinh eua nin s k xuk't t u b k ehu ngMa"^^. S k xult t u b k tl; khu thu dd qud'e gia vk d c khu vue Mn can cMd'n „ ^ ..^ ^ ,_,—^. ^ .,...T» ... «...vo-ru . . ^ a ^ >..«
\.Lanoftr- *!•> m^n9 n ' ' - u ^ ' i - 6C.Mdc:Tuban,p.1,t1.NxbTB,M-NxbSTH,1988.tr.448.
hon 60% tang trmmg GOP**. 0 cae nuoe giau hon, ty le 7 3^^ tr. 632.
nay cbn cao hon. Vi du, d c khu dd tM d a nude My 8. Ngdn hdng Thigidi. 2006, Chlin lugc casdha ting: Cdc ngay nay ddng gdp hon' 85% GDP d a d nudc^o. f " / f "i^^^rUk'^t fnnl^n^ "^/"f '^t^^l^n f i t . ^n
1 A r> 1^ 1 ^ L jv L t 9. Ngdn hdng Thi gidi.2004. Ddng luc dd thj hod vd khudn 1.4. Bd thi hda Id sutien bd doi vdi phuang thdc san khi chfnh sdeh tai Ddng A dang phdt triin, Ngdn hdng Thi xudt lac hdu Qidi. Washington DC.
Dathih6at™ch^tdemWs„hattrilnnha.h 'i^^Z^lf^.'^^'^Z:'""''" "^'"^
chdng kinh td hang hda, la su xukt M k phuong thuc / 7. c.Mdc vd Ph.Angghen: Tokn tap, t 4. Nxb CTQG, H, s k xuat tu b k chu ngMa. KM dd thi hda ra dbi, thi 1995, tr. 559,600.
t k g gib tiing phiit nd lam thay dd'i b k chk't va di din ^g ^^J ^^^^^"
pha huy chIdd phong kiln. Dky chinh la l u k dilm ma 14. Sdd, tr. 408.
NGHrfiNctru-
TRAOD6Itap tiung vko dc dd thi l k cQng lk su"ti'ch iQy dkg luc d^n cua mOt thknh phi l k . Su chia nho nhk lo^
cia xk hdi"^^ Dilu nky khdng chi 1km cho dilu kik thknh nhung don tu, mk mli don tu diu cd nguydn tic khach quan cua tki s k s k xuk't xk hOi diin ra su thay sinh hoat ridng vk muc dfeh ridng, d i thigidi d^ cac dd'i d lpi eho tid'n b^ xk hOi, mk cbn cd thi 1km cho "bk nguydn tu k'y o dky phat triln dd'n cue dilm"l8 Q ^^
thkn nhung ngubi s k xuk't cQng biln dd'i tao ra trong thknh p h l l k cdng ngMk vk thuong ngMdp mdi phat b k tiikn minh nhung phki chk't mdi, phit triln vk d i triln manh nhk't, cho ndn cQng o dk'y nhung hku qua tao b k t h k minh nhbsk xult tao ra nhQng li;rc lupng cua su phit triln dd dli vdi giai d'p vd s k mdi bilu mdi vk nhQng quan m$m mdi, nhung phuong phip tilp Mk r6 dng vk cu thi hon d. Dang luu y la nhung gia xiic mdi, nhQng nhu du mdi vk ngdn ngumdi"^^. tri xk hOi truyin thing cQng bi mai mdt. Ph. Angghen
2. M^t trki ciia quA trinh dd thj hda cho rkng: "Chfnh o dky, d c phong tuc vk quan h$ cua Dd till thukg gkn liln vdi nhQng mkt trai d a cu|c thbi xua td't dep dk bi xol bo sach rao".
sd'ng nhu mdi trukg d nMlm, rupu chb cb bac, mai Nhung tk't d nhung d i dd dk phli tii gia bkng
dkm, tdi pham vk suthbocua eudkn dd thi.^ nhQnghysinhnhuthlnkotMmkisaunkyngubitamfli Trong dc tac phki ciia muih, C. Mae vk Ph. Angghen n h k ra. CM' kM dk len loi vki ngky trdn dc dubng ph^
dk dl dp dd'n mdt sl kM'a canh trai cMlu d a dbi sing cM'nh, khd nhpe 1km mdi r6 dupe mOt Hi ^ua dam ngiibi dd till, diln Mnh lk mdi quan h$ d a dccu dkn, nhung ehendiiichaygiQanhungdkyxeddaidkngdac,chikhi khu d' chudt d a ngubi lao ddng, bdnh tkt, dau d'm. dk di thkm dc "khu nha I chudf cua thknh phltiilgi
2.1. Quan hi eda cdc cuddn dd thi ly tM ngubi ta mdi bit diu thkfy rkng, ngubi d k Luan Cae nhk xk hdi hpc, kM dl dP din mdi quan hd d a Ddn dk phai hy sinh nhung phim d i t tit dep nhlt tk nhung cu d k dd thi thukg dl ckp dd'n mdt dkc trung b k tfnh eon ngiroi cua hp dl skg tao ra tit d nhungl^
nli bkt la md'i quan he In danh. Ngubi ta ft bid't dd'n dng d a v k minh diy riy trong thanh phlhp.
ngubi sd'ng xung quanh minh, dilu nky hok tokn trai Nd'u nhu md'i quan hd xk hdi vdi tfnh k danh la ngupe vdi quan he cua ngubi dkn d Ikng xk, noi mpi dae tnmg d a thi d k , tM he luy d a nd mk Angghen ngubi hau nhu bid't hd't nhau, thkm chf bid't ro hokn dk cM ra tir hon the ky trudc v k dang Mk dik trong ckh gia dmh, dbng hp d a ngubi dd. Vl dilm nay, d c xk hdi M k dai. Mk'y nam g k day, tirdn dc phuong nhk kinh diln macxit dl d p dd'n md'i quan he k danh tik truyin thdng dai chiing o nudc ta dk dl dp n^^u 0 d c dd thi dudi chu ngMa tu ban, cW cd dilu md'i din M k tupng "vd dm" d a ngiroi d k dd thi trrac quan he nay thai qua dd'n muc khdng d n quan tkm nhiing dau khi, mkt mat, tai nan d a ngubi khac. Moi dd'n ngubi khac, nhu Ph. Angghen vid't: "hp di ngang dky, du l u k xk hpi Tnmg Quic bk't binh trudc viSc qua nhau vdi vk nhu la khdng cd ehiit gi chung vdi mdt be gai hai tuoi bi xe tdng ngk ven dubng, nhung nhau, khdng hi d hdn quan gi vdi nhau; vk cM ed moi bao ngubi di qua khdng ai ciiu giiip, mki sau d m6t mdt didu quy ude nglm la moi ngubi phai di o pM'a phu nir dpn vd sinh mdi euu be gai nky.
bdn phai via he dl cho dbng ngubi di ngupe cMlu khoi Loi sing "chay nha hang xdm binh chk nhuvai'li bi trd ngai; vk ding thbi cung khdng mdt ngubi nko vk dang Mk dik khdng chi ongubi l k ma d tronggiei them doai nhin dd'n ngubi khac. Sulknh dam t k n h k tre dd thi. Cach sing nay kMin cho cai tit bi lu mb, eai ly, su cd ddc lanh liing k'y d a mli ngubi cM' theo duli xk'u d cohdi tin tai vk gia tkg, ngmri ngay spke gia lpi ich ridng d a ban thkn minh lai dng kMin ngubi Nilm tin vko ngubi khac, vao dng ding bi suy giam.
ta kMnh tki vk si nhuc, kM di dam ddng ngubi k'y 2.2. Bd thi hda tdc ddng din ddi sdng gia dinh, ngB ckng chen chiic nhau ti-dn mdt khdng gian nho be"^' ddi vd t^ nqn xd hdi
Theo Angghen, "su Iknh dam tan nhin k'y, su cd Trong bd Tu bdn, C, Mac da cM ra he qua d a # ddc lanh lung k'y" phan anh ban chk't d a xk hdi tu d c chiic n k g d a gia (hnh khdng dupe thuc Mdn diing bin: "Chiing ta dk bid't rkng, su cd ddc k'y cua mli vk du, dkc bidt la viec nudi duong, chkm sdc va giao ngubi, su feh ky hep hbi k'y cQng lk nguyen tkc co ban
vaphobidiidaxkhdi chkg ta ngay nay, nhungkhdng is. Sdd, tr. 7i3.
dku lai thly nd bpc lp mpt dch trkng tron, vo hdm si, !?• f JJ !'• ^ ' ^^^-
-^i ' 1- ' ' i i ' 1 i 1 / 1 9 »- % ."> , r 17. Sdd, tr. 363.
mpt each co y thuc bang cMnh o day, o dam ngubi h k i8. Sdd, tr. 364.
NGHlflNCUU-
T R A 0 D 6 Idue tre em. Boi le, kM ngubi phu nQ:lam me, nhung do eung khdng buin rlu gi lam, va ddi khi cbn true tilp lam vide tai cac edng xukg, khdng d dilu k i k cham tim d e b i k phap di gky ra d i chd't ly nua"^^.
sdc con d i , din din "ty Id tre chit rk't l k cua con d i Trong tac phim "Tinh cdnh eda giai cdp lao ddng d edng nhkn trong nhQng nam diu cua cudc dbi chung", Anh" (1845), da ed nhung trang vilt vd d n g sinh ddng nguydn nhkn eua ty Id tre em tuvong eao ehu yd'u lk do vl vin dl tdi pham d dd thi. Khi phan tfch dilu k i k
"nhung ngubi me bi bat budc phai lam vide ngoai gia ciing khi eua ngubi lao ddng o Anh khi dd, Angghen dinh va vi t h i ma con d i khdng dupe cham sdc va bi cho thly hp khdng cbn dch lira chpn nao td't hon lk an trdng coi khdng td't, nhu bi cho an uing khdng thfch cap: "Su cimg khi chi cho ngubi lao ddng dupe lua hpp, tMlu an, cho an nhung chit cd thud'c phik.v.v. chpn: hok chd't din chd't mbn vi ddi, tu sat ngay, hokc thdm vao dd la vide lam cho ngubi me xa rbi eon d i la lly nhung thu gi anh ta can o noi nko cd the lly mdt dch trai vdi tunMdn, vk tilp dd la vide citinh de dupe, ndi trkng ra la an cap. Va ehiing ta cQng khdng eho chiing bi ddi va dau ddc chung"!^. ndn ngae nMdn kM thly da so tMch an cap^ hon la chiu
Dd la mdt hd qua dang lo ngai dd'i vdi su phat trid'n chd't ddi hokc tu sat"^! Tu the ky XIX, Angghen da thi he tuong lai. Trong xa hdi tu ban - qua tac phk'm n h k ra md'i quan hd song hanh giua quy md dd thi va eua C. Mae - cho tiik'y mdt dilu, chu nghia tu ban phat trid'n tdi pham "nhQng thanh p h l l k chi tao ra khdng cM bdc lot t k cimg ngubi phu nQ:ma cbn diy hp nhung dieu k i k lam cho d e tdi ac da tin tai tu trudc vao Hi sd'ng budng tha, vao con dmmg td nan xk hdi. du sao cQng d trang thai manh nha dupe phat trid'n
"Bud'i sang va buli cMlu, ngubi ta thmmg gap hp di nhanh chdng va diy du hon ma thdi"^^
ti-dn d c dmmg lang, dan ba tM mac vay ngkn va ao Ngubi lao dpng sd'ng d d c dd thi cd nhQng bilu M k dnh tuong k g , chkn di bd't vk ddi kM mac quan nua, sai Idch xa hpi, va bieu M k ro ret nhk't, cue doan nhat be ngoai trdng rl't khoe manh nhung da hu than ma't d a su coi tiimmg ti-at tu xa hdi la vide pham tdi, va ty le net vi quen tinh sd'ng phdng dang va hp khdng chii y gi nay d d c khu edng nghiep (tiln dl tao ndn d c dd thi) vl nhung h k qua tai hai ma su tM'ch thii muln sd'ng ludn cao hon viing ndng thdn, "ty Id giua tat d d e vu mdt Hi sd'ng hoat ddng va tu do nhu t h i se gky ra eho pham tdi ndi chung vdi so d k trong d c khu ndng ngMdp eon cai hp dang chet d k chd't mbn o nha"^*'. la 1/1043 va ti-ong d c khu edng xukg la 1/840; M k
KhdngcMnircdngnhkmaphunQ-ddcvkgndng nay, trong t o k nudc Anh, ty Id dd^d/i^oi 1/660'^^.
nghidp cung diiu k h h u k g x k , "cung gidng nhutrong C. Mac, trong bai viet "Bdn sd", so pham tdi va su nhung khu cdng ngMdp d Anh, trong d c khu ndng b k c k g hoa (1859) dk dua ra con so thd'ng ke diy sue nghidp so cdng n h k nam, nQ:lk tuoi dimg thud'c pMk thuyd't phuc vl md'i quan he giua tdi pham va su bin ngay dng tkg". Nan ngMk hiit nay tac d k g xau cung hoa d Anh va Oen-xo. KM C.Mae so sanh sihdu dd'n thihd M k tai va d)n k h hmmg khdng td't dd'n su vl sir bid'n ddng ciia dan sd', so pham tdi va sir bin phat trid'n the chk't vk tkm ly- tinh than d a t h i he cimg hoa, dng da di din kit l u k r k g : "Tit phai cd d i tuong lai, kMin cho nhung em be cbn bii sua ma an gi thdi nat ngay trong Ibng eua d i ehl dp xa hdi da phai chit thud'c pMk tM "trdthanh c k d i nhunhQng t k g thdm sugiau ed eua minh nhung ding thbi khdng dng eu non hay d k diim nhunhiing chii kM con vky"^^. giam bdt sir ngheo kho, d i che dd xa hdi trong dd s l Sing trong xa hdi ma o dd "nhung ngubi ban thud'c da tdi pham tham chf tang nhanh hon dkn sd'"^''.
edng n h k r k g thud'c pMk la thii h k g hoa ban chay Vt v^iy, khdng ed gi ngae nMdn, kM ma edng ngMdp nha't" tM ta't yd'u dkn dd'n "nhung ngubi phu nQ: bit hoa va dd thi hoa diin ra cQng la kM sitdi pham d Anh hanh khdng cd cdng k vide lam vi nan khan Mlm t k g Idn ding thbi vdi so ngubi vd s k va " d k tdc Anh bdng da trothanh c k ba d a xa hdi va tid'p tuc dtrong ra Sdd. tr. 503.
tinh trang ay... Con sigai di tre bky gib nMlu hon bit 20. Sdd tr. 504.
Cli liie nao ti-ong 25 nam qua"22. Nhung dang lo ngai f^ ^^^ \^°^^
hon, la su tha hda n h k tfnh cua mdt s l phu nQ:, ed 23. Sdd, tr. 503.
nhung ngubi me b k eon va "nhung ngubi me da ma't 24. Sdd. tr.476.
nhQng tinh d m tu nhidn dd'i vdi eon d i cua hp din f g ^ ^ ^'^tM97.
mdt mue dp kinh khung thmmg thmmg eon chd't hp 27. Sdd, tr.636.
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trd thknh d k tde d nMlu t|i pham nhlt thlgidi"^^.
Nhung mat trai eua dd thi trong xk hOi t u b k mk de nhk kinh diln dl dp b trdn, d k M$t lk nhung Mk tupng nhut$i pham, mai dkm, ma tiiy, vin dang hiln dik da dang vk phuc tap trong h dd thi trdn thigidi, dil lk qud'e gia phat triln hay dang phkt triln.
NgMdn Clhl &M^ cho tiiky, tjr 1$ t|i p h ^ &dc dd thi l k thubng nMlu hon d dc dd thi nhb, theo dd dc vimg dd till l k d ty H nan nhkn khokg 10/100.000 d k vk dc tiiknh phi bdn ngoki viing dd thi l k ed ty 1$ lk 5/
100.000 dk. 0 nudc My ndi chung, tOi p h ^ gilt ngubi phk l k xult Mk 0 dc bang pMa Nam, khdng cW vi d nhQng bang nky tkp trung qua ddng d k sl, mk dnhOng vimg nky dn sd hQu vk su dung s k g vk dc vfl kM khac nMlu hon dc noi khac. (Diana Kendall, 2004).
Xem xet mOt vki loai Mnh tli pham theo khu vuc dia ly, thly rkng, sl lupng d c vu tli pham o dd thi nMlu hon vimg ngoai d, vk d khu vue ngoai d sllupng tdi pham nMlu hon vimg ndng thdn. Nhu bang 1 cho thk'y, trong thbi gian hai nkm 1999 vk 2000, sivu t^i pham 0 viing dd thi thmmg nMlu gk'p tu:4 lln din 4,4 l k so vdi vung ngoai thanh; va gk'p tu: 16,6 l k din 17 l k so vdi vung ndng thdn. So vu tdi pham d vung ngoai thanh cQng cao hon vung ndng thdn tu: 3,7 lln din 4.3 lln. Dang chii y lk loai tdi pham an cudp vk hknh hung ludn cMlm sllupng rk't cao.
Bang 1. 86 luqrng t^i ph^m
tinh Mnh t|i pham d nudc ta vin cbn diin biln phiic tap. Nhung nkm gin dky, "mli nam phat Mk hung binh trdn 70.000 vu pham tOi dc loai, trong dd khoing 50.000 vu pham t|i vl trkt tu xk hOi, trdn 10 ngk vu pham tOi vl kinh td'vk gin 10,000 vu pham tdi vl ma tuy"(hoilhpn,org.vn). So vdi d c nude trdn thi gidi va trong khu vuc tM tinh Mnh tOi pham o Vi^t Nam chio miic trung binh thk'p, nhung tfnh chk't phiic tap. Dang luu y, t^ 1$ t|i pham k ^ 0 nudc ta cao, dkc bi^t lk trong hnh vyc t|i pham vl kmh tl, ma tuy, Tdi pham tkp trung chu y k h "dc tiiknh phi, tiii xk, tiii ti-k (cM^ 70%).
Cac tuyin, dia b k tdi pham xay ra nMlu dnam thanh phllk lk Hk N|i, Hai Phong, tiiknh phlHl CM Minh, Dk Nkng, C k Tho, cMki 25% - 30% ting sIvu pham toi ti-dn tok quic h k g nkm".(Hokg Ba Thinh, 2011),
Theo sl l i k thing kd d a Bd Lao dOng - Thuong Mnh vk Xk hOi (Bd LD,TB&XH) ti-ong sivi tiiknh niSn dang dupe q u k ly trong d c tnrong giao dubng vk trai giam trdn pham vi t o k qud'e, d mdt ty 1| kha Idn vi thknh nidn dd thi pham phap (bkg 2),
Tinh trang su dung trai phep d c chk't ma tiiy, dac bidt lk ma tiiy ting hpp diin ra phiic tap o nMlu dia phuong, nhk't lk o d c thknh p h l l k , mdt situ diem hoat ddng trong thbi gian dki, cdng khai, trkg ti-pn, cd su bao kd d a mdt sl d n bd co so,,. NMlu tu dilm t l chuc su dung ma tiiy ting hpp, k choi thac loan b^o life theo viing, 1999 vk 2000
Vung Bdthi Ngoai thknti Ndngthdn
Nkm 1999 2000 1999 2000 1999 2000
Gidtngi/di 113 107 24 16 3 7
Ci/dngdkm 446 400 200 206 53 46
Loai tdi pham Anct/dp 5.609 5.234 765 929 128 148
Hknh hung 6.200 6.130 1.793 1.818 560 491
Tdng 12.368 11.844 2.782 2.969 7 4 4 : ^ 692, (NguSn.
Cbn 0 Canada, ty lp pham t|i o d c viing dd thi nho cao hon dc vimg dd thi l k 43,2%, vk cao hon ddc v k g ndng thdn 58%. Trong 657 t|i phpi gilt ngubi dCanada nkm 2005 dupe dc (ha phuong bao do, d "427 tnrong hpp 0 dc dd thi lk, vk 95 0 dc dd thi nho vk 135 0 d c vkg ndng tiidn, Theo ty Id d k sl, ty Id gilt ngubi ode vimg ndng thdn la 2,5/10().000 d k , vk thuc sucao hon ty Id 2,0 ddi vdi de vkg dd thi l k vk ty Id nky 0 dc vimg dd thi nhd la 1.7" (www.statcan.gc.ca),
0 Viet Nam, theo bao do cua dc co quan chiic nkg.
Department of Law & Publk: Safety; New Jersey State Police)
tirong d c nhk hkg, vQ tnrong, q u k bar, karaoke (Ha Npi, Hai Phbng, TP. Hi CM Minh, C k Tho, Binh Duong,..). "Dli tupng chu yiu la hpc sinh, sinh viSn (85% ti-ong lua tuli 16-25, d Mdt d dd'i tupng 14 tuli), cd vu hkng tram doi tupng tham gia". Dang chu y, da sl tdi pham ma tuy diu diin ra d hai tiianh pho dkc bidt tinre thudc ta-ung uong "Tai Ha Ndi vk TP. H8~
28 .Sdd, tr.695.
29. Tdi pham in: li si lupng kin tdi pham khdng dupe bdo do vdi cinh dt vi khdng od trong thing ki hinh su chfnh thilc (F.
Schmallenger, 2002).
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Bang 2. Sd vi thknh ni6n trong ckc trudng giko d u ^ g vk trai giam, 2003 - 2007 (%)
Khu Vl/c fid thj Ndng tiidn
2003 67,6 32,4
2005 50,7 49,3
2006 51,7 48,3
2007 46,2 53,8 (NguSn: http://www.ilssa.org.vn)
CM Minh, tdi pham ma tiiy chid'm tdi 52% sIvu, 51%
so dd'i tupng pham tdi vk 80% s l lupng ma tiiy td'ng hpp bi phat hidn eua ca nudc"(hoilhpn.org.vn).
Mdt v k dl xa hdi chu yiu phat tiiln d d c dd tiu vk dang lam dau diu d c nha q u k ly dd lk nan mai dkm.
Theo Cue phd Cue phbng ching td nan xk hdi (Bd LD,TB
& XH) tiii tir nMlu nkm nay vide thdiig kd lupng gai mai dkm thubng chdnh lech tir 12-13 n ^ ngubi. Con so chmh thue va con sd'"ngM" khoang 32.000 ngiroi la khdng chinh xac. Ngay nhuddi vdi nhung ddi tupng ding tfnh nam, Bd LD,TB&XH ude vao khokg 50.000, nhung d t l chuc qud'e titir tiidng kd lai ndi Idn din 80.000.(vietiiamnet)
NhQng he luy nay, dupe C. Mac vk Ph.Angghen dl d p dd'n dch dky hon mdt thIky vkn cbn ti'nh thbi su tiong xa hdi M k nay vk dang la v k nan dli vdi nMlu quic gia, nhk't la d c nude dang phat trid'n.
3. Bkn luan
Bao d o "Trid'n vpng dd thi hoa thigidi" cho tha'y d k so t h i gidi da dat dupe bude ngoat trong nam 2008, l k dau tidn trong iich su, d k s l thanh thi bang dkn so ndng thdn, sau dd d k so thanh thi se cMlm p h k l k dkn s l t h i gidi. Thigidi se cd 70% la dkn s l tiianh thi dd'n nam 2050 (UN, 2010). Cac chuydn gia d a lidn Hpp qudc tirng c k h bao vl nhung tac ddng trai cMlu cua dd thi hoa dd'n phat triln, nhu
d nMim mdi tnrong, ngheo dd thi, thk't hpc, b k h tkt,...
Nam 2009, miic dd dd thi hda o Vidt Nam dat 30%
va dubao se la 45% vko nkm 2030. Tfnh dd'n euli nam 2010, nudc ta ed 755 thknh phi, thi xk, thi trln, d thi ndi rang, dd thi hoa eua nudc ta dang dat td'c dd nhanh nhk't tir trudc din nay. Bdn canh nhQng yd'u titi'ch cue, thi dd thi hda cQng cd nhQng tac ddng tidu cue dd'n mdt sikhi'a canh trong vkn hoa, xa hdi, Id'i sd'ng... Vi thd', k u n g ndi dung trong d e tac phk'm cua C.Mkc vk Ph.
Angghen bkn vl dd thi hoa, theo ehiing tdi v k ed ti'nh thbi sir khdng ehi vdi Vidt Nam ma d vdi d e nude dang phat trid'n trong thIky XXI nky.
Tii liiu tham khio:
1. C. Mde: Tubin, P. 1.11. Nxb TB. M - Nxb ST. H, 1988.
2. C.Mie vd Ph.Angghen:lokr\ t§p, t.2, Nxb CTQG, H, 1995.
3. C.Mdc vd Ph.Angghen:lokn tSp, t.4, Nxb CTQG. H. 1995.
4. C.Mdc vd Ph. Angghen: Todn tdp, t.20, Nxb CTQG, H, 1995.
5. C.Mdc vd Ph.Angghen:Tokn tip, t.21, Nxb CTQG. H. 1995.
6. C.Mdc vd Ph. Angghen: Todn tdp. t.23. Nxb CTQG. H, 1995.
7. C.Mdc vd Ph.Angghen:lokr\ tSp, P. 1, t.46, Nxb CTQG, H, 1995.
8. Hodng Bd Thfnh: Dd thi hod vd tdi pham dd thi, tap chf Khoa hpcxa hdi, si 9/2011.
9. Hodng Bd Thinh: Gido trinh Xd hdi hpc vi Gidi, Nxb Dai hoc Quicgia Hd Ndi, 2008.
10. Ngdn hdng Thigidi. 2006, Chiin luac casdha ting: Cdc vin di liin ngdnh; Bdo do Ngdn hdng Thigidi, Hd Ndi 11. Ngdn hdng Thigidi, 2004, Ddng iue dd thi hod vd khudn kho chfnh sdeh tai Ddng A dang phdt triin; Ngdn hdng Thi gidi, Washington DC.
12. Diana Kendall. 2004. Social Problems in A Diverse Soci- ety, 3^ edition; Allyn and Bacon. Boston.
13. Global lnsight.2006. Uriaan Areas>s Role in Americai Economy; Global Insight Lexington. MA.
14. State of New Jersey Department of Law & Public Safety.
Crime Index 1999-2000
15. Urijan Crime in Canada, www.statcan.gc.ea.
16. http://www.ilssa.org.vn.
H6CHIMINH,HlfiNTHANCHON6NVANH6AClJATUONGLAI
Tiip theo trang 8
NMn n h k mdt d c h thau dao sir ngMdp van hda d a Hi CM Minh, dkt trong thbi dai ngky nay, Phd Td'ng Giam die UNESCO khang dinh: "Chiing ta phai cdng n h k r k g thdng did^ d a Hi CM Minh mang gia tii torn elu va nd ludn cd gia tri thbi dai, bdi vi nd h u k g tdi tuong lai"^^ Ong eho rkng, "Hi CM Minh da trd thanh mdt ngubi thly vl cudc sd'ng tiep thu trong mdt thigidi cd xu h u k g tokn clu hda M k nay"^^ Cbn Romet Chandra, nguydn Chu tich Hdi ding Hba binh thigidi lai cd mdt each nMn tinh td': "Bk't cir noi nko cMd'n dk'u cho ddc Mp tir do, 0 dd cd Hi Chi Minh va ngpn eo Hi CM Minh bay eao. Bit eii d dku cMd'n dk'u eho hba binh vk edng ly, d id cd Hi CM Minh vk ngpn cb Hi CM Minh bay eao. 0 bk't d dku n h k d k cMin dau cho mdt thi gidi mdi, ehd'ng
ai ddi ngheo, o dd cd Hi CM Minh va ngpn cb Hi CM Minh bay cao"^'
15. Sdd 16. Sdd tr.12.
U. Sdd, tr.90.
