De han che lao dong xuat khau bo tron tai thi tru'dng Dong Bac A
NGUViN DANH TGAW
Trong nhitng nam qua, tinh tr^ng lao dpng Vi§t Nam d ntfdc ngoai bo trdn va pha v9 htfp d6ng da ky ke't, dac bi§t la tai thi trtfcfng D6ng Bac A luon chig^m ty le cao so vc^i lao dfing cac ntfdc khac. Co nhi^u nguydn nhan d i n d§'n tinh trang tren, nhtftig, trtfdc h^t hay tim va gS tiif nhffng bSt c§p v^ ctf ch^*, chinh sach.
LAO DO^NG BO TRON NGAY CANG NHIEU
Trong thdi gian qua, tinh trang lao ddng Viet Nam bd trdn dien ra ngay eang nhidu d thi trffdng Ddng Bac A. Cu the nhff sau:
- Tai Han Qud'c, theo cdng bd'cua Bd Vide Iam va Lao ddng Han Qude ndm 2012, tinh trang lao ddng hd't ban hdp ddng khdng ve ntfde, bd trdn, cff tru va lam vide bd'i hdp phdp tai Han Qud'c d mffe eao de'n bdo ddng (trdn 53,1%).
Theo so' lieu cua Chffdng trinh cap phep vide Idm cho lao ddng ntfde ngodi trtfc thude Bd nay eho biel, trdn ihtfe td', sd' ngtfdi Viet Nam eff tni bat hdp phdp tai Han Qud'c dd'n bd't nam 2013 da ldn ldi 14.000 ngffdi, chid'm khoang 40% long sd' lao dgng bd trdn cua 15 qud'c gia tham gia chffdng tnnh cap phep ldm vide cho lao ddng nffde ngodi eua Han Qude (EPS) (Vu Lan, 2014).
- Tai Nhdt Ban, sd Iffdng tu nghidp sinh tff ^ phd vd hdp ddng bd trdn tang qua cdc nam. Nd'u nhff nam 2002, so tu nghidp sinh sang Nhat Ban Id 2.202 ngffdi, cd ty Id bd trdn la 27,9%, thi dd'n nam 2013, trong long sd5.686 hi nghidp sinh, da cd 30,2% bd trdn.
- Tai Dai Loan, theo thd'ng kd cua Bd Lao ddng, Thffdng binh va Xa hdi, trong ndm 2011, Viet Nam ed tren 49.000 lao ddng bd trd'n, cff tru, lam vide bat hdp phdp, chie'm gan 4 1 % so' lao ddng nffde
ngoai bd trdn tai nffdc nay. Dd'n nam 2013, con sd'nay tuy cd giam xud'ng, nhtfng vdn d mffc khoang 15.000 ngffdi Vidt Nam (Phffdng Trang, 2014).
CO CHE, CHINH SACH CHL/A PHAT HUY HIEU QUA
Nhan thtfc ro dtfde tinh trang lao ddng xua't khd'u Viet Nam bd trdn ngay cang phffe lap, nhffng nam qua, Nha nffde da ban hanh nhieu van ban quy pham pbdp Mat nhdm ban chd'tinh trang ndi trdn. Tuy nhidn, trong thtfc td', nhffng ehinh sach nay ehtfa phdt huy hd't cdng nang, eu the nhtf:
- Ngay 29/11/2006, Qude hgi da ban hanh Luat Ngffdi lao ddng Viet Nam di lam vide d ntfdc ngodi theo bdp ddng. Theo dd, Luat neu rd cdc nghia vu ngffdi lao ddng phai thife Men, trong do phai "tudn thu phap luat Vidt Nam va phap luat cua nffde dd'p nhan lao ddng".
Bdn canh dd, theo Ludt, ngffdi lao ddng phai ndp tien ky quy vao tai khoan ridng dtfde doanh nghiep md tai ngan hang thtfdng mai va ngtfdi lao ddng dtfdc hoan ca gd'c vd ldi khi thanh ly hdp ddng. Ve va'n dd nay, ngdy 10/10/2013, Bd Lao ddng, Thtfdng binh va Xd hoi eung da ban hdnh thdng hf 21/2013/TT-BLDTBXH, quy dinh mffc trin ky quy dd'i vdi ngtfdi di lao ddng tai ntfdc ngoai tdi da la 3.000 USD. Cu the: ddi vdi ngtfdi lao ddng khi di lam vide tai thi trtfdng Nhat Ban (thtfc tdp sinh) va Han Qud'c (thuyen vidn tau ca gan bd, lao ddng the vang, visa E-7) cd thd phai ky quy td'i da la 2.000 USD.
Nhtf vay, cd the thay rang, ky quy la hinh thffc anh hffdng kha rd tdi ldi ich cua ngffdi lao ddng. Tuy nhien, trdn thtfc Id', hinh thffc nay khdng giai quyd't dtfdc van dd, vi nhieu lao ddng vdn san sdng chiu ma't sd tien ' ThS., Vien Dai hpc Md Ha Noi I Email: [email protected]
igonomy and Forecast Review
43
NGHIEN CCfa - TRAO DOI
nay. Vi du nhtf, vdi thu nhap ciia ngtfdi lao ddng Vi^l Nam d Hdn Qud'c tff 1.000-2.000 USD/tbang, chi can vai thdng hg da cd the "gS" lai dtfdc khoan tien ky quy.
Trong khi vd Viet Nam, mffe Iffdng hg dtfdc hffdng lai qua thd'p so vdi nffdc ngoai. Hdn ntfa, mdt phin nguydn nhan khid'n eac lao ddng bd iron la ed khd nhidu lao ddng phai vay ndng Iai de cd cbi phi xud't canh.
Chinh khoan tien ky quy eang nhtf mot ganh ndng dd'i vdi lao ddng phai diu ttf ban dau, cang lam eho lao ddng tim each bd ra ngodi lam nham kid'm nhieu tien hdn de trang trai nd, thu bdi vd'n. Mat kbdc, mdi day quy dinh cua Nhat Ban ddi vdi yidt Nam khdng ebo phep eac doanh nghidp xud't khau lao ddng (XKLD) bat ngtfdi lao ddng ky quy dtfdi mgi hinh thffc cdng lam tram brong them nguydn nhan khie'n ebo ngffdi lao ddng tim each bd trdn.
- Ngay 22/8/2013, Chinh phu eung da ban hanh Nghi dinh 95/2013/ND-CP ve quy dinh xff phat vi pham bdnh chinh trong linh vffc lao ddng, bao bidm xa hdi va dffa ngffdi lao dgng Viet Nam di lam vide d nffdc ngodi theo bdp ddng.
Theo Nghi dinh, ke ttf ngay 10/10/2013, ngtfdi lao ddng di lam vide d ntfdc ngoai se bi phat ttf 80-100 hidu ddng, bj^ca'm xud't canh iff 2-5 nam nd'u cd ede bdnh vi sau: C( lai nffde ngoai trdi phep sau khi hd't han hdp ddng lao ddng, bd't han ctf tru; Bd trd'n khdi ndi dang lam vide theo hdp ddng; Bd trdn ngay sau khi nhdp canh; Ldi keo, du dd, ep buOc, Iffa gat ngffdi lao ddng d lai ntfde ngoai trai quy dinh. Nghi dinh 95 cung quy dinh, nd'u ttf nguydn vd ntfdc lrong thdi gian 3 thang tinh ttf ngay 10/10/2013 (ttfc dd'n hd't ngay 10/1/2014), ngtfdi lao dgng se dtfdc mien xff phat. Tuy nhidn, Chinh phu da gia ban thdi gian ehtfa xff phat hanh ehinh cho lao ddng ctf irii bat hdp pbdp d ntfdc ngodi nd'u ttf nguydn ve ntfde trtfde 10/3/2014.
Theo Bd Lao ddng, Thffdng binh vd Xa hdi, sau nffa thang Nghi dinh 95 cd hidu Itfc, da cd da'u hidu tieh ctfc trdn ea hai phtfdng didn: giam trd'n cu va giam sd Itfdng trdn phat sinh. Ridng thi trtfdng Han Qud'c da cd 3.000 lao ddng/tdng sd' 18.000 lao ddng bd trd'n bd't hdp phap ve ntfdc, tuy nhidn, day vdn la con sd'kha khidm td'n.
Bdi eho dd'n thang 4/2014, vdn ehtfa cd trtfdng bdp nao hi xff phat, vl vay, ngtfdi lao ddng vdn chd xem ddng thai eua cdc cd quan chffc ndng (Kim Thanh, 2014).
- Vide quan Iy, giam sat va bao ve ngffdi lao ddng di lam vide tai thi trtfdng Ddng Bac A hidn ehtfa ed van ban nao quy dinh eu the. Ngtfdi lao ddng d thi irtfdng nay mdi chi dtfdc quan ly va bao vd bdi doanh nghidp cd giay phe^ kinh doanh dieh vu XKLD tai thj trtfdng Ddng Bae A va ban quan ly lao ddng ngoai ntfdc (thugc Dai sff qudn Viet Nam tai ntfdc dd) theo quy dinh chung tai Luat Ngtfdi lao ddng Vidt Nam di lam vide d nffdc ngoai theo hdp ddng (2005) va Nghi dinh so M1/2005/ND-CP, ngdy 11/11/2005 cua Thu ttfdng Chinh phu vd quan ly lao ddng Vidt Nam lam vide d ntfdc ngoai.
Tuy nhidn, so' Itfdng cung nhff trinh dd ngbidp vu can bd vd ed sd vat cha't cua dai didn eac doanh nghidp
va ban quan ly lao ddng chffa ddp iJng dffdc ydu cau thtfc td' ddi hdi. Theo Cue Quan ly lao ddng ngoai ntfde (2013), tai tbi trtfdng Ddng Bac A, mdi chi Dai Loan la cd 7 doanh nghiep ed dai dien. Cdng tdc quan ly tao ddng d ntfdc ngodi doi vdi mdt sd' doanh nghidp bi xem nhe, ma nguydn nhan la do: Thieu kmh phi n6n cae cd quan quan ly nha ntfde deu liei giam chi phi; Thii tuc va didu kidn kh6 khan cdng vdi lao ddng sdng rai rdc, dan xen; So' van phdng dai didn quan l;y lao ddng eua doanh nghidp XKLD d nifi3c ngoai qua it; Can bd quan ly da thieu lai yd'u ve ngoai ngff, nghidp vu va thtfdng xuydn thay ddi; Thid'u sff phd'i hdp vdi chu sff dung lad ddng de giai quydt kip thdi cae vu vide phdt sinh.
Da vay, nang Itfc quan \f nhd ntfdc cua ede ban quan ly lao ddng thugc Dai sff qudn Viet Nam tai nffdc sd tai c6n ban ehd'. Cdn bd lai ede ban ndy ed qui it ngffdi (Ban quan ly lao ddng tai DSi Loan ehi cd 4 cdn bd, tai Nhdt Bdn c6 2 cdn bd, tai Han Qud'c ed 3 can bd) trong kbi trach nhidm cd nhan khdng rd rang, lai phdi qudn ly mdt dia bdn rdng, n6n vide theo ddi quan IJJ va bao ve quyen ldi hdp phap cho ngffdi lao ddng ehtfa kip thdi va hidu qua. Bdn eanh dd, cdch quh ly edn thd sd, Ibu cdng, mang ndng hnh thu ddng va giai quye'l sff vu, thieu sit phd'i hdp vdi cdc cd quan chffc nang cua nffdc nhan lao ddng.
MOTSOGIAI PHAP
Dd giam thidu tinh trang lao dong xua't khau bd trd'n tai thi trffdng Dong Bdc A, gdp phan ndng cao hieu qua XKLD cua Viet Nam trong nhffng nam tdi, theo ehung tdi, can tid'n hanh mdt so giai phap ddng bg sau ddy:
Thd nhdt, xay dtfng cd chd' quan ly, giam sdt chat ehe boat ddng XKLD.
Theo do, Nha ntfdc cin xdy dffng mo hinh qudn ly lao ddng ridng dd'i vdi moi thi trtfdng ed ddng ngtfdi lao ddng nhif Ddng Bdc A. Ddng thdi, can khuydn khich md hinh phd'i hdp quan ly 5 ben, giffa: doanh nghidp XKLD - Ban qu^n ly lao ddng Vidt Nam - Chu sff dung lao ddng - Mdi gidi - Cd quan quan If lao ddng cua nffdc sd tai, de qudn ly, gidm sat, bao vd lao dgng dffdc td't hdn.
Ben eanh do, eIn hodn thidn phip ludt ve XKLD; ddng ihdi tang ctfdng bidn phap che tai, cd thd xff ly hinh stf
44
dd'i vdi ede trffdng bdp lao ddng bd trd'n theo Dieu 274 cua Bd luat Hinh sff.
_ Thiifiai, Nha nffdc can cd ehinh sach hd trd vay vd'n vdi lai suat tha'p cho doi ttfdng lao ddng xud't khau. Ddng thdi, giam cae ihu tuc xua't - nhap cdnh... nham ban chd' vide lao dgng bd trd'n de lam thdm, vi da phai vay lai eao phuc vu cho vide di lao dgng ntfdc ngoai. Ben eanh do, Bd Lao ddng, Thtfdng binh vd Xa bdi cung can de nghi ehinh quyen ntfde sd tai phdi hdp td't vdi Viet Nam trong vide tang cffdng quan ly lao ddng bd trd'n, nha't la hd trd Viet Nam chi tra trd cd'p thdi vide eho ngffdi lao ddng. Day la dieu kidn de giup Viet Nam cd dieu kidn ctfdng ehd' lao ddng bd trd'n ve ntfde.
Thii ba, can chu trong edng tdc thdng tin tuyen truyen, Idn dn hanh ddng bd trd'n, lam cho ngtfdi lao ddng hieu rd tdc hai eua bdnh ddng nay dd'n ban than va ldi ich qud'c gia. Da dd'n liic Vidt Nam can mdt kdnh thdng tin chinh thd'ng de khac phuc tinh trang "loan, nhidu thdng tin" trong cdng tae XKLD. Theo chiing tdi. Cue Quan ly lao ddng ngoai ntfde, Bd Lao ddng, Thtfdng binh va Xa hdi can phd'i hdp vdi Dai truyen hinh Viet Nam, ede bdd, dai Trung tfdng xay dtfng ebuydn muc ve XKLD, nhdm cung cap cdc thdng tin lien quan ve cdng tac quan ly vide dtfa ngtfdi Viet Nam di lam vide d ntfdc ngoai, nhtf: cbinh sach, nhu cau tuydn dung va chd' do dtfdc htfdng, danh sdeh cae doanh ngMdp ed gia'y phep boat ddng XKLD dl Nhdt Ban, Ddi Loan (ridng Han Qud'c thi ngtfdi lao ddng phai thdng qua Cue Quan ly lao ddng ngoai nffdc), thu tuc, cae Id pM vd mffe pM, thdng tin ve thi trtfdng, cdng tae ddo tao, hinh thffc xff phat vi pham hdp ddng..
Thiitu, giai phdp lau dai md Nha ntfde can quan tam la tao vide lam cho ngtfdi lao ddng khi hg trd vd ntfdc. Dd thufc
bien dieu nay, can phai cd stf phd'i hdp chat che giffa ddanh ngMdp cung ffng lao ddng, Hidp hdi XKLD va Cue quan ly Lao ddng ngoai nffdc, nham quan ly dtfde Iffc Itfdng lao ddng xud't khau trd vl dd cung tfng cho cdc ddn vi trong nffdc (ndn chang gan iraeh nhidm gidi thidu vide lam cho lao ddng xud't khau ve ntfdc dd'i vdi cdc doanh nghidp XKLD). Thtfc td'eho tha'y, ede doanh nghidp ntfde ngoai lai Viet Nam rd't mong mud'n tuyen dung nhffng lao ddng Viet Nam da lam vide d ntfde ho trd ve vi ho biel ngoai ngff, ed tay nghe, tac phong cdng ngbidp, hidu bid't van hda cua hg, dac bidt la eac lao ddng ttf Nhat Ban, Dai Loan, Han Qude... trd ve.
Theo Cue Quan ly lao dong ngoai ntfdc, Bd Lao dgng, Thtfdng binh va Xa hoi, nam 2013, ca ntfdc co 88.155 lao ddng sang ntfdc ngoai lam vi^c, thi da co tdi khoang 75% lao dgng tai thi trtfdng Ddng B^c A. Vdi sd' tidn thu nhSp va tich luy dtftfc, binh quan mdi nSm, ngtfdi lao dOng Viet Nam & thi trtfdng nay gvti vd ntfdc tff 1,3-1,5 ty USD.
Thd ndm, ddi vdi cdc doanh nghidp XKLD thi trtfdng Ddng Bae A, can nang cao nang Itfc trong vide tuyen chgn, dao lao. cung ffng, lim kie'm thi trtfdng va dam phdn, ky kd't hdp ddng XKLD. Dd thffc Men dieu nay, ede doanh ngbidp phai xay dffng dffdc ddi ngu can bd gidi, nang ddng, ddng thdi phdi dau ttf xay difng nhffng ed sd dao tao nghe, trung tdm day tidng Han, Nhal, Dai Loan nham chu ddng trong vide niyen chgn va dao tao lao ddng.
Thd sdu, dd'i vdi ngtfdi tham gia XKLD, can ehu ddng hgc nghd phu hdp vdi tbi trtfdng dang can tuyen dung. Vi du: Dai Loan thi cd nhu eau tuydn dung eao trong ITnh vtfc dich vu, Nhdt Ban la edng nghd thdng tin, Han Qude la ITnh vtfe xay dtfng. Ben canh do, cin hoc cac ngoai ngff de tim hidu ve phdp luat, phong tuc tap quan d nffdc nay; ren luydn lac phong cdng ngbidp dd nang cao cd hdi tham gia XKLD eiia minh.
Cud'i cung, cin tim hieu ky thdng tin ve doanh nghidp XKLD dd tranh tinh trang hi Iffa dao va mat nhffng chi phi trung gian khdng cin tbid't.Q
T A I U J I U THAM KHAO _ 1. Qu6clidi{20Q6). Lugt Ngudi lao ddng Viet Nam di ldm viec d nudc ngodi, sd72/2006/QHll,
ngay 29/11/2006
2. Cue Quan ly Lao dgng ngodi nffdc, Bd Lao ddng, Thtfdng binh va Xd hdi (1991-2014). Cdc tU liiu ve XKLD id ndm 1990-2013
3. 'VuLan(20l^). Nguy carnal tlii trudng lao ddng Hdn Qud'c, truy cap tff http://www.nhandan.
com. vn/mobiIe/_mobiIe_xahoi/_mobile_tintucxh/item/2285 3702. html
4. Phtfdng Trang (2014). Lao ddng khong ve nudc bi phgt 100 trieu ddng, truy cap tff http://
vnexpress.nel/tin-lue/thoi-su/Iao-dong-khong-ve-nuoc-bi-pbat-I00-trieu-dong-2960210.html 5. Kim Thanh (2014). Kien quyet xH phgt lao dgng xudt khdu bo trdn, truy cap bjf http://
dangcongsan.vn/cpv/Modules/News/NewsDetail.aspx?co_id=10045&en_id=642744
