Khoa hoc Giao due Giao due nddc n
S I T D U N G C A C K H U N G P H A N L O A I T R O N G D I N H H I N H C A U T R U C
• • • L A O D O N G V A D A O T A O C U A H O A K Y
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D
e he thing hoa va mo ta dugc he thong lao dpng cOng nhir he thdng giao duc-dao tao tat ca cac nude, trong dd co Viet Nam, deu xay dpng cac bang phan loai. Hien tai cac co quan va to chuc cua Hoa Ky dang su dung rat nhieu he thong phan loai khac nhau de ma hda chuyen mon va ITnh vue lam viec cua cac luc lupng lao dpng. Cach lam cua Hoa Ky la mpt each lam hay, co nhieu diem dang de Viet nam hpc tap, nhat la khi chung ta dang tham gia vao qua trinh toan cau hda ca ve dao tao cung nhu thj trudng lao ddng.Phan loai chuong trinh dao tao cua Bp giao due lien bang Hoa ky
BpGiaoduclien bang Hoa Kycd khung phan loai cac chuong trinh giang day' viet tat la CIP. Khung phan loai chuong trinh nay do Trung tam thing ke giao due quoc gia xay dung nam 1980 va da
• TS. LE 00NG PHl/ONG Trung tam nghien ciru Dai hoc
va GD chuyen nghiep
dupe hieu chinh vao nam 1985,1990,2000 va lan mdi nhit la nam 2009 (ngay 14 thang Bay 2009).
CIP dupe su dung trong thu thap so lieu cua:
- he thong s i lieu sau trung hpc tich hop2 (IPEDS);
- co quan quyin dan su;
- vu giao due nghi va ngudi Idn (thudc bp giao due);
Cac co quan khac nhu:
- Quy khoa hpc qudc gia;
- Bp thuong mai/Cuc thong ke;
- Bp lao dpng/Van phdng thong ke lao dpng cung su dung he phan loai nay trong thong ke, tap hpp s i lieu.
Ben canh dd nhiiu to chirc, doan the, co quan khoa hpc va cac djch vu lao dpng va tu vin khac cung sir dung he phan loai nay.
Bang 1 Ma phan loai chuong trinh dao tao CIP2000
Ma Loai chuang trinh
01 N6ng nghiep va cac khoa hpc lien quan - agriculture and related sciences 03 Tai nguyen thien nhien va bao ton - natural resources and conservation 04 Kien true va cac djch vu lien quan - architecture and related services
05 Khoa hpc ve khong gian, dan tpc, van hoa va giai - area, ethnic, cultural, and gender studies 09 Cac chuong trinh truyen theng, bap chi va co lien quan - communication, journalism, related programs 11 Khoa hpc may tinh va thong tin - computer and information sciences
13 Giao due - education 14 KT nghe - engineering
16 Ngon ngi>, van hpc va ngon ngu hpc nuac ngoai - foreign languages, literature, and linguistics
19 Khoa hpc ve gia dinh va nguoi tieu dung/khoa hpc con nguoi - family and consumer sciences/human sciences 22 Cac khoa hpc ve luat - legal professions and studies
23 Ng6n ngu va van hpc Anh - english language and literature/letters
24 Nghe thuat va khoa hpc tu dc. khoa hpc chung va nhan van - liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities 25 Khoa hpc thu vien - library science
26 Sinh hpc va y sinh - biological and biomedical sciences 27 Toan va thing ke - mathematics and statistics
1. Classification of Instructional Programs 2. Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System 60 ~~ KHGD so 61, thang 10-2010
Giao due nude ngoai -Khoa hpc Giao due 30 Khoa hQC lien nganh - multi/interdisciplinary studies
31 Cong vien, thi dgc, nghi ngoi - parks, recreation, leisure & fitness studies 38 Triet hpc va ton giao hpc - philosophy and religious studies
40 Khoa hpc v$t li - physical sciences 42 Tam li hpc - psychology
43 Dich vg bao vp - security and protective services
44 Quan li nha niroc va dich vg xa hpi - public administration and social service professions 45 Khao hpc xa\ hpi - spcial sciences
50 Ngh$ thu$t thi giac va trinh diin - visual and performing arts
51 Nghi y va khpa hpc lam sang - health professions and clinical sciences 52 Kinh doanh, quan li, tiip thi - business, management, marketing
54 Ljch su1 - histcry Muc dich cua CIP:
- Tao he thong phan loai de theo dau, danh gia va bao cao mpt each chinh xac cac ITnh vue giao due va hoat dpng hoan thanh chuong trinh;
- Chuan cua cac cdng cu bao cao thdng ke cua cac co quan chinh phu, cac nha trudng phan anh hien thuc cua nha trudng .
Khung CIP dupe thiet ke de phan anh dupe:
- cac chuong trinh khoa hpc va nghe cu the;
- cac chuong trinh npi tru nganh y, nha va thu y;
- cac chuong trinh cdng nghe va cdng nghiep (khdng thupc phan giao due sau trung hpc);
- cac chuong trinh quan su du bj;
- cac chuong trinh hoan thien ca nhan va hpc trong thdi gian nghi (ke ca giao due ngudi Idn);
- cac chuong trinh trung hpc.
Trong CIP, moi chuong trinh giao due dupe gan mpt ma so 6 chu so kem theo ten va md ta chuong trinh. Ma so chuong trinh dupe xay dung tren co sd cau true 3 cap:
- 2 chu so dau tien md ta chung nhat nhdm chuong trinh;
- 2 chu so tiep theo md ta nhdm trung gian cua cac chuong trinh cd lien quan;
- 2 chu so cuoi dai dien cho chuong trinh cu the.
Han che chinh cua bang ma CIP:
- Trong mdt the gidi cdng nghe thay doi nhung npi dung mdi khd cd the kjp dupe phan anh ngay trong cac ma phan loai CIP;
- Cac nghe mdi xuat hien ddi hdi cac chuong trinh trinh mdi, nhat la cac cdng viec mang tinh lien nganh, tong hpp.
Phan loai nghe cua Cue Thong ke lao dpng Lien bang Hoa Ky
Mdi nam Cue thong ke lao dpng lien bang1 (BLS) phoi hpp vdi cac Cue luc lupng lao dpng bang2 (SWA) tien hanh hai lan khao sat Thong ke viec lam theo nghe3 (OES) qua dudng thu tin de dua ra cac udc lupng ve viec lam va luong cua cac nghe4 cu the. Chuong trinh OES tap hpp so lieu ve luong va so ngudi ITnh luong trong cac co sd khdng phai trang trai de dua ra so udc ve lao ddng va luong cua khoang 800 nghe. Khao sat nay khdng thong ke nhung ngudi tu tao cdng an viec lam5. So lieu cua chuong trinh OES dupe tap hpp theo nganh6 va lanh tho dja li. Ct cap lien bang, cac sd lieu nay bao gom 450 phan loai nganh bao gom cac ma nganh 3, 4 va 5 chu sd cua He thdng phan loai nganh Bac My North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).
Mdi vdng khao sat 6 thang (tien hanh vao thang 5 va thang 11) se cd khoang 200.000 co sd dupe khao sat. Vdi tdng sd co sd san xuat va kinh doanh udc khoang 1,2 trieu thi khoang 3 nam chu ki khao sat se dupe khep kin. Chu ki 3 nam nay dam bao giam tai cho cac co sd. Cac quy trinh, thu tuc, tai lieu dieu tra va hd trp kT thuat do BLS phu trach trong khi SWA tap hpp sd lieu.
Cac sd lieu lao dpng dupe tinh thanh sd trung binh cho thang 5 va thang 11. Cac nghe dupe khao sat la 801 thupc vd 22 trong sd 23 nhdm Idn (major group), nhom khdng khao sat la sd nghe thudc nhdm lien quan tdi quan su.
1. Bureau of Labor Statiscs 2. State Workforce Agencies
3. Occupational Employment Statistics 4. occupations
5. self-employed persons 6. industries
KHGD so 61, thang 10-2010 61
Khoa hoc Giao due •Giao due nude n<
Pham vi khao sat:
- Cong nhan lam viec toan phan va ban phin thdi gian trong cac nganh phi trang trai. So lieu dugc tap hop tu bang luang vao ngay 12 thang 5 hay thang 11. Khao sat nay khdng bao gom nhung ngudi tu tao viec lam, chu va co ddng trong cac hang chua ra cdng chung hay cdng nhan trong gia dinh khong dugc tra luong;
- Cac ITnh vue kinh te (theo bang ma NAICS) dugc khao sat bao gdm:
• 11 Khai thac gd (1133), cac hoat dgng ho trg san xuit ngu cic (1151), cac hoat dgng hd trg san xuit gia sue (1152).
21 Khai md
22 Dien nude, ve sinh 23 Xay dung
31-33 Chi tao 42 Ban budn 44-45 Ban le
48-49 Van tai va kho van 51 Thdng tin
52 Tai chinh va bao hiem
53 Bit dgng san, cho thue va cho thue d i sd huu
54 Cac djch vu chuyen nghiep, khoa hgc va kT thuat
55 Quan li cac cdng ty va doanh nghiep 56 Cac dich vu quan li, ho trg va hoan tra
chit thai
61 Cac dich vu giao due
62 Cham sdc sue khoa va ho trg xa hgi 71 Nghe thuat, giai tri va nghi dudng 72 Cac djch vu luu tru va an uong 81 Cac dich vu khac (khdng tinh chinh
quyen lien bang, bang va dia phuong) 99 Chinh quyen lien bang, bang va dia
phuong (theo each gan cua OES) Be tiln hanh tap hgp sd lieu, Cue thong ke lao dgng su dung Bang phan loai nghe chuan9 (SOC). Bang phan loai nghe chuan hien dugc cac co quan chinh quyen dung de lam khung phan loai, tap hgp, phan tich va bao cao so lieu ve cdng nhan hay cdng viec theo cac nhdm nghe va viec lam. SOC cung ap dung he thong ma hda 6 chu so, 3 cip phan loai gom:
- 23 nhdm nghi Idn;
- 96 nhdm nghe nhd;
- 449 nghi rgng;
- 820 nghi chi tiit.
Mdi nghi rgng cd bao gom cac yeu ciu chi tiet ddi hdi cac nhiem vu nghi, kT nang, hgc van hay kinh nghiem.
Bang 2: Ma phan loai nghe chuan cua BLS (SOC) Ma nghe
11-0000 13-0000 15-0000 17-0000 19-0000 21-0000 23-0000 25-0000 27-0000 29-0000 31-0000 33-0000 35-0000 37-0000 39-0000
Ten nghe Cac nghe quan li - Management occupations
Cac nghe kinh doanh va hoat dong tai chinh - Business and financial operations occupations Cac nghe may tinh la toan hpc - Computer and mathematical science occupations
Cac nghe kien true va xay dung - Architecture and engineering occupations
Cac nghe khoa hpc sy s6ng, vgt li va khoa hpc xa hpi - Life, physical, and social science occupations Cac nghe djch vg cpng dong va xa hpi - Cpmmunity and sccial services occupations
Cac nghe tu phap - Legal occupations
Cac nghe giao dgc, dao tao va thu1 vipn - Education, training, and library occupations
Cac nghe nghe thutaaj, thiet ke, giai tri, the thao va truyen thong - Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
Cac nghe thu'c hanh cham s6c SLPC khie va kT thuat - Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations Cac nghe h6 trp cham soc sue khoe - Healthcare support occupations
Cac nghe djch vg bao ve - Protective service occupations
Cac nghe lien quan toi chuin bj va cung ung thuc phim - Food preparation and serving related occupations Cac nghe ve sinh va bao tri nha cua va mat bang - Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations Cac nghe cham soc va phgc vg ca nhan - Personal care and service occupations
9. Standard Occupational Classification
^2 KHGD so 61, thang 10-2010
Giao due nude ngoai -Khoa hoc Giao due 41-0000 Cac nghe ban hang va cac nghe co lien quan - Sales and related occupations
43-0000 Cac nghe h6 tro van phong va quan li - Office and administrative support occupations 45-0000 Cac nghe tring trot, danh bat va lam nghiep - Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 47-0000 Cac nghe xay dyng va khai thac - Construction and extraction occupations
49-0000 Cac nghe lap dat, bao tri va sua chua - Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 51-0000 Cac nghe sin xuat - Production occupations
53-0000 Cac nghe van tai va van chuyen vat lieu - Transportation and material moving occupations My He thong phan loai nganh cong nghiep Bac
f
He thong phan loai nganh cong nghiep Bac
- Lap nhom co so thanh nganh dua tren cac hoat dpng chu yeu;
- Cac co sd dung cac dau vao nguyen lieu My1 0 (NAICS) la mpt he thong phan loai chuan tuong tu- nhau, thiet bi Idn tuong tu va lao ddng cac nganh cdng nghiep dung o Canada va Hoa tuong tu dupe phan loai vao cung nganh;
Ky. He thong nay cd cac dac diem sau: NAICS cd he thdng ma hda 6 chu so de chia -Dupe cac co quan chinh quyen va khu vue tat ca cac hoat dpng kinh te thanh 12 nhdm nganh tu nhan su dung lam khung de tap hpp, tong hpp, kinh te:
phan tich va bao cao du lieu ve kinh te Hoa Ky, bao gom viec lam, nang suat va phan bo cong nghiep va co sd kinh doanh;
o Nam nhdm chu yeu san xuat hang hda o Mudi lam nhdm hoan toan san xuat dich vu.
Bang 3 Ma phan loai phan loai nganh cdng nghiep Bac My (NAICS)
Ma nhom Nganh kinh te
11 Nong, Lam, Ngir va san ban - Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting 21 Khai m6, da-cat va dau khi - Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction 22 Oipn nude - Utilities
23 Xay dyng - Construction 42 Ban budn - Wholesale Trade 51 Th6ng tin - Information
52 Tai chinh va bao hiem - Finance and Insurance
53 Bat ding san va cho thue - Real Estate and Rental and Leasing
54 Cac djch vy chuyen nghi#p, khoa hpc va ky thuat - Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 55 Quan li cong ty va doanh nghipp - Management of Companies and Enterprises
56 Cac d|ch vy quan li va hi trp va quan li chat thai va tai tao - Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services
61 Cac djch vy giao due - Educational Services
62 Cham s6c y te va hi trp xa hpi - Health Care and Social Assistance 71 Ngh# thu#t, giai tri va thi due -Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation 72 Cac djch vy cu tru va an uing - Accommodation and Food Services
81 Cac djch vy khac (trif hanh chinh cdng) - Other Services (except Public Administration) 92 . Hanh chinh cong - Public Administration
10. North American Industry Classification System
KHGD so 61, thang 10 - 2010 63
Khoa hpc Giao due Doi chieu cheo
Trong boi canh co nhiiu he phan loai co tinh chat gan nhu nhau viec thiit lap he thing dii chieu cheo (crosswalk) la 1 dieu can thiet. Muc dich cua doi chieu cheo la giup thiit lap quan he (mapping) cac thong tin tu mot he ma hoa sang he khac.
Cac co quan thong ke, giao due va nghe nghiep Hoa Ky thudng tien hanh doi chieu cheo vdi cac pham tru sau:
- Vdi cac chuong trinh cd sin, tim cac ITnh vue nghe nghiep (occupational) ma hoc sinh dugc chuan bj (CIP - SOC)
o CIP 10. Cong nghe truyen thdng/KT thuat vien va djch vu hd trq
• SOC 51 -0000 Nghe san xuat
• SOC 27-0000 Nghe MT thuat, Thiet ke, Giai tri, The thao va Da phuong tien
• SOC 43-0000 Nghe h i trq van phdng va hanh chinh
• SOC 27-4012 KT thuat vien phat sdng - vdi cac chuong trinh cd sin tim xem nganh cdng nghiep nao hay tuyen hpc sinh tot nghiep (CIP - SOC - NAICS)
o Tra cheo SOC sang NAICS
• NAICS 515120 Phat sdng hinh
• NAICS 515110 Phat song tieng
• NAICS 000601 Cdng nhan tu tao viec lam la chinh
• NAICS 611300 Cac trudng cao dang, dai hpc va chuyen nghiep, cdng va tu
• SOC 27-4012 KT thuat vien phat song vdi cac chuong trinh cd sin nen khuyln cao hpc sinh hudng nghe nghiep nao (Career Pathways/Clusters)
o CIP 10. Cdng nghe truyen thdng/KT thuat vien va djch vu hd trp
• Hudng nghi vien thdng
• Hudng nghe cdng nghe in
• Hudng nghe nghe thuat thj giac
• Hudng nghe bao chi va phat sdng Oe giup cho hpc sinh, giao vien va phu huynh hieu dugc tinh hinh phat then cua thi truong lao dpng BLS cdn phat hanh cuon So tay then vong
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nghe nghiep (Occupational Outlook Handbook).
Trong cuon sach nay ngudi dpc se dugc cung cap thdng tin v i cac khia canh khac nhau cua tung nhdm nghe:
- yeu ciu ve dao tao va giao due phai cd;
- thu nhap;
- then vgng cua nghe;
- nhung viec lam cua nghe;
- dieu kien lam viec.
Ben canh dd, xuit ban pham nay cdn cung cip cac ggi y tim viec, cac nguon thdng tin tham khao them v i thj truong viec lam d tung bang.
Nhirng bai hoc cho Viet Nam
- Oe cd the tien tdi budc djnh hudng luc lugng lao dgng trong boi canh thj trudng lao dgng thay doi cin cd cac cdng cu thich hgp, giup tinh toan dugc cac biln dgng cua luc lugng lao dgng cung nhu triin vgng cua thj trudng lao dgng. Cac he thong phan loai chinh la cac cdng cu hd trg de md ta chinh xac va day du hai thanh phan nay.
- Co ciu lao dgng cd thi dugc md ta theo nhieu each (nganh dao tao - nghe lam viec - nganh/noi lam viec) nhung can cd dugc cac cdng cu de gin cac each md ta khac nhau nay giup he thong hda cac thdng tin ve thj trudng va luc lugng lao dgng tot hon.
- Viet Nam hien da cd dii 3 he phan loai nay nhung viec noi cac he phan loai vdi nhau lai chua cd ai dam nhiem, dua din cac each thuc md ta rit khac nhau ve lao dgng va viec lam.
SUMMARY
The USA is very experienced in standardization of classification schemes. For the time being American authorities are using various classification schemes for the specialization and professions of the manpow- er. This approach is a good one, worth of attention by Vietnamese agencies, especially when Vietnam is involved in the globalization of education and labour market. This article briefs readers about the three mian classification being used in the US, namely the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP), the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) and North American Industry Classification System (NA- ICS) as well as their applications.
